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Daily Coin Relief!
DAILY COIN RELIEF! A BLOG FOR ANCIENT COINS ON THE PAS BY SAM MOORHEAD & ANDREW BROWN Issue 6 by Andrew Brown – 24 March 2020 Trajan and Dacia Often coins recorded through the PAS hint at or provide direct links to the wider Roman world. This can be anything from depictions of the Emperors, through to places, key events, battles, and even architecture. Good examples of this are seen in the coinage of Trajan (AD 98- 117), particularly in relation to his two military campaigns in Dacia – the landscape of modern-day Romania and Moldova, notably around the Carpathian Mountains (Transylvania) – in AD 101-102 and AD 105-106. Dacia, with her king Decebalus, was considered a potential threat to Rome as well as a source of great natural wealth, particularly gold. Trajan’s victorious Dacian Wars resulted in the southern half of Dacia being annexed as the Roman Marcus Ulpius Traianus province of Dacia Traiana in AD 106, rejuvenated the (AD 98-117) Roman economy, and brought Trajan glory. His triumph (PUBLIC-6A513E) instigated 123 days of celebrations with Roman games that involved 10,000 gladiators and even more wild animals! Coins of Trajan are not uncommon.1 The PAS has over 3,200 examples (https://finds.org.uk/database/search/result s/ruler/256/objecttype/COIN/broadperiod/ ROMAN ) for Trajan alone, as well as much rarer examples of coins struck for his wife Plotina (2 examples), sister Marciana (5 examples), and niece Matidia (1 example). 1 The standard reference is RIC II. However, this has been superseded by the work of Bernhard Woytek, the leading expert on Trajanic coinage, in his Die Reichsprägung des Kaisers Traianus (98-117) (MIR 14, Vienna, 2010). -
VESPASIAN. AD 68, Though Not a Particularly Constructive Year For
138 VESPASIAN. AD 68, though not a particularly constructive year for Nero, was to prove fertile ground for senators lion the make". Not that they were to have the time to build anything much other than to carve out a niche for themselves in the annals of history. It was not until the dust finally settled, leaving Vespasian as the last contender standing, that any major building projects were to be initiated under Imperial auspices. However, that does not mean that there is nothing in this period that is of interest to this study. Though Galba, Otho and Vitellius may have had little opportunity to indulge in any significant building activity, and probably given the length and nature of their reigns even less opportunity to consider the possibility of building for their future glory, they did however at the very least use the existing imperial buildings to their own ends, in their own ways continuing what were by now the deeply rooted traditions of the principate. Galba installed himself in what Suetonius terms the palatium (Suet. Galba. 18), which may not necessarily have been the Golden House of Nero, but was part at least of the by now agglomerated sprawl of Imperial residences in Rome that stretched from the summit of the Palatine hill across the valley where now stands the Colosseum to the slopes of the Oppian, and included the Golden House. Vitellius too is said to have used the palatium as his base in Rome (Suet. Vito 16), 139 and is shown by Suetonius to have actively allied himself with Nero's obviously still popular memory (Suet. -
Planning Versus Fortification: Sangallo's Project for the Defence of Rome Simon Pepper
Fort Vol. 2 1976 Planning versus fortification: Sangallo's project for the defence of Rome Simon Pepper Since 1527, when Rome had been captured and sacked by the mutinous soldiers of Charles V, it had been clear that the defences of the Papal capital were hopelessly outdated. The walls of the Borgo (the Vatican precinct) were constructed during the pontificate of Leo IV (847-855): those of Trastevere and the left bank, enclosing by far the largest part of the city, dated from the reign of the Emperor Aurelian (AD270-75) [1]. Impressive both for their length and antiquity, these walls were poorly maintained and fundamentally unsuitable for defence against gunpowder artillery. In 1534 the Romans were once again forcefully reminded of their vulnerability when a large Turkish fleet moored off the Tiber estuary. Fortunately the hostile intentions of the Turks were directed elsewhere: after taking on fresh water they sailed north to raid the Tuscan coastline. But in the immediate aftermath of the Turkish scare the newly elected Paul III committed himself to an ambitious scheme of re-fortification. Antonio da Sangallo the Younger, advised by many of the leading architects and soldiers employed by the Pope, was commissioned to submit design proposals [2]. Father Alberto Guglielmotti, the nineteenth-century historian of the Papal armed forces, tells us that Sangallo and his consultants decided to replace the Aurelian wall with a new line of works defending the developed areas on both banks of the river. The 18000 metre Aurelian circumfer- ence was to be reduced by half, a decision which is not difficult to understand when one glances at a contemporary map of the city. -
