The Teutonic Order and the Baltic Crusades
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The Concept of Love in Lithuanian Folklore and Mythology
THE CONCEPT OF LOVE IN LITHUANIAN FOLKLORE AND MYTHOLOGY Doc dr. Daiva Šeškauskaitė Department of Social and Humanities Sciences Faculty of Forestry and Landscape Planing Kaunas Forestry and Environmental Engineering University of Applied Sciences Lithuania ABSTRACT Love is a reserved feeling, meaning amiability and complete internecine understanding. The concept of love has always been important for human world outlook and attitude. Love can have different meaning and expression – for some people it is a nice, warm feeling, a way of action and behaviour, for others it is nothing more than a sexual attraction. As there are different perceptions of love, there also exist few common love manifestations: love can be maternal, childish, juvenile, sexual. Love can also be felt for a home land, own nation, home. Naturally love can be expressed through the particular rituals, symbols and signs. Folk songs introduce four main lover characteristics: beauty, sweetness, kindness and boon. The later feature means that a girl/ boy is supposed to be well-set, to be pleasant and comfortable to touch which is very important when choosing a wife or a husband. Love in folklore is expressed through the common metaphorical and allegorical symbols, it doesn‘t sound as explicit word – more like a metaphor or epithet. Love in folklore can be perceived and felt very differently. Love like an action – love like... special person, essential possession. Prime personal characteristics, such as kindness, tenderness, humility, are the ones to light the love fire as well as beauty, artfulness, eloquence also help. Love is supposed to lead to the sacred sacrament of marriage. -
German Historical Institute London Bulletin Vol 33 (2011), No. 1
German Historical Institute London Bulletin Volume XXXIII, No. 1 May 2011 CONTENTS Articles Towards The Limits to Growth? The Book and its Reception in West Germany and Britain 1972–73 (Elke Seefried) 3 In Subsidium: The Declining Contribution of Germany and East- ern Europe to the Crusades to the Holy Land, 1221–91 (Nicholas Morton) 38 Review Article Normality, Utopia, Memory, and Beyond: Reassembling East German Society (Thomas Lindenberger) 67 Response to Thomas Lindenberger (Mary Fulbrook) 92 Book Reviews Jennifer R. Davis and Michael McCormick (eds.), The Long Morning of Medieval Europe: New Directions in Early Medi- eval Studies (Dominik Waßenhoven) 99 Das Lehnswesen im Hochmittelalter: Forschungskonstrukte— Quellen befunde—Deutungsrelevanz, ed. Jürgen Dendorfer and Roman Deut in ger (Thomas N. Bisson) 104 Jochen Burgtorf, The Central Convent of Hospitallers and Tem- plars: History, Organization, and Personnel (1099/1120–1310) (Karl Borchardt) 113 (cont.) Contents Oliver Auge, Handlungsspielräume fürstlicher Politik im Mittel- alter: Der südliche Ostseeraum von der Mitte des 12. Jahrhun- derts bis in die frühe Re formationszeit (Jonathan R. Lyon) 119 Dominik Haffer, Europa in den Augen Bismarcks: Bismarcks Vor stellungen von der Politik der europäischen Mächte und vom europäischen Staatensystem (Frank Lorenz Müller) 124 James Retallack (ed.), Imperial Germany 1871–1918 (Ewald Frie) 128 Dierk Hoffmann, Otto Grotewohl (1894–1964): Eine politische Bio gra phie (Norman LaPorte) 132 Jane Caplan and Nikolaus Wachsmann (eds.), Con cen -
An Early Turning Point in the History of the Crusades
Jonathan Phillips. The Second Crusade: Extending the Frontiers of Christendom. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007. xxix + 364 pp. $40.00, cloth, ISBN 978-0-300-11274-0. Reviewed by Jonathan R. Lyon Published on H-German (March, 2008) As the author makes clear in the excellent in‐ cepts could be employed against a variety of Latin troduction to this work, the Second Crusade Christendom's enemies. (1145-49) has typically not attracted as much in‐ Phillips divides his work into fourteen terest from modern historians as the more fa‐ chronologically-arranged chapters, although sepa‐ mous First Crusade (1095-99) and Third Crusade rate chapters treat the Iberian and Baltic compo‐ (1188-92). A key explanation for this trend is the nents of the