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German Historical Institute London Bulletin Vol 33 (2011), No. 1
German Historical Institute London Bulletin Volume XXXIII, No. 1 May 2011 CONTENTS Articles Towards The Limits to Growth? The Book and its Reception in West Germany and Britain 1972–73 (Elke Seefried) 3 In Subsidium: The Declining Contribution of Germany and East- ern Europe to the Crusades to the Holy Land, 1221–91 (Nicholas Morton) 38 Review Article Normality, Utopia, Memory, and Beyond: Reassembling East German Society (Thomas Lindenberger) 67 Response to Thomas Lindenberger (Mary Fulbrook) 92 Book Reviews Jennifer R. Davis and Michael McCormick (eds.), The Long Morning of Medieval Europe: New Directions in Early Medi- eval Studies (Dominik Waßenhoven) 99 Das Lehnswesen im Hochmittelalter: Forschungskonstrukte— Quellen befunde—Deutungsrelevanz, ed. Jürgen Dendorfer and Roman Deut in ger (Thomas N. Bisson) 104 Jochen Burgtorf, The Central Convent of Hospitallers and Tem- plars: History, Organization, and Personnel (1099/1120–1310) (Karl Borchardt) 113 (cont.) Contents Oliver Auge, Handlungsspielräume fürstlicher Politik im Mittel- alter: Der südliche Ostseeraum von der Mitte des 12. Jahrhun- derts bis in die frühe Re formationszeit (Jonathan R. Lyon) 119 Dominik Haffer, Europa in den Augen Bismarcks: Bismarcks Vor stellungen von der Politik der europäischen Mächte und vom europäischen Staatensystem (Frank Lorenz Müller) 124 James Retallack (ed.), Imperial Germany 1871–1918 (Ewald Frie) 128 Dierk Hoffmann, Otto Grotewohl (1894–1964): Eine politische Bio gra phie (Norman LaPorte) 132 Jane Caplan and Nikolaus Wachsmann (eds.), Con cen -
The Teutonic Order and the Baltic Crusades
Western Oregon University Digital Commons@WOU Student Theses, Papers and Projects (History) Department of History 6-10-2019 The eutT onic Order and the Baltic Crusades Alex Eidler Western Oregon University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.wou.edu/his Part of the European History Commons, Medieval History Commons, and the Military History Commons Recommended Citation Eidler, Alex, "The eT utonic Order and the Baltic Crusades" (2019). Student Theses, Papers and Projects (History). 273. https://digitalcommons.wou.edu/his/273 This Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of History at Digital Commons@WOU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Student Theses, Papers and Projects (History) by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons@WOU. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]. The Teutonic Order and the Baltic Crusades By Alex Eidler Senior Seminar: Hst 499 Professor David Doellinger Western Oregon University June 5, 2019 Readers Professor Elizabeth Swedo Professor David Doellinger Copyright © Alex Eidler, 2019 Eidler 1 Introduction When people think of Crusades, they often think of the wars in the Holy Lands rather than regions inside of Europe, which many believe to have already been Christian. The Baltic Crusades began during the Second Crusade (1147-1149) but continued well into the fifteenth century. Unlike the crusades in the Holy Lands which were initiated to retake holy cities and pilgrimage sites, the Baltic crusades were implemented by the German archbishoprics of Bremen and Magdeburg to combat pagan tribes in the Baltic region which included Estonia, Prussia, Lithuania, and Latvia.1 The Teutonic Order, which arrived in the Baltic region in 1226, was successful in their smaller initial campaigns to combat raiders, as well as in their later crusades to conquer and convert pagan tribes. -
Military Orders (Helen Nicholson) Alan V. Murray, Ed. the Crusades
Military Orders (Helen Nicholson) activities such as prayer and attending church services. Members were admitted in a formal religious ceremony. They wore a religious habit, but did not follow a fully enclosed lifestyle. Lay members Alan V. Murray, ed. The Crusades. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2006, pp. 825–829. predominated over priests in the early years, while the orders were still active in military affairs. The military order was a form of religious order first established in the first quarter of the twelfth The military orders were part of a religious trend of the late eleventh and early twelfth century toward century with the function of defending Christians, as well as observing the three monastic vows of wider participation in the religious life and more emphasis on action as against contemplation. The poverty, chastity, and obedience. The first military order was the Order of the Temple, formally Cistercian Order, founded at the end of the eleventh century, allowed laity from nonnoble families to established in the kingdom of Jerusalem in January 1120, while the Order of the Hospital (or Order of enter their order to perform manual tasks; orders of canons, founded in the late eleventh and early St. John of Jerusalem) began in the eleventh century as a hospice for pilgrims in Jerusalem and later twelfth centuries, could play an active role in society as priests working in the community, unlike on developed military responsibilities, perhaps as early as the mid-1120s. The Templars and traditional monks who lived enclosed lives in their monasteries. In the same way, the military orders Hospitallers became supranational religious orders, whose operations on the frontiers of Christendom did not follow a fully enclosed lifestyle, followed an active vocation, and were composed largely of laity: were supported by donations of land, money, and privileges from across Latin Christendom. -
