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Der HOCHMEISTERPALAST Auf Der Marienburg

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Der HOCHMEISTERPALAST Auf Der Marienburg Christofer Herrmann Christofer Herrmann Der HOCHMEISTERPALAST auf der Marienburg Konzeption, Bau und Nutzung der modernsten europäischen Fürstenresidenz um 1400 Der Hochmeisterpalast auf der Marienburg diente richte, Ratssitzungen und Audienzen statt. Ein Hof- zwischen 1331 und 1457 als Residenz für das Ober- staat von über 100 Personen sorgte für das reibungs- haupt des Deutschen Ordens. Nach einem großartigen lose Funktionieren aller öffentlichen und privaten Vor- Erweiterungsbau zwischen den Jahren 1380 und 1396 gänge hinter den Palastmauern. Die Quellen berichten zählte der Palast zu den herausragenden, modernsten dazu über die Tätigkeiten vom Kellerknecht über die und stilistisch eigenwilligsten Bauten seiner Art in Köche, Musikanten, Hofnarren und ‚Krüppel‘, Schrei- Europa. Er war Ort für Repräsentation, Verwaltung ber und Juristen bis hin zum Kaplan und seinen Schü- und das private Wohnen eines mittelalterlichen Fürs- lern. Die vorliegende Monografie basiert auf intensi- auf der Marienburg ten, ausgestattet mit dem höchsten Wohnkomfort sei- ven Forschungsarbeiten, die der Verfasser im Rahmen Christofer Herrmann (geb. 1962 in Mainz). Studium der Kunstge- ner Zeit und zahlreichen technischen Innovationen. eines DFG-Projektes an der TU Berlin durchgeführt schichte, deutschen Volkskunde, Slawistik und Politikwissenschaft Hierzu gehörten eine zentrale Warmluftheizung, be- hat. Dabei werden die Baugeschichte bis ins Detail re- an der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz. 1993 Promotion mit quem zugängliche Toiletten, Wasserversorgung und konstruiert, die europäischen Bezüge aufgezeigt und einer Arbeit über spätmittelalterliche Wohntürme im Rhein-Mo- versteckte Dienergänge, über die die Gäste des Hoch- auch das Leben am Hof des Hochmeisters nachge- sel-Gebiet. 1995–2006 außerordentlicher Professor am Lehrstuhl meisters mit ‚unsichtbarer Hand‘ Getränke und Kon- zeichnet. Der Band ist mit zahlreichen historischen Der HOCHMEISTERPALAST für Germanistik der Universität Olsztyn/Allenstein (Polen). 2005 fekt gereicht bekamen. In zahlreichen Sälen (‚Rem- und aktuellen Fotos, Zeichnungen und Plänen groß- Habilitation an der Universität Greifswald („Mittelalterliche Archi- tern‘) fanden Verhandlungen, Ständetage, Schiedsge- zügig ausgestattet. tektur im Preußenland“). Seit 2006 außerordentlicher Professor am Institut für Kunstgeschichte der Universität Gdańsk/Danzig. Ab 2015 Durchführung eines Forschungsprojekts zum Hochmeis- terpalast auf der Marienburg an der TU Berlin, Fachgebiet Bau- und Stadtbaugeschichte. Forschungsschwerpunkte: Architektur des Mittelalters, insbesondere Fragen der Bauorganisation und MICHAEL IMHOF VERLAG -finanzierung; Problematik der Kunstlandschaft; statistische Ver- ISBN 978-3-7319-0813-5 fahren zur Architekturanalyse; Denkmalpflege im 19. Jahrhundert. IMHOF MICHAEL IMHOF VERLAG ~.· - ;;- BERLINER BEITRÄGE ZUR BAUFORSCHUNG UND DENKMALPFLEGE 17 Christofer Herrmann Der HOCHMEISTERPALAST auf der Marienburg .