crusade. The frst two chapters dis‐ Second Crusade's failure to make any significant cuss the period between the First and the Second gains for the Christians of the Holy Land in the Crusade; chapter 1 focuses on the various pilgrim‐ wake of the Muslim conquest of Edessa in 1144. ages and crusading efforts of the early twelfth Nevertheless, as Phillips convincingly argues, this century, and chapter 2 provides a rich, fascinating crusade--despite its lack of success--demands discussion of the powerful legacy the First Cru‐ more attention than it has received for several sade left to Latin Christian culture in the decades reasons. It was the frst crusade to the Holy Land after 1099. Phillips persuasively argues that this to involve western European kings and thus legacy had a significant impact on recruiting for forced rulers to consider the consequences of the Second Crusade, because the generation of leaving their kingdoms for months (if not years) young nobles alive in the 1140s had grown up at a time. -
The Crusades: a Very Brief History
MEDIEVALISTS.NET MEDIEVAL STUDIES MAGAZINE The Medieval Magazine Issue 6 March 9, 2015 The Crusades: A Very Brief History Lady in the Lead Coffin Tower of London: Margaret Beaufort: Mother Revealed Ceremony of the Keys of King Henry VII 12 16 46 Venetian Prisons in the Middle Ages The Medievalverse March 9, 2015 Page 8 Venetian Prisons in the Middle Ages Taking a look at how a Venetian prison on the island of Crete operated. Page 12 Lady in the Lead Coffin Revealed A mysterious lead coffin found close to the site of Richard III's hastily dug grave at the Grey Friars friary has been opened and studied by experts from the University of Leicester. Page 18 The Crusades Andrew Latham traces the contours of the specific types of violent religious conflict always immanent within the historical structure of medieval war. Page 44 Medieval Historical Fiction: Ten Novels from the 19th century Historical fiction was just beginning as literary genre in the 19th century, but soon authors found success in writing about stories set in the Middle Ages. Table of Contents 4 Quiz: How Well Do You Know the Seventh-Century? 6 Medieval Mass Grave Discovered n Paris 8 Venetian Prisons in the Middle Ages 11 Knight buried at Hereford Cathedral may have had jousting injuries, archaeologists find 12 Lady in the Lead Coffin revealed 15 Medieval Articles 16 Tower of London – The Ceremony of the Keys 18 The Crusades: A Very Brief History, 1095-1500 42 The Mazims of Francesco Guicciardini 44 The Beginning of Medieval Historical Fiction: Ten Novels from the 19th century 46 Margaret Beaufort, Mother of King Henry VII 50 Medieval Videos The Medievalverse The weekly digital magazine from Medievalists.net Edited by Peter Konieczny and Sandra Alvarez Cover: Crusaders storm Jerusalem, from The Hague, MMW, 10 A 21 How Well Do You Know the Seventh Century? 1.This Anglo-Saxon helmet, which dates from the early 7th century, was found at which archaeological site? 2. -
Forbidden History of Europe Page Stamp.Qxd
The Forbidden History of Europe - The Chronicles and Testament of the Aryan 601 379 - Vasmer, M. Etimologicheskii Slovar Russkovo Yazyka, Vol I, p. 84 380 - Jones and Pennick. A History of Pagan Europe, p.186 381 - Vlasova, M. Novaya Abevega Russkikh Syeverii, p. 70-71 382 - Freake. Agrippa Book III, Chapter XXXIV, p. 573 383 - My Russian-English translation of an excerpt from Book Of Jossipon, The Table of Peoples. Petrukhin Nachalo Etnokyl’turnoi Istorii Rusii IX-XI Vekov, p. 36-40. 384 - "Multiple Origins for Ashkenazi Levites: Y Chromosome Evidence for Both Near Eastern and European Ancestries," published last fall in The American Journal of Human Genetics. 385 - Vermes, G. The Complete Dead Sea Scrolls in English, p.451 1 Qap Gen, 1 Q20 386 - Vermes, G. The Complete Dead Sea Scrolls in English, p.453 1 Qap Gen, 1 Q20 387 - Maksimov, S. V. Nechistaya, Nevedomaya i Krestnaya Sila, p. 96 388 - Vasmer, M. Etimologicheskii Slovar’ Russkovo Yazyka, Vol I, p. 139 389 - Ibid. , Vol III, p. 115 390 - Ibid. , Vol IV p. 571 391 - Ibid. , Vol III, p. 493-494 392 - Ibid. , Vol II p. 214 393 - Ibid. , Vol I p. 110 394 - This table of plantsuffs was compiled from information contained in Vernadsky, Maksimov and Excavations in the Medieval City. 395 - Vasmer, M. Vol II, p. 47 396 - Excavations in the Medieval City 397 - Vasmer, M. Vol III, p. 139 398 - Excavations in the Medieval City 399 - Vasmer, M. Vol III, p. 729 400 - Vasmer, M. Vol III, p. 287 401 - Vasmer, M. Vol IV, p. -