The Clash Between Pagans and Christians: the Baltic Crusades from 1147-1309
The Clash between Pagans and Christians: The Baltic Crusades from 1147-1309 Honors Research Thesis Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation with honors research distinction in History in the undergraduate colleges of The Ohio State University by Donald R. Shumaker The Ohio State University May 2014 Project Advisor: Professor Heather J. Tanner, Department of History 1 The Baltic Crusades started during the Second Crusade (1147-1149), but continued into the fifteenth century. Unlike the crusades in the Holy Lands, the Baltic Crusades were implemented in order to combat the pagan tribes in the Baltic. These crusades were generally conducted by German and Danish nobles (with occasional assistance from Sweden) instead of contingents from England and France. Although the Baltic Crusades occurred in many different countries and over several centuries, they occurred as a result of common root causes. For the purpose of this study, I will be focusing on the northern crusades between 1147 and 1309. In 1309 the Teutonic Order, the monastic order that led these crusades, moved their headquarters from Venice, where the Order focused on reclaiming the Holy Lands, to Marienberg, which was on the frontier of the Baltic Crusades. This signified a change in the importance of the Baltic Crusades and the motivations of the crusaders. The Baltic Crusades became the main theater of the Teutonic Order and local crusaders, and many of the causes for going on a crusade changed at this time due to this new focus. Prior to the year 1310 the Baltic Crusades occurred for several reasons. A changing knightly ethos combined with heightened religious zeal and the evolution of institutional and ideological changes in just warfare and forced conversions were crucial in the development of the Baltic Crusades. -
The Teutonic Military Order Status and Rule In
BLASCO VALLÈS, Almudena, e COSTA, Ricardo da (coord.). Mirabilia 10 A Idade Média e as Cruzadas La Edad Media y las Cruzadas – The Middle Ages and the Crusades Jan-Jun 2010/ISSN 1676-5818 Between the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem and Burzenland in Medieval Hungary – The Teutonic Military Order status and rule in the poles of Christianity Entre o Reino Latino de Jerusalém e a Depressão dos Cárpatos húngara medieval (Burzenland ) – o status e Regra da Ordem Teutônica nas fronteiras do Cristianismo Shlomo LOTAN 1 Abstract : The 800 th anniversary of the Teutonic Order's occupation of Burzenland (Barcaság) in the eastern part of the medieval Hungary (in the Braşov region in Transylvania – Romania) will be marked in 2011. It is significant because of the role of the Teutonic Military Order as defenders of the Hungarian borders from the invasion of the Cumans heathen tribes into the western part of Hungary. Another issue of significance is the relationship between the role of the Teutonic Order located in Burzenland and their presence in the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem during the thirteenth century, where they held their central headquarters and defended the Kingdom from its enemies. This article will emphasize the idea that the presence of the Teutonic Order in eastern Hungary, in Burzenland, had not been an attempt to divorce itself from the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, where it had its centre which continued to region the Order’s activities. It did serve the Military Order in furthering its institutional authority and standing amongst its membership. It also contributed to their image as defenders and promoted of the Christianity borders and it had reinforced their settlement in Eastern Europe. -
Between the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem and Burzenland in Medieval Hungary
BLASCO VALLÈS, Almudena, e COSTA, Ricardo da (coord.). Mirabilia 10 A Idade Média e as Cruzadas La Edad Media y las Cruzadas – The Middle Ages and the Crusades Jan-Jun 2010/ISSN 1676-5818 Between the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem and Burzenland in Medieval Hungary – The Teutonic Military Order status and rule in the poles of Christianity Entre o Reino Latino de Jerusalém e a Depressão dos Cárpatos húngara medieval (Burzenland ) – o status e Regra da Ordem Teutônica nas fronteiras do Cristianismo Shlomo LOTAN 1 Abstract : The 800 th anniversary of the Teutonic Order's occupation of Burzenland (Barcaság) in the eastern part of the medieval Hungary (in the Braşov region in Transylvania – Romania) will be marked in 2011. It is significant because of the role of the Teutonic Military Order as defenders of the Hungarian borders from the invasion of the Cumans heathen tribes into the western part of Hungary. Another issue of significance is the relationship between the role of the Teutonic Order located in Burzenland and their presence in the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem during the thirteenth century, where they held their central headquarters and defended the Kingdom from its enemies. This article will emphasize the idea that the presence of the Teutonic Order in eastern Hungary, in Burzenland, had not been an attempt to divorce itself from the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, where it had its centre which continued to region the Order’s activities. It did serve the Military Order in furthering its institutional authority and standing amongst its membership. It also contributed to their image as defenders and promoted of the Christianity borders and it had reinforced their settlement in Eastern Europe. -
