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Paper Series N° 33 33 World Heritage papers Human origin sites and the Heritage World in Africa Convention 33 World Heritage papers HEADWORLD HERITAGES 2 Human origin sites and the World Heritage Convention in Africa For more information contact: UNESCO World Heritage Centre papers 7, place Fontenoy 75352 Paris 07 SP France Tel: 33 (0)1 45 68 18 76 Fax: 33 (0)1 45 68 55 70 E-mail: [email protected] http://whc.unesco.org World HeritageWorld Human origin sites and the World Heritage Convention in Africa Nuria Sanz, Editor Coordinator of the World Heritage/HEADS Programme Table of Contents Published in 2012 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Foreword Page 6 7, place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP, France Kishore Rao, Director, UNESCO World Heritage Centre © UNESCO 2012 Foreword Page 7 All rights reserved H.E. Amin Abdulkadir, Minister, Ministry of Culture and Tourism Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ISBN 978-92-3-001081-2 Introduction Page 8 Original title: Human origin sites and the World Heritage Convention in Africa Published in 2012 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Coordination of the HEADS Programme, UNESCO World Heritage Centre The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Outstanding Universal Value of human evolution in Africa Page 13 Yves Coppens The ideas and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors; they are not necessarily those of UNESCO and do not commit the Organization. Cover photo: Scientific Perspectives: Africa and HEADS Page 17 top: The Herto site. Australopithecus garhi and stone tools discovered in the area. 2 © David L. Brill, humanoriginsphotos.com from left to right: Excavation in the Great Sand Sea, Egypt. © Heinrich-Barth-Institut e.V ; Pleistocene occupation sites of Klasies River, Border Cave, Wonderwerk Cave and comparable sites World Heritage and the Middle Stone Age: Page 18 relating to the emergence of modern humans, South Africa. © Nuria Sanz ; Herto skull. examples from East Africa and South Africa © David L. Brill ; Archaeological investigation at Herto. © David L. Brill Nicholas Conard Supervision, editing and coordination: Ethnographic parallels for human evolution sites on the World Heritage List Page 30 Nuria Sanz, UNESCO World Heritage Centre Janette Deacon Penelope Keenan, UNESCO World Heritage Centre Nuria Ametller, UNESCO World Heritage Centre Page 35 Chantal Connaughton, UNESCO World Heritage Centre ‘Africa as the Cradle’ vs ‘Out of Africa’ Emmanuelle Lachaud, UNESCO World Heritage Centre Margherita Mussi Caroline Lawrence African human evolution-related sites: Page 37 Coordination of the World Heritage Papers Series: towards a sustainable conservation plan Vesna Vujicic-Lugassy, UNESCO World Heritage Centre Francois Sémah Graphic design: Recto Verso – realization by UNESCO/MSS/CLD Cover design: Recto Verso – realization by UNESCO/MSS/CLD Regional overview 3 Page 43 Printed by: Composed and printed in the workshops of UNESCO. The printer is certified Imprim’Vert®, the French printing industry’s environmental initiative. The history of research in human evolution in Africa Page 44 Printed in France and what lessons have been learned Ronald Clarke This publication was made possible thanks to the ongoing support to the The World Heritage List in Africa Page 69 World Heritage Thematic Programme HEADS by the Government of Spain. 4 ICOMOS vision of how to fill the gaps on the Page 70 African World Heritage List related to human evolution Robin Dennell Eastern Africa 5 Page 85 Ethiopia’s paleoanthropological World Heritage sites: Page 86 research and conservation Yonas Beyene The earliest Stone Age of Ethiopia in the East African context Page 101 Anne Delagnes Tanzania and the Outstanding Universal Value of its paleoanthropology: Page 115 approaches at Laetoli and lessons learned Charles Musiba, et al. Northern Africa 6 Page 127 Lower Palaeolithic settlements in the Maghreb: current state of knowledge Page 128 and perspectives in the framework of the World Heritage Convention Mohamed Sahnouni Desert environment: background and consequences for Page 151 conservation of early archaeological sites in North Africa Rudolph Kuper Southern Africa 7 Page 165 Conservation and management of human evolution-related Page 166 sites in South Africa: present and future perspectives Nonofho Mathibidi Ndobochani Approaches to the archaeological record 8 Page 179 Samburu Hills, East African Rift System, northern Kenya. Les marqueurs biologiques, rôle et standardization minimale pour Page 180 Sediments of the Miocene are being re-exposed as they erode to the flat valley