The Ides of March
P19 www.aseasonofhappiness.com The Ides of March Hey Jules, don’t be afraid... Attributed to the Bard William Shakespeare, the time of year in this spotlight was destined to become a precursor of foreboding: “Beware the Ides of March,” a soothsayer said to Julius Caesar in the play. From another source the famous historical exchange went like this: Caesar (jokingly): The Ides of March are come. Seer: Aye, Caesar, but not gone. Picture the scene: the well-to-do swanning around in togas, slaves in tow; chariots running over plebs at random in the streets; centurians rolling dice; senators whispering and plotting overthrows behind closed doors while sharpening their daggers – this was ancient Rome on the 15th March 44 B.C. Jolly Julius was sauntering on his merry way to the Theatre of Pompey, blissfully unaware that he was soon to be the star of the show as he was stabbed by no less than 60 conspirators; including his former mate Brutus to whom he commented with his dying breath: “Et tu, Brute?” And so, the Ides, for Caesar at least, turned out to be the last and worst day of his life. Maybe as well as the bucket, he also kicked off a new trend, because it wasn’t always like that. Prior to Jules messing with it, the ancient Roman calendar was complicated. Rather than numbering days of the month from the first to the last, some bright spark decided it was better to count backwards. He was probably trying to prove he was smarter than the average Roman; seeing as he understood his own calculations, whereas it was doubtful many others could. -
The Macella of Rome Introduction After All These Things Which Pertain
Author Susan Walker Author Status Full time PhD, University of Newcastle upon Tyne Nature of Paper Journal Article Journal Edition The School of Historical Studies Postgraduate Forum e-Journal , Edition Three , 2004 The Macella of Rome Introduction After all these things which pertain to human sustenance had been brought into one place, and the place had been built upon, it was called a Macellum. 1 So wrote Varro. It seems that almost every city and town with any pretensions to importance within the Roman Empire had, as part of its suite of civic amenities, a macellum. This building normally sat alongside the forum and basilica, providing a place in which a market could be held. Why then did Rome, the foremost and most populous city of the Empire, have only one, or very possibly two, at any one time? Why did it not form one of the sides to the Forum in Rome as it did in other cities? Was the macellum intended to provide the only market place for the entire population of Rome? These questions highlight the problems about the role of the macellum within the market and retail structure of the City of Rome. Macella Before discussing the problems raised by the macella in Rome it may be beneficial to give an overview of their development and to describe the buildings themselves. In her book, called Macellum, Claire De Ruyt 2outlines the problems and arguments related to the origins of the word and the form the buildings took. One part of the debate is to the origin of the word macellum itself, Greek, Latin or even Semitic beginnings have been advanced. -
Il Legionario 51 La Guarnigione Di Roma
IL LEGIONARIO COMMENTARIVS DEL SOLDATO ROMANO NOTIZIARIO DELL’ASSOCIAZIONE ANNO VI N.51 – GENNAIO 2019 - Testo e struttura a cura di TETRVS LA GUARNIGIONE DI ROMA Guardia Pretoriana -Arco di Trionfo di Tiberio Claudio - Roma - Museo del Louvre PREMESSA La guarnigione di Roma è stata la forza militare di stanza a Roma a partire dal principato di Ottaviano Augusto (imperatore dal 27 a. C. al 14 d. C.). La sua formazione è stata progressiva, dapprima con l’istituzione formale del corpo dei pretoriani, poi di quello degli urbaniciani (nati da una costola delle coorti pretorie), quindi dei Vigiles e successivamente dell’unità denominata “Equites Singulares Augusti”; in sostanza diverse forze per compiti specifici. Come “guarnigione” (termine moderno usato per definire questo insieme di unità) la loro storia dura circa tre secoli e mezzo, terminando apparentemente nel 312 quando Costantino sciolse sia il corpo dei pretoriani sia quello degli “Equites”. COORTI PRETORIE Le coorti pretorie nascono tra il 26 o il 37 a.C. quando Ottaviano – appena salito al trono imperiale – formalizza delle precedenti uniti che avevano la funzione di guardie personali di comandati, pretori (da cui assumono la denominazione, essendo la forza militare che accompagnavano nelle campagne questi magistrati, durante la Repubblica) e altre cariche di rango. Inizialmente vengono istituite 12 coorti pretorie (di circa 500 uomini) sotto il comando di un prefetto del pretorio (diventeranno due a partire dal 2. a.C.); intorno al 13 a.C. il numero delle coorti sarà ridotto a 9. Questa riduzione risponde a due fattori: 1) Mantenere il numero di coorti al di sotto di quello (10) che avrebbe composto una legione (in quanto una vecchia legge vietava la presenza di legioni dentro le mura di Roma); 2) Creare in contemporanea il corpo delle Coorti Urbane, al servizio del Senato e sotto il controllo del prefetto dell’Urbe), un’operazione dal sapore strategico volta a bilanciare un eventuale ( e di fatto poi dimostratosi concreto) strapotere delle coorti pretorie. -