The Teutonic Knights War in the North - a Brief Synopsis
The Teutonic Knights War in the North - A Brief Synopsis David Laucius May 29, 2012 The Teutonic Knights War in the North - A Brief Synopsis 1.0 Introduction The Crusades were a series of military initiatives supported by the Church of Rome intended to promote both religious and economic interests. Initially, these efforts were directed at restoring Christian access to Jerusalem and the adjoining areas sanctified by the presence of Christ, which had been denied by the controlling Moslem Turks. Later these initiatives expanded to include interests outside of the eastern Mediterranean. Between 1095 and 1291, thousands of crusaders left their Western European homes, assumed vows and fought on behalf of the Church against Moslems, heathens and Eastern Christians. Three notable military and religious orders arose from the Crusades: the Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon, commonly known as the Knights Templar; the Knights Hospitaller, also known as the Order of Hospitallers or Hospitallers; and the Teutonic Knights of St Mary's Hospital at Jerusalem, or the Teutonic Order. Officially recognized by the Catholic Church in 1129, the Knights Templar were particularly noted for their fighting ability. Initially purely and solely a military order, the Templars built fortifications across Europe and the Holy Land that ultimately resulted in control of a large and influential economic infrastructure. Under pressure from King Philip of France, the Order was disbanded in 1312 by Pope Clement V. The Knights Hospitaller were founded in 1023 in Jerusalem to provide care for poor, sick and injured pilgrims to the Holy Land. -
Conference Guide
Contextualising the Fifth Crusade The Crusading Movement in the First Half of the 13th Century University of Kent, Canterbury 13-14 April 2012 CONFERENCE GUIDE ‘Contextualising the Fifth Crusade’ Contextualising the Fifth Crusade The Crusading Movement in the First Half of the 13th Century University of Kent, Canterbury 13-14 April 2012 The Fifth Crusade was undoubtedly an important episode in history, occurring during what was probably the most intensive period of crusading in both Europe and the Holy Land. But this event was much more than a military campaign. To contribute to the recent new directions in crusades studies, this colloquium brings together an international group of scholars from a wide range of historical disciplines who are researching different aspects of the crusading movement around the time of the Fifth Crusade. With this conference, we aim to establish a long-term research network on every aspect of crusading in the first half of the 13th century, and especially on the Fifth Crusade. Through our website updates will be posted on the aftermath of the conference, future events and the forthcoming volume of proceedings. www.contextualisingthe5thcrusade.wordpress.com Contact: [email protected] We would like to thank our sponsors, all the people who helped organising this event and all the participants. We wish you a great stay in Canterbury and we hope you enjoy the conference. The organising committee: Liz Mylod (University of Leeds) Dr Guy Perry (University of Leeds) Thomas Smith (Royal Holloway, University -
This Work Is Protected by Copyright and Other Intellectual Property Rights
This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights and duplication or sale of all or part is not permitted, except that material may be duplicated by you for research, private study, criticism/review or educational purposes. Electronic or print copies are for your own personal, non- commercial use and shall not be passed to any other individual. No quotation may be published without proper acknowledgement. For any other use, or to quote extensively from the work, permission must be obtained from the copyright holder/s. The Emperor Frederick II's Crusade 1215 - c. 1231 Keith Richard Giles Submitted to fulfil the requirements of the University of Keele for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, 1987. Abstract The aim of this thesis is not simply to reassess Frederick II's crusade and the treaty in which it resulted, but to flesh and clothe an episode of crusading history which, in the shadow of more colourful campaigns, has often suffered neglect. The first half of the thesis (chapters one to four) covers the period from the time of Frederick's assumption of the cross in 1215 to the despatch of Thomas of Acerra to the East in 1227, although in its investigation of the possibility that Frederick may have inherited the unfulfilled vow of crusade sworn by his father, Henry VI, chapter one necessarily defies these parameters. Chapter two considers the influence of the Fifth Crusade on Frederick's crusading plans; chapter three discusses the preoccupations which compelled the emperor to delay the fulfilment of his vow until 1228, and chapter four looks at the military and financial preparations which were set in motion during this period. -