The Construction of Pagan Identity in Lithuanian “Pagan Metal” Culture
VYTAUTO DIDŢIOJO UNIVERSITETAS SOCIALINIŲ MOKSLŲ FAKULTETAS SOCIOLOGIJOS KATEDRA Agnė Petrusevičiūtė THE CONSTRUCTION OF PAGAN IDENTITY IN LITHUANIAN “PAGAN METAL” CULTURE Magistro baigiamasis darbas Socialinės antropologijos studijų programa, valstybinis kodas 62605S103 Sociologijos studijų kryptis Vadovas Prof. Ingo W. Schroeder _____ _____ (Moksl. laipsnis, vardas, pavardė) (Parašas) (Data) Apginta _________________________ ______ _____ (Fakulteto/studijų instituto dekanas/direktorius) (Parašas) (Data) Kaunas, 2010 1 Table of contents SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................................ 4 SANTRAUKA .................................................................................................................................... 6 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 8 I. THEORIZING ―SUBCULTURE‖: LOOKING AT SCIENTIFIC STUDIES .............................. 13 1.1. Overlooking scientific concepts in ―subcultural‖ research ..................................................... 13 1.2. Assumptions about origin of ―subcultures‖ ............................................................................ 15 1.3 Defining identity ...................................................................................................................... 15 1.3.1 Identity and ―subcultures‖ ................................................................................................ -
Crusading, the Military Orders, and Sacred Landscapes in the Baltic, 13Th – 14Th Centuries ______
TERRA MATRIS: CRUSADING, THE MILITARY ORDERS, AND SACRED LANDSCAPES IN THE BALTIC, 13TH – 14TH CENTURIES ____________________________________ A Thesis Presented to the School of History, Archaeology and Religion Cardiff University ____________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in History & Welsh History (2018) ____________________________________ by Gregory Leighton Abstract Crusading and the military orders have, at their roots, a strong focus on place, namely the Holy Land and the shrines associated with the life of Christ on Earth. Both concepts spread to other frontiers in Europe (notably Spain and the Baltic) in a very quick fashion. Therefore, this thesis investigates the ways that this focus on place and landscape changed over time, when crusading and the military orders emerged in the Baltic region, a land with no Christian holy places. Taking this fact as a point of departure, the following thesis focuses on the crusades to the Baltic Sea Region during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. It considers the role of the military orders in the region (primarily the Order of the Teutonic Knights), and how their participation in the conversion-led crusading missions there helped to shape a distinct perception of the Baltic region as a new sacred (i.e. Christian) landscape. Structured around four chapters, the thesis discusses the emergence of a new sacred landscape thematically. Following an overview of the military orders and the role of sacred landscpaes in their ideology, and an overview of the historiographical debates on the Baltic crusades, it addresses the paganism of the landscape in the written sources predating the crusades, in addition to the narrative, legal, and visual evidence of the crusade period (Chapter 1). -
Structural-Semantic Analysis and Some Peculiarities of Lithuanian Novelle Tales
