Karadelev Et Al Checklist.P65

Home , Bogdanci, Entoloma sinuatum, Skopska Crna Gora, Strumica

Mitko KARADELEV et al.

CHECKLIST OF HUMANO-TOXIC MACROMYCETES IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA

Mitko KARADELEV, Snezana MITEVA & Kristina STOJKOSKA

Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, P.O. Box 162, Gazi Baba bb, 1000 Skopje

ABSTRACT

Karadelev M., Miteva S. & Stojkoska K. (2004). Checklist of humano-toxic macromycetes in the Republic of Macedonia. Proceedings of the 2nd Congress of Ecologists of the Republic of Macedonia with International Participation, 25-29.10.2003, Ohrid. Special issues of Macedonian Ecological Society, Vol. 6, Skopje. According to the recent research into fungi biodiversity of R. Macedonia, 1,250 species have been registered. A part of these fungi show proved poisonous effects. These species mainly belong to the following genera: Amanita, Boletus, Clitocybe Cortinarius, Entoloma, Inocybe, Lepiota, Psilocybe, Russula, Tricholoma, Lactarius, Scleroderma and Mycena. Fungi toxicity manifests through the following syndromes: Phalloidine syndrome, Orellanine syndrome, Gyromitrin syndrome, Muscarine syndrome, Gastrointestinal syndrome and Coprinus syndrome. In most of them, these effects are due to the presence of toxic compounds such as: phalotoxins, amatoxins, orellanin, gyromitrin, muscarin, coprinmin, and different hallucinogenic and psychotropic compounds. In this work a checklist of 114 species of humano-toxic macromycetes registered in the Republic of Macedonia is given. Key words: humano-toxic macromycetes, distribution, toxic effects, the Republic of Macedonia.

IZVOD

Karadelev M., Miteva S. i Stojkoska K. (2004). Lista na humano-toksi~ni makromiceti vo Republika Makedonija. Zbornik na trudovi od 2-ot Kongres na ekolozite na Makedonija so me|unarodno u~estvo, 25-29.10.2003, Ohrid. Posebni izdanija na Makedonskoto ekolo{ko dru{tvo, Kn. 6, Skopje. Od dosega{nite ispituvawa vo Republika Makedonija se registrirani 114 vidovi na otrovni gabi. Ovie vidovi rastat vo listopadni, ~etinarski {umi, na livada, degradirani povr{ini, na izmet, na padnati granki i dr. Najgolem del od niv se terikolni. Toksi~niot efekt kaj ovie gabi se izrazuva preku toksi~nite materii koi {to se prisutni vo niv kako: falotoksini, amatoksini, orelanin, giromitrin, muskarin, koprinmin i razli~ni halucinogeni i psihotropni komponenti. Klu~ni zborovi: humano-toksi~ni makromiceti, distribucija, toksi~ni efekti, Republika Makedonija. Introduction Materials and methods

The checklist of hallucinogenic species in the Re- The material was collected in various kinds of for- public of Macedonia is created according to the pub- ests, associations and on mountain pastures, on soil lished data from the previous investigations (Tor- or on fallen branches, trunks and logs, as well as on tich 1988, Karadelev 1993, 1994, 1995, 2000), the enriched soil, dung, etc. The identification of the spe- data- base MACFUNGI of the Mycological labora- cies was done either on the field or in the mycologi- tory at the Faculty of Natural Science in Skopje, and cal laboratory at the Faculty of Science and Mathe- from the field investigations of the authors. The in- matics in Skopje, using microscopes and reagents vestigations were carried out on various localities in (Melzer, KOH, Sulphovaniline, etc.). Some of the the Republic of Macedonia, such as the mountains: collected fungi were preserved in the National My- Osogovo, Kožuf, Kitka, Plačkovica, Karad`ica, Ser- cological Collection (FUNGI MACEDONICI), while ta, Golak, Belasica, Dešat, Niđe, Korab, Karaorman, the data were put in the database MACFUNGI. For Jelak, Vodno, Jakupica, Šar Planina, Ogražden, the identification are used the following: Moser (1983), National Parks: Pelister, Mavrovo, and Galicica, and Breitenbach & Kränzlin (1981, 1986, 1991, 1995, the area of the towns and villages: Kruševo, Resen, 2000), Däncke, R. M. (2001), Krieglsteiner, G. J. Katlanovo, Kičevo, Kumanovo, Bitola, Delčevo, (2000), Flammer (1980), Flammer & Horak (1983), Demir Hisar, Skopje, Strumica, Gevgelija, etc. etc.