The German Empire and the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order in the Light of the Golden Bull of Rimini I
Acta Poloniae Historica 61, 1990 PL ISSN 0001-6829 Marian Dygo THE GERMAN EMPIRE AND THE GRAND MASTER OF THE TEUTONIC ORDER IN THE LIGHT OF THE GOLDEN BULL OF RIMINI I The interpretation of the public and legal relation of the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order to the Empire, stated in the diploma issued to the Teutonic Knights by Emperor Frederick II in Rimini, dated March 1226,1 described in literature as the 1 From numerous editions of the Golden Bull see Preussisches Urkun- denbuch. Politische Abteilung (further quoted as : PrUb), vol. 1, Part I, ed. by (R.) Philippi, (C.P.) W o e l k y, Königsberg 1882, No. 56, and the newest edition: E. Weise, Interpretation der Goldenen Bulle von Rimini (Mär: 1226) nach dem kanonischen Recht, in : Acht Jahrhunderte Deutscher Orden in Einzeldarstellungen, ed. by K. Wieser, Quellen und Studien zur Geschichte des Deutschen Ordens, vol. I, Band Godesberg 1967, pp. 22 ff. And most recently P. Z i n s m a i e r, Die Reichskanzlei unter Friedrich II., in : Probleme um Friedrich II., ed. by J. Fleckenstein, Vorträge und For schungen, vol. XVI, Sigmaringen 1974, pp. 147 ff., put forward the thesis that the Golden Bull was written after 1232, or even in the fourth decade of the 13th century. However, the formal arguments given by him are weak, so we should leave the problem open ; see U. Arnold, Probleme um Friedrich II. : Der Deutsche Orden und die Goldbulle von Rimini, “Preussenland”, vol. XIV, 1976, pp. 44 ff. ; W. Hubatsch, Zur Echtheits frage der Goldbulle von Rimini Kaiser Friedrichs II. -
Review Template.Qxd
Morton Article:Article template (footnotes).qxd 4/28/2011 3:50 PM Page 38 IN SUBSIDIUM: THE DECLINING CONTRIBUTION OF GERMANY AND EASTERN EUROPE TO THE CRUSADES TO THE HOLY LAND, 1221–91 Nicholas Morton Though for a short time the Lord had forsaken it [the Holy Land], with great mercy he gathered together his children and restored the whole land’s people from men of different races and diverse languages and nations, so that therein the proph - ecy seemed to be fulfilled: ‘Thy sons shall come from far, and thy daughters shall be nursed by thy side.’ [As] he observed and drew [them] together, his heart wondered and he was glad when [many] had been directed to him across the great sea, especially those of Genoa, Venice and Pisa. The strength of the nations came to him, especially from France and Ger - many.1 Thus wrote James of Vitry (bishop of Acre 1216–28) in his Historia Orientalis shortly after the Fifth Crusade, whilst describing the recov- ery of the kingdom of Jerusalem after the defeats of 1187–8. He then reflected on the strengths of the peoples who had contributed to this process, describing the Germans simply as ‘men of war’.2 He had good reason to praise their martial prowess. In the decades following the defeat of the kingdom of Jerusalem at the battle of Hattin 1187 both Frederick I and Henry VI had launched major campaigns in support of the Latin East. German magnates also took part in the Fourth and Fifth Crusades.3 In a later section James discussed the establishment of the Teutonic Order. -
History of the Crusades. Episode 236. the Baltic Crusades. the Livonian Crusade Part XXIX
History of the Crusades. Episode 236. The Baltic Crusades. The Livonian Crusade Part XXIX. The Southern Push Part 1. Hello again. Last week we took a look at the Mongol invasions, and saw the steppe warriors not only knock in the door of Latin Christian Europe, but bash it down completely, storming through Poland and occupying the Kingdom of Hungary, before withdrawing back to the steppes. The two episodes before the Mongol invasion were spent looking at events in Prussia, so now it’s time we swung to the east to follow events which are taking place in the Livonian Crusade. Now, the last time we visited the Livonian Crusade in any great detail was in our last episode for 2017, when we examined the failed Crusade to Novgorod. Now, the Crusade to Novgorod was one of those fork-in-the-road historical events. Had the Crusade been successful it would have radically altered the dynamics of the Livonian Crusade. In his book “The Baltic Crusade”, William Urban speculates that success in the Crusade to Novgorod would have seen its participants rise in wealth and power, so the Danish vassals in Estonia would likely have returned to Estonia enriched by the vast quantities of Russian land they had conquered, and would have become even more rebellious than they had been before. Likewise, the former members of the Sword Brothers who had found themselves now members of the Teutonic Order, would likely have wielded new-found power within the Order, and the hierarchy of the Order would have had to find some way of accommodating them, and the new obligations which would have arisen due to the Russian conquests.