Automated Geomatic System for Monitoring Historical Buildings During Tunneling in Roma, Italy
Life-Cycle and Sustainability of Civil Infrastructure Systems – Strauss, Frangopol & Bergmeister (Eds) © 2013 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-415-62126-7 Automated geomatic system for monitoring historical buildings during tunneling in Roma, Italy M. Crespi, F. Giannone & M. Marsella D.I.C.E.A. Geodesy and Geomatic Area of the Faculty of Engineering – Università di Roma La Sapienza, Roma, Italy A. Sonnessa Survey Lab srl – Università di Roma La Sapienza, Roma, Italy ABSTRACT: The present work is focused on the preliminary results obtained through the geomatic integrat- ed monitoring system currently running at the test site of the Basilica of Maxentius in the Roman Forum. The system is aimed at controlling a number of archaeological sites which can be potentially affected by the tun- neling works for a new metro line which is presently under construction. It includes different high precision geomatic sensors controlled by a centralized control station which continuously acquire data at high frequen- cy. In order to identify a reliable processing procedure and assess the quality of the collected data, we started to develop and experiment a preliminary analysis of the data collected in the first period of the system opera- tion (before the start of the excavation works). This activity allowed us to assess the performance of each sen- sor, focusing on the capability of the system to control also the stability of the monitoring stations. The ob- tained results will be adopted to better define an automated procedure for future massive data processing. 1 INTRODUCTION The effects of the underground construction works in urban areas represent a threat for the stability of the overlying buildings and structures. -
Ritual Cleaning-Up of the City: from the Lupercalia to the Argei*
RITUAL CLEANING-UP OF THE CITY: FROM THE LUPERCALIA TO THE ARGEI* This paper is not an analysis of the fine aspects of ritual, myth and ety- mology. I do not intend to guess the exact meaning of Luperci and Argei, or why the former sacrificed a dog and the latter were bound hand and foot. What I want to examine is the role of the festivals of the Lupercalia and the Argei in the functioning of the Roman community. The best-informed among ancient writers were convinced that these were purification cere- monies. I assume that the ancients knew what they were talking about and propose, first, to establish the nature of the ritual cleanliness of the city, and second, see by what techniques the two festivals achieved that goal. What, in the perception of the Romans themselves, normally made their city unclean? What were the ordinary, repetitive sources of pollution in pre-Imperial Rome, before the concept of the cura Urbis was refined? The answer to this is provided by taboos and restrictions on certain sub- stances, and also certain activities, in the City. First, there is a rule from the Twelve Tables with Cicero’s curiously anachronistic comment: «hominem mortuum», inquit lex in duodecim, «in urbe ne sepelito neve urito», credo vel propter ignis periculum (De leg. II 58). Secondly, we have the edict of the praetor L. Sentius C.f., known from three inscrip- tions dating from the beginning of the first century BC1: L. Sentius C. f. pr(aetor) de sen(atus) sent(entia) loca terminanda coer(avit). -
Public Construction, Labor, and Society at Middle Republican Rome, 390-168 B.C
University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2012 Men at Work: Public Construction, Labor, and Society at Middle Republican Rome, 390-168 B.C. Seth G. Bernard University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons, and the History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons Recommended Citation Bernard, Seth G., "Men at Work: Public Construction, Labor, and Society at Middle Republican Rome, 390-168 B.C." (2012). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 492. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/492 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/492 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Men at Work: Public Construction, Labor, and Society at Middle Republican Rome, 390-168 B.C. Abstract MEN AT WORK: PUBLIC CONSTRUCTION, LABOR, AND SOCIETY AT MID-REPUBLICAN ROME, 390-168 B.C. Seth G. Bernard C. Brian Rose, Supervisor of Dissertation This dissertation investigates how Rome organized and paid for the considerable amount of labor that went into the physical transformation of the Middle Republican city. In particular, it considers the role played by the cost of public construction in the socioeconomic history of the period, here defined as 390 to 168 B.C. During the Middle Republic period, Rome expanded its dominion first over Italy and then over the Mediterranean. As it developed into the political and economic capital of its world, the city itself went through transformative change, recognizable in a great deal of new public infrastructure. -
