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The Statutes of the Teutonic Knights: a Study of Religious Chivalry

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The Statutes of the Teutonic Knights: a Study of Religious Chivalry University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 1969 The Statutes of the Teutonic Knights: A Study of Religious Chivalry Indrikis Sterns University of Pennsylvania Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the History of Christianity Commons, Medieval History Commons, Other Religion Commons, and the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Sterns, Indrikis, "The Statutes of the Teutonic Knights: A Study of Religious Chivalry" (1969). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 1181. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/1181 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/1181 For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Statutes of the Teutonic Knights: A Study of Religious Chivalry Abstract From the Preface: The purpose of this study is to examine the role of the religious military orders, and of the Teutonic Knights in particular, within the process of change in developing the concept of a religious and a Christian warrior during the Crusades, or, in other words, how the existing Latin ideal of religious retreat was adapted, blended and attached to the chivalric image of Western Europe in the Holy Land, as reflected in the statutes of the Teutonic Knights. For this purpose the statutes of the other two prominent religious military orders, the Knights Templars and the Knights Hospitallers, and also the Rules and Constitutions of other contemporary religious orders are compared with, and studied as possible sources of, the statutes of the Teutonic Knights. Also the organization and membership of the Teutonic Order are described and analyzed. Basic to all this is the first English translation of the statutes, the Book of the Order, made from the German text of 1264, found in the oldest extant manuscript. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group History First Advisor Elizabeth Chapin Furber Subject Categories History of Christianity | Medieval History | Other Religion | Social and Behavioral Sciences This dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/1181 69-21,435 STERNS, Indrikis, 1918- THE STATUTES OF TH E TEUTONIC KNIGHTS: A STUDY OF RELIGIOUS CHIVALRY. University of Pennsylvania, Ph.D., 1969 History, medieval University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan @ COPYRIGHT Indrikis Sterns 1969 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. THE STATUTES OF THE TEUTONIC KNIGHTS: A STUDY OF RELIGIOUS CHIVALRY Indrikis Sterns A DISSERTATION in HISTORY Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of the University of Pennsylvania in Partial Fulfullment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. 1969 Graduate Group Chairman Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. INDEX Persons, except modern authors, are indexed under their Christian names. The following abbreviations are used: A. -Rule of St. Augustine H.L. Holy Land B. Rule of St. Benedict H.Q. headquarters B.O. Book of the Order It. Canons of Fourth c. Carta Caritatis Lateran Cist. Cistercians P. papal privileges D. Dominicans (Order) prov. province F. Rule of St. Francis T. Templars (Order) H. Hospitallers (Order) T.K. Teutonic Knights (Order) Acre: H.Q. of T.K. (1198-ca. 1228 and 1270-1291), 26-27, 36, 48, 157, 170; fall, 19, 28, 29, 39-40, 107; see also, German hospital, master of T.K., James of Vitry admission to T.K., 54, 169, 246-247; P. and imperial grants and dispensations, 107-108, 111; ritual, 108-109, 176-177, 234, 322-324; in full chap­ ter, 176, 231, 322; probation, 108, 177, 233- 234, 323-324; penance for lying and simony, 277; readmission, 245-246, 274-275; children, 144, 176, 186, 234-235; partial, of women, married couples and others, 192-193, 235-237; comparison with D . , 144-146 Alexander III, Pope, 6 Alexander IV, Pope, 108, 109, 111, 112 alms, 12, 17, 25-26, 108, 204, 209, 296; tithe of bread, 221-222; for souls of deceased, 182, 217, 237, 283-284; gifts of spirituous liquors, 243; at election of master, 285; collectors, 102, 113, 212-213, 273; provisions in Rule of H., 85 Amalfitans, 2, 12 Anastasius IV, Pope, 5 iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. animals, 162, 308-312; horses and mules, 158, 160, 178-179, 188, 190, 225, 227, 242, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302, 318, 321; camels, 158, 161, 302, 306; pack animals, 158, 178, 294, 302, 311; Turkomans, 190, 293, 311; wild, see hunting Antioch, city, 16; principality, 36 Apulia, provincial commander of, 172, 245, 291 archives: in H.L., 27, 298; central in Vienna, 198, 27 8n. Armenia, kingdom, 36 Armenia, prov. of T.K.: commanders, 172, 24i>, 291; their attendance at annual chapter of main house, 139, 173, 297 armory (snithQs), 158, 164, 302-303 arms and armor, 104, 158, 163, 164, 178, 227, 228, 246, 293,298-299, 302, 305, 309, 318, 320, 321 