472 Zbornik na trudovi od 2-ot Kongres na ekolozite na Makedonija Checklist of humano-toxic macromycetes in the Republic of Macedonia

est; Karadìca Mt., beech forest. Growing on stump Results of Quercus frainetto, Q. cerris, Fagus, Abies, Alnus, Pinus peuce. July-October. Agaricus xanthoderma: Pelister Mt., in meadow; Boletus calopus: Šar Planina Mt., beech forest; Jak- Katlanovo, oak-hornbeam forest; Skopje, in park, upica Mt., beech forest; Dešat Mt., beech forest; Pelis- planted forest; Serta Mt. oak forest, in meadow. April- ter Mt., forest of P. peuce with Fagus; Koùf Mt., November. beech forest; Bistra Mt., beech forest. June-October. Amanita citrina: Šar planina Mt., beech forest; Be- Boletus luridus: Šar Planina Mt., beech forest; Bistra lasica Mt. alder and birch forest; Gali~ica Mt. oak Mt., oak and beech forest;; Kumanovo, in meadow; forest; Prespa Lake, oak forest; Maleševski Mt. beech Pelister Mt., forest of P. peuce; Katlanovska Banja, and fir forest; Pla~kovica Mt. beech forest; Skopska oak-hornbeam forest; Negorski Banji, ash forest; Crna Gora Mt, beech forest; Vodno, chestnut forest; Koùf Mt., beech forest; Jakupica Mt., oak forest. Jakupica Mt., oak forest, beech and oak forest; Koùf June-October. Mt., beech forest; Kitka Mt., oak forest; Karadjica Boletus purpureus: Jakupica Mt., oak forest. July. Mt., beech forest; Pelister Mt, forest of P. peuce. Jan- Boletus radicans: Šar Planina Mt., beech forest. July. uary-October. Boletus satanas: Pelister Mt., forest of P. peuce; Amanita gemmata: Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest. July. Del~evo, oak forest; Gali~ica, oak forest; Bistra Mt., Amanita muscaria: Mavrovo, wood of Abies and beech forest. July-November. Fagus; Jakupica Mt., oak forest, beech forest, forest Clitocybe candicans: Pelister Mt., forest of P. peuce, of Pinus mugo and conifer plantation; Kruševo, wood September of Fagus and Pinus, conifer plantation; Pelister Mt., forest of P. peuce; Koùf, beech forest, mixed fir and Clitocybe cerussata: Pelister Mt., mixed forest (Bet- beech forest, Osogovo Mt. beech forest; Bistra Mt., ula, Populus, Pinus peuce, Abies); Jakupica Mt., Pi- beech forest. August-November. nus mugo forest. July-September. Amanita pantherina: Šar Planina Mt., beech forest; Clitocybe clavipes: Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest with Karadzica, oak forest, Mavrovo, fir forest; Skopska Fagus; Karadìca Mt., beech forest; Jakupica Mt., Crna Gora Mt., beech forest; Katlanovo, oak-horn- mixed fir and beech forest, Pinus mugo forest. July- beam; Kumanovo, in meadow; Pelister Mt., mixed October. forest (Betula, Populus, Pinus peuce, Abies), forest Clitocybe dealbata: Jakupica Mt., beech forest; Vod- of P. peuce; Pla~kovica Mt., beech forest; Jakupica no Mt., oak-hornbeam; Strict Nature Rezerve „Ezer- Mt., oak forest, beech forest; Kruševo, beech forest; ani“, willow shrub land; Serta Mt., oak-hornbeam. Koùf Mt., beech forest; Osogovo Mt., beech forest; April-September. Bistra Mt., beech forest. June-November. Clitocybe diatreta: Pelister Mt., forest of P. peuce. Amanita phalloides: Gali~ica Mt., oak forest; Jak- October upica Mt., oak and beech forest; Kruševo, beech for- Clitocybe nebularis: Mavrovo, beech forest; Karad- est; Bogdanci, oak-hornbeam; Ki~evo, oak forest; jica Mt., beech forest; Jakupica Mt., oak forest; Pelis- Bistra Mt., beech forest. June-November. ter Mt., forest of P. peuce; Bistra, Mt. beech forest. Amanita vaginata: Šar Planina Mt., beech forest; October. Pelister Mt., forest of P. Peuce; Bistra Mt., beech for- Clitocybe phyllophila: Pelister Mt., P. peuce with est; Golak Mt., beech forest; Pla~kovica Mt., beech Fagus. September. forest; Jakupica Mt., beech forest, oak forest conifer Collybia peronata: Korab Mt., beech forest; Jakupi- plantation, Vodno Mt., oak forest; Skopska Crna Gora ca Mt., oak forest, beech forest; Debarska Banja, oak Mt., beech forest; Mavrovo, beech forest. May-Octo- forest; Karaorman Mt., beech forest; Bogdanci, oak- ber. hornbeam forest. Amanita verna: Karadìca Mt., beech forest; Jakupi- Coprinus atramentarius: Šar Planina Mt., beech for- ca Mt., beech forest. July. est; Karadìca Mt. beech forest; Skopje, city park; Armillaria mellea: Šar Planina Mt., beech forest; Jakupica Mt., close to road, beech forest; Karaorman Gali~ica Mt., oak and beech forest; Koùf Mt., oak Mt., beech forest; Koùf Mt., beech forest; Demir and beech forest; Jakupica Mt., oak and beech forest; Hisar, oak forest; Bistra Mt., beech forest. May-No- Pelister Mt., forest of P. peuce and beech forest; vember. Mavrovo, beech and fir forest; Bistra Mt., oak forest, Coprinus micaceus: Šar Planina Mt., beech forest; mixed fir and beech forest, beech forest; Belasica Mt., Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest; Karadjica Mt., beech mixed alder and birch forest; Skopska Crna Gora Mt., forest; Koùf Mt., beech forest; Jakupica Mt., beech beech forest; Bukovi}, oak forest; Debarska Banja, forest; Kruševo, beech forest; Skopje, in botanical oak forest; Buševa Mt., beech forest; Kajmak~alan garden; Bistra Mt., beech forest. On stump of decidu- Mt., mixed beech and fir forest; Strumica, Alder for- ous trees, mainly Fagus. May-October.

