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Lactarius Deliciosus
© Saffron milk cap (Lactarius deliciosus) The saffron milk cap mushroom (Lactarius deliciosus) has been eaten in Europe since Roman times and is still greatly appreciated around the Meditteranean, particularly Spain, Portugal, Germany and elsewhere, for its fruity aroma and a “crisp flesh with nutty, earthy, and woodsy flavours”. It made the accidental journey to Australia probably on the roots of imported trees by early European settlers and is found in pine forests throughout the southeastern part of the country where it is collected for the restaurant and gourmet trade. It is easily recognised by the saffron-coloured sap it bleeds when damaged, the concentric rings of salmon-coloured blotches on the surface of the cap, and its tendency to turn green with age or after being handled. Grade 1 saffron milk cap typically wholesales for NZ$30 and A$40/kg whereas in exclusive shops in Europe prices can be higher. dry summers and removing low branches. The profitability of the plantation can be further boosted if the mushrooms are harvested and transported to the market corectly. Woven baskets with the mushrooms upside down (left) are used by a wild mushroom collectors near Melbourne. The first New Zealand saffron milk cap mycorrhized trees were planted in August 2000 and mushrooms were produced in coastal North Otago after only 18 months. The first commercial crop was sold in 2003 by Hannes and Theres Krummenacher near Nelson (Neudorf Mushrooms). In 2009 this plantation averaged 6 kg per tree and the total mushrooms produced per tree since planting far exceeds the value of the timber produced by a 30 year old well pruned radiata pine. -
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African Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 5(31), pp. 5750-5756, 23 December, 2011 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJMR ISSN 1996-0808 ©2011 Academic Journals DOI: 10.5897/AJMR11.1228 Full Length Research Paper Leucocalocybe, a new genus for Tricholoma mongolicum (Agaricales, Basidiomycota) Xiao-Dan Yu1,2, Hui Deng1 and Yi-Jian Yao1,3* 1State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. 2Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China. 3Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, United Kingdom. Accepted 11 November, 2011 A new genus of Agaricales, Leucocalocybe was erected for a species Tricholoma mongolicum in this study. Leucocalocybe was distinguished from the other genera by a unique combination of macro- and micro-morphological characters, including a tricholomatoid habit, thick and short stem, minutely spiny spores and white spore print. The assignment of the new genus was supported by phylogenetic analyses based on the LSU sequences. The results of molecular analyses demonstrated that the species was clustered in tricholomatoid clade, which formed a distinct lineage. Key words: Agaricales, taxonomy, Tricholoma, tricholomatoid clade. INTRODUCTION The genus Tricholoma (Fr.) Staude is typified by having were re-described. Based on morphological and mole- distinctly emarginate-sinuate lamellae, white or very pale cular analyses, T. mongolicum appears to be aberrant cream spore print, producing smooth thin-walled within Tricholoma and un-subsumable into any of the basidiospores, lacking clamp connections, cheilocystidia extant genera. Accordingly, we proposed to erect a new and pleurocystidia (Singer, 1986). Most species of this genus, Leucocalocybe, to circumscribe the unique genus form obligate ectomycorrhizal associations with combination of features characterizing this fungus and a forest trees, only a few species in the subgenus necessary new combination. -
Non-Wood Forest Products in Europe
Non-Wood Forest Products in Europe Ecologyand management of mushrooms, tree products,understory plants andanimal products Outcomes of theCOST Action FP1203 on EuropeanNWFPs Edited by HARALD VACIK, MIKE HALE,HEINRICHSPIECKER, DAVIDE PETTENELLA &MARGARIDA TOMÉ Bibliographicalinformation of Deutsche Nationalbibliothek [the German National Library] Deutsche Nationalbibliothek [the German National Library] hasregisteredthispublication in theGermanNationalBibliography. Detailed bibliographicaldatamay be foundonlineathttp: //dnb.dnb.de ©2020Harald Vacik Please cite this referenceas: Vacik, H.;Hale, M.;Spiecker,H.; Pettenella, D.;Tomé, M. (Eds)2020: Non-Wood Forest Products in Europe.Ecology andmanagementofmushrooms, tree products,understoryplantsand animal products.Outcomesofthe COST Action FP1203 on EuropeanNWFPs, BoD, Norderstedt,416p. Coverdesign, layout,produced andpublished by:BoD –Books on Demand GmbH, In de Tarpen 42,22848 Norderstedt ISBN:978-3-7526-7529-0 Content 5 1. Introduction.......................................................11 1.1Non-wood forest products.....................................11 1.2Providingevidencefor NWFP collection andusage within Europe ......................................14 1.3Outline of thebook...........................................15 1.4References ...................................................17 2. Identificationand ecologyofNWFPspecies........................19 2.1Introduction.................................................19 2.2 Theidentification of NWFP in Europe. ........................ -
Preliminary Investigations of the Content And
