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Glasgow Cathedral Statement of Significance

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Glasgow Cathedral Statement of Significance Property in Care (PIC) ID:PIC121 Designations: Scheduled Monument (SM90150) Taken into State care: 1857 (Ownership) Last reviewed: 2014 STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE GLASGOW CATHEDRAL We continually revise our Statements of Significance, so they may vary in length, format and level of detail. While every effort is made to keep them up to date, they should not be considered a definitive or final assessment of our properties. Historic Environment Scotland – Scottish Charity No. SC045925 Principal Office: Longmore House, Salisbury Place, Edinburgh EH9 1SH © Historic Environment Scotland 2019 You may re-use this information (excluding logos and images) free of charge in any format or medium, under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0 except where otherwise stated. To view this licence, visit http://nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open- government-licence/version/3/ or write to the Information Policy Team, The National Archives, Kew, London TW9 4DU, or email: [email protected] Where we have identified any third party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned. Any enquiries regarding this document should be sent to us at: Historic Environment Scotland Longmore House Salisbury Place Edinburgh EH9 1SH +44 (0) 131 668 8600 www.historicenvironment.scot You can download this publication from our website at www.historicenvironment.scot Historic Environment Scotland – Scottish Charity No. SC045925 Principal Office: Longmore House, Salisbury Place, Edinburgh EH9 1SH GLASGOW CATHEDRAL SYNOPSIS Glasgow Cathedral, in the heart of Scotland’s largest city, is the most complete medieval cathedral surviving on the Scottish mainland, and the most important building of its period surviving in Scotland. Dedicated to St Kentigern (also Mungo), the present building originated in the 12th century, but much of what stands today dates from a major rebuilding in the 13th century. Subsequent additions include the central tower and spire and the upper part of the chapter house block, rebuilt after a lightning strike in 1406, and the Blackadder (Blacader) Aisle, completed c. 1500. Internally, the east end of the nave is graced by an ornate stone pulpitum (screen) added in the early 1400s. The bishop’s castle and chanonry (cathedral precinct) surrounding the cathedral have long disappeared. The cathedral continued in use for parochial worship after the Protestant Reformation (1560). Three separate congregations came to worship in it, resulting in internal modifications. By 1835 two of those congregations had moved elsewhere in the city, enabling a restoration of the cathedral to its former glory. In 1857 the entire building passed into State care, but it remains very much in ecclesiastical use as a parish church within the Church of Scotland, as well as playing an important role in wider civic and national life. The cathedral has a somewhat unusual layout. The main body is divided into roughly equal halves by transepts that do not project beyond the width of the building. The eastern half housed the choir and presbytery, and, beneath them, the crypt, housing St Kentigern’s Shrine and the Lady Chapel. The western half housed the nave. Three lesser structures project from the main rectangle – the Blackadder Aisle, chapter houses and treasury. CHARACTER OF THE MONUMENT Historical Overview: • c. 612 – St Kentigern (Mungo) dies, according to the Annales Cambriae. Tradition holds that the saint, who is believed to have evangelised the Strathclyde Britons, founded the cathedral, though no artefacts have been found to corroborate this assertion. Kentigern was bishop of a diocese that corresponded with the British kingdom of Strathclyde and which reached from Clach nam Breatann (‘stone of the Britons’), in the shadow of Ben Lomond, to the Rere-cross, east of Penrith in Westmorland, north-west England. • mid-11th century – first records of named bishops (Magnus, John and Michael) of Glasgow, probably suffragans (assistants) of the archbishop of York. • 1114-18 – Prince David of Cumbria (later David I) re-founds the diocese and cathedral, and had his former tutor, John, appointed its bishop. The two men are determined to remove the diocese from the supremacy of York. • 1136 - the new cathedral begun under Bishop John is dedicated. • 1164 – Somerled ‘King of the Isles’ leads a huge armada up the Clyde towards Glasgow in an attempt to seize the Scottish throne. He is defeated, helped it is said by the fervent prayers of Bishop Herbert, John‘s successor, at St Kentigern’s tomb. Somerled’s head is brought to the cathedral where Bishop 1/11 Herbert declares: ‘The Scottish saints are truly to be praised.’ The event elevates Kentigern in the national consciousness and Bishop Jocelyn, Herbert’s successor, commissions a new biography of the saint and his miracles. Jocelyn also embarks on an enlargement of the cathedral so that the cult of St Kentigern may be more properly accommodated. • 1175 – Pope Alexander III recognises Glasgow as ‘a special daughter’ of Rome, freeing the diocese from the supremacy of York (a privilege extended to the whole of Scotland in 1178). Around the same time Bishop Jocelyn is granted a charter by William I to make Glasgow a Burgh of Barony. • 1197 – a second dedication of the cathedral is performed. • 1198 – William I grants Bishop Jocelyn the right to hold a fair, to begin annually on 6 July. The king, then in his fifties, attributed the birth of his only son, Alexander (named in honour of Pope Alexander), to the intercession of St Kentigern. The Glasgow Fair continues to this day, albeit in a very different form. • 1199 – Bishop Jocelyn is succeeded in quick succession by three bishops, only one of whom is consecrated. • 1207-32 - Bishop Walter embarks on another enlargement during his term of office, this one a far grander scheme than any previously instigated. It provides the basis for the layout of the transepts and nave as eventually built. • 1233-58 – Walter’s successor, Bishop William de Bondington, continues the rebuilding, building an entirely new, and much longer, eastern arm, doubtless to provide a shrine to St Kentigern at the main level, and adding the three projections (chapter-house block, sacristy/treasury and what later became the Blackadder Aisle). Construction work continues for much of the century, including a bell-tower at the north-west corner of the nave. (A south-west tower is added around a century later.) • 1258 – the first documented reference to the Bishop’s Castle. • 1301 (August) – Edward I of England makes offerings at the high altar, feretory and ‘tomb in the vault’ (St Kentigern’s) over four days during his invasion of 1301-2. On leaving Glasgow, Edward heads for Bothwell Castle, which he captures quickly. • 1306 – Bishop Robert Wishart, long-time supporter of Robert Bruce’s claim to the throne, is instrumental in enabling Bruce to claim the throne in 1306. Wishart also reputedly uses timber intended for the cathedral’s bell-tower to make siege engines for use against the English holed-up in Kirkintilloch Castle. He is subsequently captured by the English and imprisoned, but ransomed after Bannockburn in 1314. At his death two years later he is buried in the cathedral crypt. • 1406 – a lightning strike causes significant damage. Bishops William Lauder (1408-25/6), John Cameron (1426-46) and William Turnbull (1447-54) rebuild the central tower and spire and chapter-house block to their present forms. The stone pulpitum in the nave probably also dates from this time. • c.1430 – Bishop Cameron rebuilds the bishop’s palace (or castle), sited immediately west of the cathedral. It takes the form of a great tower house. • 1451 – Bishop Turnbull receives papal authority to found the University of Glasgow, which takes up residence in the nearby Dominican Friary. • 1492 – Bishop Robert Blackadder (1483-1508) becomes Archbishop of Glasgow. Around 1500 he adds a vaulted ceiling to the 13th-century projection 2/11 on the cathedral’s south side, now known as the Blackadder Aisle, and altar platform to the pulpitum. • early 16th century – Archbishops James Beaton (1503-23) and Gavin Dunbar (1523-47) remodel the castle, adding a towered curtain wall and imposing gatehouse. By now the cathedral has 32 prebendary canons, more than any other Scottish cathedral. Only one manse (canon’s residence) survives, Provand’s Lordship to the west of the cathedral, which served the prebendary of Barlanark (Provan); the building originated in the 1470s as a manse for St Nicholas’ Hospital, founded for a priest and 12 old men in 1464. The Vicars’ Alley, housing the vicars’ choral, sited on the north side of the cathedral, has entirely gone. • 1560 – at the Protestant Reformation, Archbishop James Beaton (II) flees to France, taking the diocesan records and much else with him (they are subsequently lost in the French Revolution). Although the cathedral is ‘cleansed’ of its Catholic furnishings and the roof apparently stripped, it is decided to retain the building for Protestant worship. In 1579 the members of the Glasgow Trades House defend the cathedral from further depredation, enabling it to survive the Reformation relatively unscathed. • later 16th/early 17th century - three congregations are housed within the cathedral - the Inner High Kirk in the former choir and presbytery, the Outer High Kirk in the nave and the Barony Kirk in the crypt. Internal walls are built to segregate them, and galleries inserted. • 1689 – Archbishop John Paterson (1697-9) becomes the city’s last archbishop following the abolishing of episcopacy in the Scottish Church. • 1789 – the ruined castle is demolished, to make way for Robert Adam’s Infirmary, on the site where the present Royal Infirmary stands. • early 19th century – a growing appreciation of medieval architecture results in new attitudes towards the cathedral. Schemes are drawn up for its ‘restoration’, and, in preparation for this, in 1835 the Barony and Outer High Kirk parishes are moved elsewhere in the city.
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