Proceedings of the 2nd Congress of Ecologists of Macedonia 473 Mitko KARADELEV et al.

Cortinarius croceus: Pelister Mt., P. peuce with Fa- Hydnum repandum: Mavrovo Mt., mixed beech and gus. October. fir forest, beech forest; Jakupica Mt., beech forest, Cortinarius cinnamomeus: Pelister Mt., P. peuce oak forest; Vodno Mt., oak-hornbeam; Pelister Mt., forest. September. P. peuce forest with Fagus; Koùf Mt., beech forest; Maleševski Planini Mt., beech and fir forest; Bistra Cortinarius limonius: Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest. Mt., beech forest. July-October. September. Hydnum rufescens: Vodno Mt., oak-hornbeam. Oc- Cortinarius vitellinus: Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest. tober. October. Hygrocybe conica: Šar Planina Mt., on pasture, sub- Entoloma aprile: Bogdanci, oak-hornbeam forest; alpine and alpine meadow; Pelister Mt., P. peuce for- Vodno Mt., oak forest April. est; Belasica Mt., mixed forest alder and birch; Vod- Entoloma clypeatum: Bogdanci, oak-hornbeam for- no Mt., on meadow, oak-hornbeam; Jakupica Mt., oak est; Demir Hisar, oak forest. May-November. forest, on meadow; Strumica, Alder forest, on mead- Entoloma nidorosum: Skopska Crna Gora Mt., beech ow Bistra Mt., beech forest. June-October. forest; Vodno Mt., chestnut forest; Jakupica Mt., oak Hygrocybe psitacina: Karadjica Mt., mixed fir and forest, beech forest. October. beech forest; Vodno Mt., oak-hornbeam forest. June- Entoloma politum: Pla~kovica Mt., beech forest. October. October. Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca: Mavrovo, beech forest; Entoloma rhodopolium: Šar Planina Mt., subalpine Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest; Kumanovo, oak-horn- beech forest; Jakupica Mt., beech forest; Karadjica beam forest; Vodno Mt., chestnut; Ki~evo, oak for- Mt., beech forest; Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest with est; Bistra Mt., beech forest. September-November. Fagus. July-October. Hypholoma fasciculare: Šar Planina Mt., mixed fir Entoloma sericellum: Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest; and spruce forest; Bogdanci, willow shrub land; Jak- Belasica Mt., mixed forest alder and birch; Strumica, upica, Mt., beech forest; Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest oak-hornbeam.August-October. with Fagus; Skopje; Bistra Mt., beech forest. On Entoloma serrulatum: Belasica Mt., mixed forest stump of Abies, Fagus, Salix, Pinus peuce, Populus. alder and birch. October. April-September. Entoloma sinuatum: Jakupica Mt., oak forest. Octo- Inocybe fastigiata: Jakupica Mt., mixed fir and beech ber. forest. September. Entoloma vernum: Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest. Octo- Inocybe fuscidula: Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest with ber. Fagus; Kitka Mt., pine plantation. October. Galerina marginata: Šar Planina Mt., spruce forest; Inocybe geophylla: Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest. Oc- Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest with Fagus. October. tober. Gymnopilus spectabilis: Mavrovo Mt., beech forest. Inocybe godeyi: Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest. Sep- September. tember. Gyromitra infula: Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest with Inocybe patouillardii: Jakupica Mt., beech forest; Fagus. October. Skopska Crna Gora Mt., oak-hornbeam forest. Octo- ber. Hebeloma crustuliniforme: Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest with Fagus. September-October. Lactarius chrysorrheus: Jakupica Mt., oak, beech and chestnut forest; Demir Hisar, oak forest. October. Hebeloma mesophaeum: Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest, oak and beech forest. September. Lactarius pubescens: Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest with Fagus. October. Hebeloma sinapizans: Kumanovo, pine plantation; Katlanovo, greek juniper forest, oak-hornbeam for- Lactarius scrobiculatus: Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest est; Jakupica Mt., beech forest; Vita~evo; Bistra Mt., with Fagus. September. beech forest. October. Lactarius torminosus: Pelister Mt., P. peuce with Helvella crispa: Karadzica Mt., mixed fir and beech Fagus; Koùf Mt. beech forest; Belasica Mt., mixed wood; Vodno Mt., oak and chestnut forest; Debarska forest alder and birch; Jakupica Mt., beech forest. In Banja, oak-hornbeam forest; Jakupica Mt., mixed fir forest under birch. September-October. and beech forest; Kumanovo, oak-hornbeam forest. Laetiporus sulphureus: Valandovo, in town; Bistra July. Mt., beech forest; Matka, near the lake. On stumps Helvella lacunosa: Vodno Mt., oak-hornbeam forest; and fallen trunks of Morus, Fagus, Salix. March-De- Karadìca Mt., beech forest; Pelister Mt., beech for- cember. est; Koùf Mt., beech forest; Jakupica Mt., beech for- Leccinum aurantiacum: Mavrovo, beech forest; Jak- est; Vodno Mt., pine plantation; Belasica Mt., beech upica Mt., beech forest; Koùf Mt., beech forest; Bis- forest; Demir Hisar, oak forest. May-October. tra Mt., beech forest. Under Populus tremula. Octo-