STRUCTURAL-SEMANTIC ANALYSIS AND SOME PECULIARITIES OF LITHUANIAN NOVELLE TALES Radvilė Racėnaitė Abstract: The genre diversity of narrative folklore is represented in interna- tionally accepted classification of tales and legends proposed by Antti Aarne and Stith Thompson. However, the preparation of national catalogues based on Aarne-Thompson system encounters problems, given that there exist narra- tives with contradictory genre particularities and they do not easily fall into the limits of one genre group. In her search for more objective criteria for classifica- tion, the compiler of the revised “Catalogue of Lithuanian narrative folklore” Bronislava Kerbelytė has taken the above-mentioned imperfections into con- sideration. She has worked out an innovatory structural-semantic analysis of folk texts, based on the investigation of structural traits and on underlying semantic features of folk narratives. We will base our investigation on the prin- ciples of this analysis, as it seems to have prospects. The article aims at dis- closing the main structural and semantic peculiarities of Lithuanian novelle tales by means of structural-semantic and comparative method of research. The theoretical statements are illustrated by the so-called “Tales of Fate” / “die Schicksalserzählungen” (AT 930–949), which define some aspects of an atti- tude towards fate and death in Lithuanian traditional culture. The assumption is proposed that structural-semantic analysis enables to define the function, the boundaries, and the development of folklore genres more precisely. Key words: death, fate, Lithuanian novelle tales, narrative folklore, seman- tics, structure, tales of fate INTRODUCTION The genre diversity of narrative folklore is represented in internationally ac- cepted classification of tales and legends proposed by Antti Aarne and Stith Thompson. -
The Archaeology of the Prussian Crusade
Downloaded by [University of Wisconsin - Madison] at 05:00 18 January 2017 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE PRUSSIAN CRUSADE The Archaeology of the Prussian Crusade explores the archaeology and material culture of the Crusade against the Prussian tribes in the thirteenth century, and the subsequent society created by the Teutonic Order that lasted into the six- teenth century. It provides the first synthesis of the material culture of a unique crusading society created in the south-eastern Baltic region over the course of the thirteenth century. It encompasses the full range of archaeological data, from standing buildings through to artefacts and ecofacts, integrated with writ- ten and artistic sources. The work is sub-divided into broadly chronological themes, beginning with a historical outline, exploring the settlements, castles, towns and landscapes of the Teutonic Order’s theocratic state and concluding with the role of the reconstructed and ruined monuments of medieval Prussia in the modern world in the context of modern Polish culture. This is the first work on the archaeology of medieval Prussia in any lan- guage, and is intended as a comprehensive introduction to a period and area of growing interest. This book represents an important contribution to promot- ing international awareness of the cultural heritage of the Baltic region, which has been rapidly increasing over the last few decades. Aleksander Pluskowski is a lecturer in Medieval Archaeology at the University of Reading. Downloaded by [University of Wisconsin - Madison] at 05:00 -
Prisoners of War in the Baltic in the XII-XIII Centuries
Prisoners of war in the Baltic in the XII-XIII centuries Kurt Villads Jensen* University of Stockholm Abstract Warfare was cruel along the religious borders in the Baltic in the twelfth and thirteenth century and oscillated between mass killing and mass enslavement. Prisoners of war were often problematic to control and guard, but they were also of huge economic importance. Some were used in production, some were ransomed, some held as hostages, all depending upon status of the prisoners and needs of the slave owners. Key words Warfare, prisoners of war. Baltic studies. Baltic crusades. Slavery. Religious warfare. Medieval genocide. Resumen La guerra fue una actividad cruel en las fronteras religiosas bálticas entre los siglos XII y XIII, que osciló entre la masacre y la esclavitud en masa. El control y guarda de los prisioneros de guerra era frecuentemente problemático, pero también tenían una gran importancia económica. Algunos eran empleados en actividades productivas, algunos eran rescatados y otros eran mantenidos como rehenes, todo ello dependiendo del estatus del prisionero y de las necesidades de sus propietarios. Palabras clave Guerra, prisioneros de guerra, estudios bálticos, cruzadas bálticas, esclavitud, guerra de religión, genocidio medieval. * Dr. Phil. Catedrático. Center for Medieval Studies, Stockholm University, Department of History, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden. E-mail: [email protected] http://www.journal-estrategica.com/ E-STRATÉGICA, 1, 2017 • ISSN 2530-9951, pp. 285-295 285 KURT VILLADS JENSEN If you were living in Scandinavia and around the Baltic Sea in the high Middle Ages, you had a fair change of being involved in warfare or affected by war, and there was a considerable risk that you would be taken prisoner. -