army, see military activities Arnold of Liibeck, abbot of St. John, Liibeck, 15, 16 Ascalon, 26 Athlit (Chttteau Pelerin), 38 attendants, see esquires Austria, provincial commander of, 172, 245, 291 bailiffs (great or high office holders), 296n. Baldwin I, King of Jerusalem, 3 , 4 Baldwin II, King of Jerusalem, 9 Baltic tribes, 34, 35 battle array, see military activities Baybars, Mamluk sultan of Egypt, 27 Berlin, see Libraries Bernard of Clairvaux, 6, 61, 155 Bethgibelin, castle, 9 Bethlehem, 16 blood-letting, 254 Bologna, 146 Book of the Order (Ordenbuch, 1264): composition, 47-53, 63; the parts, 45, 48-49, 200, 321n.; papal confirmation, 49-50, 105-106; master copies and revision (1442), 57; manuscripts, 51-57, 197-200, 325-329; English translation, 200-324; other references, 165, 173, 187, 191, 194; see also, Libraries, Statutes of T.K. Breviary: of D., 115, 122; of Order of Holy Sepulchre, 115, 116; of T., 116; of T.K., 181, 185, 213, 216, 258 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. V brother knights: origins, 12, 20-21, 22, 25; activi­ ties in H.L., 38-40; role in T.K., 122, 175- 184, 187, 188, 189, 204; special equipment, 226-228; under Marshal, 158, 298-299; see also, admission, clothing: white mantles, electoral chapter, esquires, illiteracy, tonsure brother priests and/or clerks: origins, 19, 22, 209; honor due, 248; role in T.K., 122, 175, 184- 187, 189, 205, 213-214, 216, 255, 257, 258- 259, 292; under commander, 158, 302; presented to T.K.’s churches, 30; on campaign, 320; assigned to master, 293; punishments, 278- 281; see also, chaplain, electoral chapter, tonsure brother sergeants ("other" brothers): 158, 175, 187, 189, 292, 303; origins in Hospital, 19-20, 22 sergeants-at-arms: 179, 187-188, 190, 309-310, 319 sergeants-at-office, 187, 188, and see individual minor office holders sergeants-at-service or at-labor: 187, 188-189, 294, 306; see also, forge, saddlery, master of victuals Burkhard, chamberlain of Frederick of Swabia, 17, 18 Burkha..d of Schwanden, master of T.K., 39, 109, 110; see also, Statutes of T.K. Caesarea, 26, 38 caravan (troop on raid or campaign) see military activities Cassian, Collations, 123 Celestine II, Pope, 14, 36 Celestine III, Pope, 18, 19, 23, 202 chaplain (in field), 186, 320 chapter: weekly, 170, 183, 244, 266-269, 271, 278, 279, 3.03; annual general in H.L., 139-140, 170, 244, 291, 295, 297-298; annual provincial general, 99, 167, 170, 174, 224, 245, 291, 295, 297-298; electoral in H.L., 100-101, 114, 157, 170-172, 175, 176, 184, 284-289; for esquires, 190, 309; for servants, 307; and see master of T.K. Charlemagne, 2 Chateau Pelerin, see Athlit Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. children, see admission, schlilere Cistercians, Order: 100, 133-137, 142; Carta Caritatis, 134-141, 155; and see Bernard of Clairvaux . C?teaux, Cist, abbey, 134-137, 139 Clairvaux, Cist, abbey, 134, 137 Clement III, Pope, 19 clothing of T.K., 177, 192, 193, 217, 218, 219, 224, 239, 298, 305-306, 309; white mantles, 12, 21, 22, 29, 42, 43, 112, 113, 117, 177, 217; insignia (black cross), 12, 117, 192, 217- 218^ 306; cloth for, 161, 307, 308; cappen, 177, 217n., 306; W^penrock (surcoat), 158, 2l7n., 218n., 306; washing and repair, 306; compared with L . , B . , D . , 104, 122, 144; see also, drapier Coblenz, commandery of T.K., 51 conduct, rules of: brotherly love and friendship, 230-231, 250-251, 262, 267; prohibited practices, 182, 225, 226, 232-233, 241-243, 250, 251, 257; silence, 231-232, 257; see also, food and drink, clothing, military activities, penal legislation, sleeping arrangements Conrad, chaplain of Frederick of Swabia, 17, 18 Conrad III, Emperor of Germany, 14 Conrad of Feuchtwangen, master of T.K., 40 Conrad of Masovia, Duke (Poland), 33, 34 Convent (major house), 167, 179, 216, 220, 221, 249-250, 251-252, 268, 310, 320, 321 Council: Clermont (1095), 180; Fourth Lateran (1215), 99-106, 133, 134, 139, 156; Troyes (1128), 6, 64; see also, master of T.K. crier, 316 Crusades: to H.L., 1, 11, 14, 17-25, 26, 38, 99; to Prussia and Baltic lands, 33-36 Culm, 33, 34 Cyprus, Kingdom, 26, 36, 40, 139 Cyprus, prov.: commander attends annual general chapter of main house, 139, 173, 297 Damascus, 9 Damietta, 38 Darmstadt, see Libraries death and burial, see divine worship, alms, penal regulations Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. departure from T.K.: voluntary, 109-110, 176, 231, 245-246, 274-275, 323; regulated by P„, 109- 110; exclusion, 247; expulsion, 278 divine worship: the Mass and canonical hours, 66, 182, 185, 213-214, 221, 233, 260, 285, 288- 289; prayers for and burial of dead, 66-67, 85, 181-182, 189, 216-217, 237, 257, 283-284; sacraments, 67, 103, 182, 185, 215, 257, 258-260; sacraments for outsiders, 84, 259; duties of brother priests and clerks, 185-186, 213; vestments, 115, 259, 260; care of churches, sacred vessels, etc., 102-103, 186, 258-259; in hospital or infirmary, 185-186; on campaign, 320; prayers in chapter, 244; Feasts, 265-265; comparison with T .
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