Pagan-City-And-Christian-Capital-Rome-In-The-Fourth-Century-2000.Pdf
OXFORDCLASSICALMONOGRAPHS Published under the supervision of a Committee of the Faculty of Literae Humaniores in the University of Oxford The aim of the Oxford Classical Monographs series (which replaces the Oxford Classical and Philosophical Monographs) is to publish books based on the best theses on Greek and Latin literature, ancient history, and ancient philosophy examined by the Faculty Board of Literae Humaniores. Pagan City and Christian Capital Rome in the Fourth Century JOHNR.CURRAN CLARENDON PRESS ´ OXFORD 2000 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6dp Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's aim of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Athens Auckland Bangkok Bogota Bombay Buenos Aires Calcutta Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Florence Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Paris SaÄo Paulo Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto Warsaw with associated companies in Berlin Ibadan Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York # John Curran 2000 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2000 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organizations. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose the same conditions on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data applied for Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Curran, John R. -
Roman Architecture with Professor Diana EE Kleiner Lecture 13
HSAR 252 - Roman Architecture with Professor Diana E. E. Kleiner Lecture 13 – The Prince and the Palace: Human Made Divine on the Palatine Hill 1. Title page with course logo. 2. Domus Aurea, Rome, sketch plan of park. Reproduced from Roman Imperial Architecture by John B. Ward-Perkins (1981), fig. 26. Courtesy of Yale University Press. 3. Portrait of Titus, from Herculaneum, now Naples, Archaeological Museum. Reproduced from Roman Sculpture by Diana E. E. Kleiner (1992), fig. 141. Portrait of Vespasian, Copenhagen. Reproduced from A History of Roman Art by Fred S. Kleiner (2007), fig. 9-4. 4. Roman Forum and Palatine Hill, aerial view. Credit: Google Earth. 5. Via Sacra, Rome. Image Credit: Diana E. E. Kleiner. Arch of Titus, Rome, Via Sacra. Reproduced from Rome of the Caesars by Leonardo B. Dal Maso (1977), p. 45. 6. Arch of Titus, Rome, from side facing Roman Forum [online image]. Wikimedia Commons. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:RomeArchofTitus02.jpg (Accessed February 24, 2009). 7. Arch of Titus, Rome, 18th-century painting [online image]. Wikimedia Commons. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:7_Rome_View_of_the_Arch_of_Titus.jpg (Accessed February 24, 2009). Arch of Titus, Rome, from side facing Colosseum. Image Credit: Diana E. E. Kleiner. 8. Arch of Titus, Rome, attic inscription and triumphal frieze. Image Credit: Diana E. E. Kleiner. 9. Arch of Titus, Rome, triumphal frieze, victory spandrels, and keystone. Image Credit: Diana E. E. Kleiner. 10. Arch of Titus, Rome, composite capital. Image Credit: Diana E. E. Kleiner. 11. Arch of Titus, Rome, triumph panel. Image Credit: Diana E. E. -
A Study of the Pantheon Through Time Caitlin Williams
Union College Union | Digital Works Honors Theses Student Work 6-2018 A Study of the Pantheon Through Time Caitlin Williams Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalworks.union.edu/theses Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons, and the Classical Archaeology and Art History Commons Recommended Citation Williams, Caitlin, "A Study of the Pantheon Through Time" (2018). Honors Theses. 1689. https://digitalworks.union.edu/theses/1689 This Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Work at Union | Digital Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of Union | Digital Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Study of the Pantheon Through Time By Caitlin Williams * * * * * * * Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Honors in the Department of Classics UNION COLLEGE June, 2018 ABSTRACT WILLIAMS, CAITLIN A Study of the Pantheon Through Time. Department of Classics, June, 2018. ADVISOR: Hans-Friedrich Mueller. I analyze the Pantheon, one of the most well-preserVed buildings from antiquity, through time. I start with Agrippa's Pantheon, the original Pantheon that is no longer standing, which was built in 27 or 25 BC. What did it look like originally under Augustus? Why was it built? We then shift to the Pantheon that stands today, Hadrian-Trajan's Pantheon, which was completed around AD 125-128, and represents an example of an architectural reVolution. Was it eVen a temple? We also look at the Pantheon's conversion to a church, which helps explain why it is so well preserVed.