474 Zbornik na trudovi od 2-ot Kongres na ekolozite na Makedonija Checklist of humano-toxic macromycetes in the Republic of Macedonia ber. vo, on stump of Quercus pubescens and fallen trunk Lepiota castanea: Pelister Mt. beech forest; Skopje, of Morus alba, Salix sp.; Koùf Mt., beech forest, on in park. September-October. stump of Fagus, fir forest, on stump of Abies borisii regis, Fagus; Gali~ica Mt., on stump of Amygdalus Lepiota clypeolaria: Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest; Jak- webbii, Salix sp., on fallen stump of Carpinus betu- upica Mt., oak and beech forest; Katlanovo, greek lus, Carpinus orientalis, Fagus sylvatica, Ostrya car- juniper forest. September-October. pinifolia, Quercus cerris, Q. frainetto, Q. pubescens, Lepiota cristata: Jakupica Mt., oak forest; Vodno Mt., Q. trojana; Bogdanci, on stump of Gleditsia triacan- oak-hornbeam forest; Pelister Mt., beech forest; Bis- thos, Platanus orientalis, Salix alba; Mariovo, on tra Mt. beech forest; Skopje, in meadow. September- stump of Q. pubescens; Pelister Mt., on stump of October. Fagus; Belasica Mt., on log of Corylus avellana, Lepista nuda: Pelister Mt., beech forest; Skopje, city Quercus petrea, Alnus; Golak Mt., on branch of Fa- park; Vodno Mt., chestnut forest, oak-hornbeam for- gus; Skopska Crna Gora Mt., on Fagus; Mavrovo, est; Jakupica Mt., oak forest, beech forest; Kruševo, on Fagus, Quercus, Abies; Jakupica Mt., on Fagus, pine forest. May-October. Quercus; Bukovi~, on Fagus; Debarska Banja, on Leptopodia elastica: Pelister Mt., beech forest, P. Quercus pubescens; Karaorman Mt., on Fagus; peuce forest; Vodno Mt. oak-hornbeam forest. July- Kruševo, on Fagus; Skopje, on Quercus, Carpinus; October. Bistra Mt., on Fagus. January-December. Leucoagaricus badhamii: Katlanovo, oak-hornbeam Paxillus involutus: Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest; Be- forest. October. lasica Mt., mixed forest alder and birch; Kruševo, conifer plantation; Koùf Mt., beech forest; Bistra Mt., Macrolepiota rhacodes: Pelister Mt., P. peuce; beech forest. September-Octomber. Karadìca Mt., beech forest; Jakupica Mt., oak-hornbeam, beech forest; Skopje, planted deciduous for- Peziza badia: Bistra Mt., beech forest; Koùf Mt., est; Bistra Mt., pasture; around vill. Dolno Kolicani, oak-hornbeam. April oak forest. July-October. Pholiota squarosa: Pelster Mt., P. peuce forest, beech Mycena pelianthina: Skopska Crna Gora Mt., beech forest; Bistra Mt., beech forest. September. forest; Vodno Mt., chestnut forest; Mavrovo, beech Pluteus salicinus: Ogra`den Mt., mixed forest of