Military Orders (Helen Nicholson) Alan V. Murray, Ed. the Crusades
Military Orders (Helen Nicholson) activities such as prayer and attending church services. Members were admitted in a formal religious ceremony. They wore a religious habit, but did not follow a fully enclosed lifestyle. Lay members Alan V. Murray, ed. The Crusades. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2006, pp. 825–829. predominated over priests in the early years, while the orders were still active in military affairs. The military order was a form of religious order first established in the first quarter of the twelfth The military orders were part of a religious trend of the late eleventh and early twelfth century toward century with the function of defending Christians, as well as observing the three monastic vows of wider participation in the religious life and more emphasis on action as against contemplation. The poverty, chastity, and obedience. The first military order was the Order of the Temple, formally Cistercian Order, founded at the end of the eleventh century, allowed laity from nonnoble families to established in the kingdom of Jerusalem in January 1120, while the Order of the Hospital (or Order of enter their order to perform manual tasks; orders of canons, founded in the late eleventh and early St. John of Jerusalem) began in the eleventh century as a hospice for pilgrims in Jerusalem and later twelfth centuries, could play an active role in society as priests working in the community, unlike on developed military responsibilities, perhaps as early as the mid-1120s. The Templars and traditional monks who lived enclosed lives in their monasteries. In the same way, the military orders Hospitallers became supranational religious orders, whose operations on the frontiers of Christendom did not follow a fully enclosed lifestyle, followed an active vocation, and were composed largely of laity: were supported by donations of land, money, and privileges from across Latin Christendom. -
Read Transcript
History of the Crusades. Episode 223. The Baltic Crusades. The Prussian Crusade Part V. The Teutonic Knights. Hello again. Last week we saw Duke Konrad of Mazovia ask the Teutonic Order to send an army to Prussia to Christianize the local Prussians, in exchange for land in the region of Kulm. This move, which effectively outsourced the conquering of Prussia to forces outside Poland, was born of desperation. Years of attempted Christianization of Prussia by preaching and by crusading, had failed to yield any permanent results. So, really, if Bishop Christian wanted his Bishopric of Prussia to be full of Christian converts, all faithfully paying tithes to the church, this was the only means left available to achieve it. So we left last week's episode with members of the Teutonic Order journeying back to the Holy Roman Empire from Mazovia, bearing with them a formal offer from Duke Konrad, witnessed by Bishop Christian. The offer was made to the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order Hermann von Salza, and stated that the order would be provided with land inside Prussia if they provided military assistance, which was to be used to Christianize Prussia. Now, before the members of the Teutonic Order arrive back in the Holy Roman Empire and hand the offer over to their Grand Master, we should take a look at how the Teutonic Order itself has been faring in recent times. We last examined the Order way back in Episode 193. In that episode, we saw how the Order was established in the Holy Land in the year 1198, originally to care for sick and injured German crusaders, and later to build and garrison castles in strategic locations in the Holy Land.