-------------- Konzeption, Bau und Nutzung der modernsten europäischen Fürstenresidenz um 1400 MICHAEL IMHOF VERLAG Berliner Beiträge zur Bauforschung und Denkmalpflege 17 Gefördert von der Beauftragten der Bundes - regierung für Kultur und Medien aufgrund des Beschlusses des Deutschen Bundestages. Gedruckt mit freundlicher Unterstützung der Geschwister Boehringer Ingelheim Stiftung für Geisteswissenschaften in Ingelheim am Rhein Der Druck der Publikation wurde gefördert durch einen Zuschuss der wissenschaftlichen Vereinigung für den Deutschen Orden. Das Forschungsprojekt und die Publikation wurden gefördert durch die Deutsche Forschungs- gemeinschaft. Deutsche iJFG Forschungsgemeinschaft Umschlag, Vorderseite: Sommerremter, Innenansicht nach Südwesten Umschlag, Rückseite: Links: Ansicht des Hochmeisterpalastes von Südwesten. Rechts: Hoher Flur, Blick nach Osten Seite 2 (Abb. 1): Hochmeisterpalast, Westfassade Seite 4 (Abb. 2): Kapitelle der Vorhalle zum Sommerremter Seite 12 (Abb. 3): Sommerremter, Innenansicht nach Osten ImpReSSUm © 2019 Michael Imhof Verlag GmbH & Co. KG Stettiner Straße 25 | D-36100 Petersberg Tel.: 0661/2919166-0 | Fax: 0661/2919166-9 www.imhof-verlag.com [email protected] Reprodukton und Gestaltung Anna Wess, Michael Imhof Verlag Druck Gutenberg Beuys Feindruckerei GmbH, Langenhagen Printed in EU ISBN 978-3-7319-0813-5 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS • GRUSSwoRte . 10 (Hochmeister, Museumsdirektor) VoRwoRt . 13 1. FoRSchUnGSStAnD UnD -methoDe . 16 1.1. Aufgabenstellung . 19 1.2. Forschungsstand . 19 1.3. Methodische Überlegungen . 30 1.4. Begriffe . 34 2. DeR älteRe hochmeISteRpAlASt – DAtIeRUnG UnD BAUStRUktUR . 40 2.1. Gestalt und Datierung des ersten Hochmeisterpalastes nach der Forschungsliteratur . 44 2.2. Die Gebäude der ersten Vorburg (um 1330) . 49 2.3. Der erste Hochmeisterpalast (1331 bis 1335) . 51 2.3.1. Die Datierung des älteren Hochmeisterpalastes und des Großen Remters . 52 2.3.2. Beobachtungen zur Rekonstruktion der Baugestalt und Raumstruktur des ersten Hochmeisterpalastes . 57 3. DeR neUe hochmeISteRpAlASt – DAtIeRUnG UnD BAUGeSchIchte . 68 3.1. Die Erweiterung des Hochmeisterpalastes nach der Forschungsliteratur . 71 3.2. Datierung und Bauphasen des neuen Palastes (um 1380 bis 1396) . 73 3.2.1. Datierung . 73 3.2.2. Die Umgestaltung und Anpassung des älteren Palastes an die Vorgaben des Westbaus . 80 3.2.3. Planänderungen . 86 3.3. Anlass und Zweck der Palasterweiterung . 87 3.4. Spätere bauliche Veränderungen am Hochmeisterpalast . 90 4. DIe hochmeISteRkApelle . 92 4.1. Forschungsgeschichte . 94 4.2. Die ältere Kapelle (um 1331/35) . 96 4.2.1. Beschreibung und Rekonstruktion des Urzustands . 96 4.2.2. Historische Nachrichten . 97 4.2.3. Die Diskussion um den Tatort der Ermordung des Hochmeisters Werner von Orseln (1330) . 100 4.2.4. Datierung . 104 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 5 4.3. Die jüngere Kapelle (Umbau um 1380/83) . 104 4.3.1. Beschreibung und Rekonstruktion des Zustands um 1383 . 105 4.3.2. Historische Nachrichten und Datierung . 106 4.3.3. Ausstattung . 107 4.4. Zweck und Funktion der Kapelle . 109 4.5. Zur Frage des Patroziniums der Kapelle . 112 4.6. Bauliche Veränderungen in nachmittelalterlicher Zeit . 112 4.7. Die Frage nach der Doppelkapelle, Genese und Nachfolge . 114 5. BAUBeSchReIBUnG (FASSADen UnD InnenRäUme) . 118 5.1. Historische Ansichten, Pläne und Fotos . 119 5.2. Lage, Maße und Baumaterial . 138 5.3. Der Außenbau . 144 5.3.1. Der Westbau – Turm/Donjon oder Risalit? . 144 5.3.2. Die Palastfassaden . 148 5.3.3. Die Fassaden des Großen Remters . 155 5.4. Die Innenräume . 158 5.4.1. Großer Remter und Meisters Küche . ..
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