forest. September-November. Fagus, P. sylvestris and P. nigra, on rotten branches Mycena pura: Šar Planina Mt., beech forest; Mavro- of Fagus; Gali~ica Mt., Pljuska, oak forest, on soil; vo, beech forest; Gali~ica Mt., macedonian oak for- Jakupica Mt., êples, beech forest, on stump of Fa- est; Jakupica Mt., beech and oak forest, subalpine gus; Koùf Mt., on stump of Fagus and P. nigra. July- beech forest, conifer plantation; Vodno Mt., oak-horn- October. beam forest; Karadìca Mt., beech forest; Pelister Mt., Polyporus squamosus: Šar Planina Mt., beech for- P. peuce forest; Skopska Crna Gora Mt., beech forest, on stump of Fagus and Acer; Koùf Mt. beech est; Vodno Mt., chestnut and planted spruce forest; forest, on dry trunk of Fagus; Skopje, unknown sub- Bogdanci, oak-hornbeam forest; Bistra Mt., beech strate; Karadjica Mt., beech forest, parasite on Fa- forest. July-October. gus; Belasica Mt., on stump of Platanus orientalis; Mycena rosea: Pelister Mt., beech, oak, P. peuce for- Gali~ica Mt., beech forest, parasite on Fagus, Carpi- est; Kumanovo, oak-hornbeam forest; Skopska Crna nus betulus; Mariovo, beech forest, parasite on Fa- Gora Mt., beech forest; Mavrovo, beech forest. Sep- gus; Pelister Mt., beech forest, parasite and saprotro- tember-Novermber. ph on Fagus; Valandovo, parasite and saprotroph on Juglans regia and Ulmus minor; Bogdanci, on Morus Omphalotus olearius: Bogdanci, oak-hornbeam for- sp., Robinia pseudacacia; Skopje, city park, on Salix, est, on stump of Carpinus; Jakupica Mt., on stump of Fraxinus, Acer negundo; Korab Mt., Fagus; Jakupi- Quercus; Vodno Mt., oak-hornbeam forest; Serta Mt., ca Mt., Quercus, Fagus; Skopska Crna Gora Mt., oak forest; Kumanovo, oak-hornbeam forest. Octo- Fagus; Karaorman Mt., Fagus; Koùf Mt., Fagus; ber-November. Povardarie, Alnus, Platanus, Salix, Populus. April- Otidea onotica: Pelister Mt., P. peuce forest. Octo- October. ber. Psathyrella candoleana: Šar Planina, beech forest on Panaeolus granulatus: Jakupica Mt., êples, beech Fagus; Karadjica Mt., beech forest. July. forest. July. Psathyrella velutina: Jakupica Mt., beech forest. Panaeolus papilionaceus: Vodno Mt., on enriched October. soil; Pelister Mt., around Kopanki, P. peuce forest. Psilocybe bullacea: Pelister Mt., plantation of May-September. P.peuce, on fallen branch of P.peuce, beech forest, on Panaeolus semiovatus: Pelister Mt., around Kopanki, leaves remnants of Populus tremula; Prespa, Strict in meadow, on dung. September. Nature Reserve „Ezerani“, willow shrub land, in Panellus stypticus: Šar Planina Mt., Fagus; Valando- meadow. April-September.