below. © David L. Brill, le prélèvement de terrain à des fins d’études en laboratoire www.humanoriginsphotos.com Raymonde Bonnefille Geology, stone technology and early populations of humans in Africa Page 192 Christian A. Tryon How can ethnoarchaeology and human behavioural Page 207 ecology inform conservation efforts? Karen Lupo Conclusion and way forward 9 Page 227 Africa: the origins of humankind. Towards a better representation of Page 228 human evolution in the framework of the World Heritage Convention Nuria Sanz Forewords Africa is synonymous with the origins of humankind. As a continent, it contains a record of our ancestors over the past ‘African human origin sites and the World Heritage Convention’, held at the Conservatory Laboratory of the National s|OKNNKQP[GCTUCPFKUVJGJQOGQHUQOGQHVJGOQUVOCTMGFFKUEQXGTKGUQHJWOCPKV[YJKEJJCUGZRCPFGFsCPFEQPVKPWGU Museum of Ethiopia in Addis Ababa on 8 to 11 February 2011, was the first meeting to be held with UNESCO on human to expand – our knowledge of our first relatives and their environments. In this way, it has a special significance in our evolution sites in Africa. It was significant not only as it brought together a vast spectrum of delegates including site cultural development, as the very origins of culture and of the early humans that developed that culture can be traced back managers, experts, institutions, and policy-makers, but also as it had a focus on Africa, and provided the prospect for greater to Africa. Its place in human evolution is determined by its related geography and environmental variations – an environment regional cooperation in this field. This breadth of cooperation involved the important participation of the Agencia Española that sustains our first steps of cultural diversity. de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo (AECID), the African World Heritage Fund, the Authority for Research and Conservation of Cultural Heritage (ARCCH) and coordination by the World Heritage Centre of UNESCO, all of whom This publication not only represents an interdisciplinary approach to the identification, study, management and evaluation of contributed to ensuring its success. human-origin related sites, but also the involvement of communities: communities in terms of the local communities living in and around sites, as well as the international community that should enhance cooperation to preserve this invaluable heritage. The meeting proposed forward-thinking strategies for ensuring the sustainability of these vulnerable sites, and the application of an interdisciplinary approach to research and continued scientific reflexion. It discussed and proposed new Heritage is a shared responsibility, bridging our past to the future. This emphasis on a common past and destiny implicates a strategies for ensuring the sustainability of these sites, to better assess authenticity and their integrity, and to inform joint responsibility. The challenges that we are faced with today involve finding ways to ensure its sustainability and make ongoing and future conservation efforts. it accessible to all humankind. Ethiopia has demonstrated an active involvement in recognizing the intrinsic value of human evolution related sites to Since its inception in 2008, the World Heritage Thematic Programme ‘Human Evolution: Adaptations, Dispersals and Social humankind, and its utmost importance in developing our understanding of the evolutionary process. We are also proud to Developments (HEADS)’ has successfully demonstrated its capacity to bring together scientific knowledge, national capacities have nurtured some of the most well-known researchers in human evolution who have produced – and are still producing for protection and the commitment of the World Heritage community. – groundbreaking research that has challenged and broadened the knowledge of our origins. And particularly during the past 50 years there has been a greater international focus on Ethiopia. Today, a great number of interdisciplinary research Building and strengthening the World Heritage community has remained a focus of the HEADS Programme. This is essential projects are carried out in the field, combining the expertise of Ethiopian and international experts. This is a tradition I hope in terms of conservation, management, research and awareness-raising efforts, incorporating the knowledge of local Ethiopia will continue to foster, and we remain committed to continuing an active involvement in the support of conserving communities as well as national and international expertise in challenging and refining our understanding of our origins, and these vulnerable sites for future
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