R-09 PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATIONS OF THE CONTENT AND LOCALIZATION OF CHITIN IN SELECTED SPECIES OF PILEUS FUNGI Janina Fiema, Janusz Kalbarczyk1, Bernarda Piskorz–Bińczycka2 The F. Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Kraków, Poland 1 Fruits and Vegetables Processing Department, Agriculture Academy, ul. Skromna 8, 20-704 Lublin, Poland 2 Faculty of Biology and Agriculture, University of Rzeszów, ul. Ćwiklińskiej, Rzeszów, Poland 1. Introduction From literature data concerning the level of the content of radioactive cesium (137Cs) and potassium (40K) in the fungi it follows that Xerocomus badius was one of the more polluted species of fungi in Poland (data from the year 1998) [1]. It will be interesting to explain the existing differentiation as well as the protective mechanism among the various fungi against the environmental pollution. From the authors’ own investigations [4, 5] as well as from other literature data it follows that looking for an answer should be concentrated on the investigation of the structure of the cell walls, which form a barrier between the inside of the cell and the outer environment especially on such parts of the component walls – certain polysaccharides such as chitin and chitosan, From the recent reports it is already known that: 1) chitosan may be the sorbent of noble metals [2]. 2) absorption of toxic substances by the mycorrhize fungi is related with the composition of their cell walls [3]. 3) increased content of chitin in the cell walls of Aspergillus giganteus mut. alba in cultures grown in light [4, 5] protects the fungi against the detrimental influence of metals [6]. -
A Review of the Occurrence of Alpha-Emitting Radionuclides in Wild Mushrooms
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Review A Review of the Occurrence of Alpha-Emitting Radionuclides in Wild Mushrooms 1, 2,3, Dagmara Strumi ´nska-Parulska * and Jerzy Falandysz y 1 Toxicology and Radiation Protection Laboratory, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gda´nsk, 80-308 Gda´nsk,Poland 2 Environmental Chemistry & Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gda´nsk, 80-308 Gda´nsk,Poland; [email protected] 3 Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zaragocilla Campus, University of Cartagena, Cartagena 130015, Colombia * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +48-58-5235254 Jerzy Falandysz is visiting professor at affiliation 3. y Received: 22 September 2020; Accepted: 3 November 2020; Published: 6 November 2020 Abstract: Alpha-emitting radioisotopes are the most toxic among all radionuclides. In particular, medium to long-lived isotopes of the heavier metals are of the greatest concern to human health and radiological safety. This review focuses on the most common alpha-emitting radionuclides of natural and anthropogenic origin in wild mushrooms from around the world. Mushrooms bio-accumulate a range of mineral ionic constituents and radioactive elements to different extents, and are therefore considered as suitable bio-indicators of environmental pollution. The available literature indicates that the natural radionuclide 210Po is accumulated at the highest levels (up to 22 kBq/kg dry weight (dw) in wild mushrooms from Finland), while among synthetic nuclides, the highest levels of up to 53.8 Bq/kg dw of 239+240Pu were reported in Ukrainian mushrooms. The capacity to retain the activity of individual nuclides varies between mushrooms, which is of particular interest for edible species that are consumed either locally or, in some cases, also traded on an international scale. -
MUSHROOMS of the OTTAWA NATIONAL FOREST Compiled By
MUSHROOMS OF THE OTTAWA NATIONAL FOREST Compiled by Dana L. Richter, School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI for Ottawa National Forest, Ironwood, MI March, 2011 Introduction There are many thousands of fungi in the Ottawa National Forest filling every possible niche imaginable. A remarkable feature of the fungi is that they are ubiquitous! The mushroom is the large spore-producing structure made by certain fungi. Only a relatively small number of all the fungi in the Ottawa forest ecosystem make mushrooms. Some are distinctive and easily identifiable, while others are cryptic and require microscopic and chemical analyses to accurately name. This is a list of some of the most common and obvious mushrooms that can be found in the Ottawa National Forest, including a few that are uncommon or relatively rare. The mushrooms considered here are within the phyla Ascomycetes – the morel and cup fungi, and Basidiomycetes – the toadstool and shelf-like fungi. There are perhaps 2000 to 3000 mushrooms in the Ottawa, and this is simply a guess, since many species have yet to be discovered or named. This number is based on lists of fungi compiled in areas such as the Huron Mountains of northern Michigan (Richter 2008) and in the state of Wisconsin (Parker 2006). The list contains 227 species from several authoritative sources and from the author’s experience teaching, studying and collecting mushrooms in the northern Great Lakes States for the past thirty years. Although comments on edibility of certain species are given, the author neither endorses nor encourages the eating of wild mushrooms except with extreme caution and with the awareness that some mushrooms may cause life-threatening illness or even death. -