Proceedings of the 2nd Congress of Ecologists of Macedonia 475 Mitko KARADELEV et al.

Psilocybe coprophylla: Jakupica Mt., v. Gorno Vra- peuce; Jakupica Mt., under P. mugo, under P. nigra novce, beech forest, on dung. October- November. in conifer plantation; Bistra Mt., pine plantation. Sep- Psilocybe montana: Pelister Mt., on soil, P. peuce tember-October. forest. October. Tricholoma bufonium: Pelister Mt., Abies, Pinus, Psilocybe muscorum: Pelister Mt., forest of Fagus, P. peuce forest; Karadjica Mt., beech forest. Q.frainetto, in moss Rhacomitrum. April. May-October. Psylocybe physaloides: Prespa, Strict Nature Reserve Tricholoma saponaceum: Jakupica Mt., oak and „Ezerani“, in meadow, on soil. April. beech forest; Kumanovo, oak-hornbeam forest; Pelis- ter Mt., P.peuce forest; Skopska Crna Gora Mt., oak- Psylocybe subcoprophylla: Katlanovo, greek juniper hornbeam forest. September-November. forest, on dung. October. Tricholoma sciodes: Jakupica Mt., beech forest. Oc- Ptichoverpa bochemica: Skopje, plantation of Pop- tober. ulus nigra, lendmark of arable lend; Pelister Mt., Al- nus forest. March-April. Tricholoma sulphureum: Pelister Mt., P.peuce forest; Bistra Mt., beech forest. September. Ramaria formosa: Korab Mt., beech forest; Jakupi- ca Mt., beech, oak forest. October. Tricholomopsis rutilans: Šar Planina Mt., beech forest. July. Russula badia: Pelister Mt., fir and P. peuce forest. October. Xerocomus badius: Jelak Mt., Picea plantation; Bigla Mt., beech forest; Skopska Crna Gora Mt., oak-horn- Russula emetica: Jakupica Mt., oak forest. October. beam forest; Bistra Mt., beech forest. July-October. Russula foetens: Karadjica Mt., beech forest; Pelis- ter Mt., P. peuce forest; Jakupica Mt., beech forest; Kruševo, beech forest; Ogra`den Mt., beech forest; Disscucion Dešat Mt., beech forest; Bistra Mt., beech forest. July- September. In the Republic of Macedonia, so far, 114 species of Russula luteotacta: Katlanovska Banja, oak-horn- poisonous fungi have been registered. The most fre- beam forest. quent of these species are Amanita citrina, Amanita pantherina, Amanita vaginata, Armillaria mellea, Russula olivacea: Pelister Mt., P.peuce forest. Octo- Coprinus micaceus, Hydnum repandum, Hygrocybe ber. conica, Mycena pura, Panellus stypticus, Polyporus Russula quelettii: Bogdanci, pine plantation. Novem- squamosus, etc. Some of he species such as: Leucoa- ber. garicus badhamii, Peziza badia and Sarcosphaera Russula sanguinea: Pelister Mt., P.peuce forest; Sko- crassa are known as a rare species, while others, such pje, planted pine forest. September-October. as: Amanita gemmata, A.verna, Boletus purpureus, Sarcodon imbricatus: Šar Planina Mt., mixed fir and B.radicans, Clitocybe candicans, C.diatreta, spruce forest. July. C.phyllophila, Cortinarius croceus, C.cinnamomeus, C.limonius, C.vitelinus, Entoloma aprile, E.politum, Sarcosphaera crassa: Jakupica Mt., mixed fir and E.serrulatum, E.sinuatum, E.vernum, Gymnopilus beech forest. July. spectabilis, Gyromitra infula, Hebeloma crustulini- Scleroderma citrinum: Pelister Mt., mixed forest forme, H.mesophaeum, Hydnum rufescens, Inocybe (Fagus, Quercus, Pinus peuce); Mavrovo, beech for- fastigiata, I.fuscidula, I.godeyi, Lactarius pubescens, est; Bistra Mt., beech forest, in meadow. September. L.scrobiculatus, Lepiota castanea, Otidea onotica, Scleroderma verrucosum: Pelister Mt., planted Pi- Panaeolus granulatus, P.semiovatus, Psathyrella ve- nus forest, mixed fir and beech forest; Korab Mt., lutina, Psilocybe physaloides, P.subcoprophylla, Ra- beech forest; Jakupica Mt., oak forest. October. maria badia, Russula emetica, R.luteotacta, Stropharia aeruginosa: Pelister Mt., in meadow, pine R.olivacea, R.queletii, Sarciodon imbricatus, Tricho- plantation; Bistra Mt., beech forest. September. loma sciodes, and Tricholomopsis rutilans are not rare, but their distribution is not yet enough investigated in Stropharia coronilla: Pelister Mt., on pasture; Vod- the Republic of Macedonia. The reason that some no Mt., oak-hornbeam forest. April. edible species such as: Armillaria mellea, Hydnum Stropharia semiglobata: Šar Planina Mt., beech for- repandum, Macrolepiota rhacode and Polyporus est, in meadow; Karadjica Mt., oak and beech forest, squamosus are putted in the list is that in the litera- in meadow; Jakupica Mt., in meadow on dung; Pelis- ture exist some cases of poisoning caused by this spe- ter Mt., in meadow on dung; Gali~ica Mt., forest of cies. Q. trojana; Gevgelija, in meadow. July-December. All these fungi were found growing on various sub- Suilus luteus: Pelister Mt., P.peuce forest; Ko`uf Mt., strates. The main part of them are terricolous and were pine plantation; Kitka Mt., pine plantation; Vodno Mt., found growing on soil (Amanita, Boletus, Cortinari- oak-hornbeam forest, P.nigra; Pelister Mt., P.peuce us, Entoloma, Mycena, Lepiota, Russula, Lactarius, forest; Kruševo, conifer plantation under P. nigra, P. Tricholoma, Stropharia, etc.), while the others such

476 Zbornik na trudovi od 2-ot Kongres na ekolozite na Makedonija Checklist of humano-toxic macromycetes in the Republic of Macedonia as: Coprinus micaceus, Hypholoma fasciculare, La- Lepiota, Lepista, Macrolepiota, Mycena, Pho- etiporus sulphureus, Omphalotus olearius, Panellus liota, Pluteus, Polyporus, Ramaria, Russula, stypticus, Polyporus squamosus and Pluteus salici- Suillus, Scleroderma, Tricholoma and Xeroco- nus are lignicolous, and were registered growing on mus. Latency period is 15 min-4 hours. It is man- rotten branches and stumps of different kind of trees. ifesting with this symptoms: it comes to abdom- Some of the species such as: Psilocybe subcoprophy- inally pain with colic attacks, nausea, vomiting la, Psilocybe coprophylla and Panaeolus semiovatus and failure. With more serious poisonings cramp- were collected on dung. ing the skeletal musculature and cycle disturbanc- All this species caused the following syndromes: es are to be recognized. After to two days the symptomatology fades away. There is well know – Phalloidine syndrome is caused by: Amanita to today no deaths. phalloides, A.verna, Galerina marginata and – Coprinus syndrome is caused by: Coprinus atra- Lepiota cristata. One of the most deadly syn- mentarius, Coprinus micaceus and Clitocybe dromes is phalloidine. Latency period is 10-24 clavipes. Latency period is 30 min. till 72 hours. hours. It is manifesting with liver damage, tubu- It is manifesting with this symptoms: minutes af- lar necrosis, renal damage, rising ammonia lev- ter the benefit of alcohol (or up to 72 hours) it els, hepatic coma followed by respiratory fail- comes to a heat feeling, and a strong turning red ure, hemorrhage, and death by 4-7 days. Deadly in the range of the face, the neck and the chest. quantity is 0,1-0,3 mg/kg. The patients feels metallic taste, tachycardia, – Pantherinien sindrome is caused by Amanita pan- dyspnea, sweats, it comes rarely to nausea, vom- therina. Latency period is 30 min to 3 hours. It is iting. There is well know to today no deaths. manifesting with following symptoms: the first signs are reminding of alcohol intoxication (lan- guage, co-ordination, visual disturbances, distur- Conclusions bances of movements, the feeling for personali- ty, the space, and the time is disturbed. The pa- The so far registered poisonous fungi in R. Macedonia tients fall into a kind deep sleep, from which they are 114 species. These fungi were found growing in awake after 10 to 15 hours again. They do not various deciduous, coniferous forests, in meadows, have memory of the happening. Deadly quantity on enriched soil, on dung, on wood, on stump, on fall- is 100 g fresh mushrooms for adults. en branches, etc. The main part of them are terrico- – Orellanine syndrome is caused by species of the lous, 7 species are lignicolous, and 3 species were complex gender Cortinarius. The syndrome is collected on dung. The poisonous species of fungi manifesting symptoms such as: digestive disor- registered in Republic of Macedonia belong to the ders (vomiting, nausea, diarrhea, headaches, following genera: Amanita, Boletus, Clitocybe, Col- sweats nights (without fever), renal insufficien- lybia, Coprinus, Cortinarius, Entoloma, Galerina, cy, damage of kidney (oligurie up to anuria). La- Gymnopilus, Gyromitra, Hebeloma, Helvella, Hyd- tency period is 36 hours until 14 days. (2-20 num, Hygrocybe, Hygrophoropsis, Hypholoma, In- days). Deadly quantity is 2-3 mushrooms (100 ocybe, Lactarius, Laetiporus, Leccinum, Lepiota, g). Lepista, Leptopodia, Leucoagaricus, Macrolepiota, – Gyromitrin syndrome is caused by Gyromitra Mycena, Omphalotus, Otidea, Panaeolus, Panellus, infula. The main poison is giromitrin. Latency Paxillus, Peziza, Pholiota,Pluteus, Polyporus, period is 6 to 24 hours. It is manifesting with this Psathyrella, Psilocybe, Ptichoverpa, Ramaria, Rus- symptoms (headaches, nausea, vomiting, cramps, sula, Sarcodon, Scleroderma, Stropharia, Suillus, abdominal pains, damage of liver. The patients Tricholoma, Tricholomopsis and Xerocomus. Fungi show a ikterus, have a haemoglobinure up to anur- toxicity manifests through the following syndromes: ia). Deadly quantity is 10-30 mg/kg for children, Phalloidine syndrome, Orellanine syndrome, Gyromi- and 20-50 mg/kg for adults. trin syndrome, Muscarinien syndrome, Gastrointesti- – Muscarinien syndrome is caused by fungi of a nal syndrome and Coprinus syndrome. In most of number of genders: Inocybe, Clitocybe and them, these effects are due to the presence of toxic Amanita muscaria. The main poison is muscar- compounds such as: phalotoxins, amatoxins, orella- in. Latency period is 15 min. to 2 hours. Symp- nin, gyromitrin, muscarin, coprinmin, and different toms are a strong production of sweat, saliva, and hallucinogenic and psychotropic compounds. tear liquid; hypotonie is additional to recognize a bradicardia. Deadly quantity is 400-500g fresh mushrooms. – Gastrointestinal irritants are the most of the species from the list. They belong to the following genera: Agaricus, Boletus, Entoloma, Hebeloma, Hydnum, Hygrocybe, Hypholoma, Lactarius,

Proceedings of the 2nd Congress of Ecologists of Macedonia 477 Mitko KARADELEV et al.

forest associations on Galicica Mountain. References Ekol.Za{[email protected]., 2(1), 3-16; Karadelev, M. (1995): Izu~uvawe na vi{ite Breitenbach, J., Kränzlin, F. (1991). Fungi of Swit- gabi vo Makedonija II. Kvalitativno- zerland Volume 3. Edition Mycologia, Switzer- kvantitativni istra`uvawa na land. 361 pp. lignikolnite makromiceti vo razni Breitenbach, J., Kränzlin, F. (1995). Fungi of Swit- {umski zaednici na planinata Pelister. zerland Volume 4. Edition Mycologia, Switzer- Ekol. Za{t. @ivot. Sred., 3(1-2), 3-12. land. 368 pp. Karadelev, M. (2000). Kvalitativno- Breitenbach, J., Kränzlin, F. (2000). Fungi of Swit- kvantitativen sostav na makromicetite zerland Volume 5. Edition Mycologia, Switzer- (Basidiomycetes i Ascomycetes) vo land. 338 pp. fitocenozata Calamintho grandiflorae- Däncke, R. M. (2001). 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos. Ger- Fagetum vo sostav na Nacionalniot Park many. 1178 pp. „Mavrovo“. Skopje. Flammer, R. (1980). Differentialdiagnose der Pilz- Krieglsteiner, G. J. (2000). Die Großpilze Baden- vergiftungen. Gustav Ficher Verlag, Stuttgart - Wurttembergs Band 2, Eugen Ulmer GmbH & New York. Co., Germany. 620 pp. Flammer, R., Horak, E.(1983). Giftpilze – Pilzgifte. Krieglsteiner, G. J. (2000). Die Großpilze Baden- Ekennung und Behandlung von Pilzvergiftungen. Wurttembergs Band 3, Eugen Ulmer GmbH & Sporenschlűssel. Kosmos, Gesellshaft der Co., Germany. 634 pp. Naturfreunde Franckh’sche Verlagshandlung, Stut- Moser, M. (1983). Die Röhrlinge und Blatterpilze. tgart. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgard, 533 pp. Karadelev, M. (1993): Contribution to the knowledge Stamets, P. (1996). Psilocybin mushrooms of the of wood-destroying fungi in the Republic of Mace- World. An identification guide. Ten Speed Press, donia, Fungi Macedonici I, Young.Exp.Mac., 1- Berkeley, California. 78; Tortić, M. (1988). Materials for the mycoflora of Karadelev, M. (1994): Qualitative and quantitative Macedonia. Maked. akad. na naukite i umetnostite. analysis of lignicolous macromycetes in different Skopje, 64p.

LISTA NA HUMANO-TOKSI^NI MAKROMICETI VO REPUBLIKA MAKEDONIJA

Mitko KARADELEV, Sne`ana MITEVA i Kristina STOJKOSKA

Institut za Biologija, Prirodno-matemati~ki fakultet, P.Fah 162, Gazi Baba bb, 1000 Skopje

Rezime

Dosega vo R. Makedonija se registrirani 114 vida na otrovni gabi. Ovie vidovi pripa|aat na rodovite: Amanita, Boletus, Clitocybe, Collybia, Coprinus, Cortinarius, Entoloma, Galerina, Gymnopilus, Gyromitra, Hebeloma, Helvella, Hydnum, Hygrocybe, Hygrophoropsis, Hypholoma, Inocybe, Lactarius, Laetiporus, Leccinum, Lepiota, Lepista, Leptopodia, Leucoagaricus, Macrolepiota, Mycena, Omphalotus, Otidea, Panaeolus, Panellus, Paxillus, Peziza, Pholiota,Pluteus, Polyporus, Psathyrella, Psilocybe, Ptichoverpa, Ramaria, Russula, Sarcodon, Scleroderma, Stropharia, Suillus, Tricholoma, Tricholomopsis i Xerocomus. Ovie gabi se sobrani vo listopadni i ~etinarski {umi, na livadi, na po~vi bogati so organska materija, na izmet itn. Najgolem del od niv se terikolni, 7 vida se lignikolni, a 3 vida se sobrani na izmet. Kako rezultat na prisustvoto na odredeni halucinogeni materii, tie predizvikuvaat sedum razli~ni sindromi: faloiden, panterinski, giromitrinski, orelaninski, gastrointestinalen, muskarinski i koprinusen. Halucinogenite materii vo ovie gabi se razli~ni falotoksini, amatoksini, orelanin, giromitrin, muskarin, koprinmin, kako i razni halucinogeni i psihotropni supstanci.

478 Zbornik na trudovi od 2-ot Kongres na ekolozite na Makedonija