?53 6230 ;4 15=6>?609 156A0=7B 69 ?53 15=;96173> ;4 ?53 ?3@?;961 ;=23= 80=B 15=6>?63 46>153= 0 ?JGSKS >UDNKTTGF HPR TJG 2GIRGG PH <J2 CT TJG @OKVGRSKTY PH >T$ 0OFRGWS '-,* 4UMM NGTCFCTC HPR TJKS KTGN KS CVCKMCDMG KO =GSGCREJ/>T0OFRGWS.4UMM?GX T CT. JTTQ.%%RGSGCREJ#RGQPSKTPRY $ST#COFRGWS$CE$UL% <MGCSG USG TJKS KFGOTKHKGR TP EKTG PR MKOL TP TJKS KTGN. JTTQ.%%JFM$JCOFMG$OGT%'&&()%(+(' ?JKS KTGN KS QRPTGETGF DY PRKIKOCM EPQY RKIJT ?JKS KTGN KS MKEGOSGF UOFGR C 1RGCTKVG 1PNNPOS 7KEGOSG The Idea of Christian Chivalry in the Chronicles of the Teutonic Order BY M-C. FISCHe-R. tyv UR I In submitting this thesis to the University of St Andrews I understand that I am giving permission for it to be made available for use in accordance withthe regulations of the -University Library for the time being in force, subject to my copyright vested in the work not being affected thereby. I also understand that the title and abstract will be published, and. that a copy of the work may be made and supplied-to any bona fide library or research worker. Abstract This thesis has as its subject matter the chronicles written by members of the Teutonic Order to describe and Justify the crusades undertaken by the Order in Prussia and -Lithuania in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. it argues that the full importance of this material has been largely ignored or misunderstood by historians and literary historianst and hence that its contribution to crusading Ideology has not been fully appreciated. It is-then argued that the Yrl*onike von 11rOzinlant, the most widely disseminated and influential of the chronicles, was written in response to widespread criticism of the crusades and the military orders at the end of the thirteenth and beginning, of the fourteenth centuriesq'and played an important part in re-establishing the crusading ideal at a time of crisis for the crusading movement. The first section examines the Kronike von Priazinlant in the context of crusading tradition and contemporary crusading literature and aims to ideniify the Order's original contributions to crusading ideology. The second section employs a diachroni: t. approach. * It demonstrates the YAnike von PAzinlant's importance by contrasting it with an earlier chroniclev the Livl! lndische Reimchronik, and a later one, the Chronicle of It the two Wig.., and of !.:arburg. also contrasts existing versions of the Kronike von PrLinlant, the Iatin original and the vernacular translation, examining the impact made by changes in the vernacular version on the form and purpose of the chronicle. It The thesis concludes that the Order made significant contributions to the development of crusading ideology in the fourteenth century. Its development of these ideas reflects its desire to come to terms with the criticisms and difficulties facing the military orders as a whole at this time and points forward to its establishment during the fourteenth the foremost century as centre of crusading 0 warfare in LAirope. Acknowledgments I wish to acknowledge my debt to the many scholars and institutions who have assisted me during the research for this thesis. and writing Q of I am grateful to the Department of German at St Andrews University for their help and encouragement throughout, and in particular to Dr W. 11. Jackson for, providing me with an introduction to the Max Planck Institut ffir Geschichte in G8ttingen, where I spent two valuable periods of research. Professor Dr J. Fleckenstein and his colleagues and staff at the Institute gave me invaluable academic support as well as taking a personal interest in my work and providing me with a congenial environment in which to study. The University Library of St Andrews and the Staats- und UniversittLts- Bibliothek Ottingen both provided much helpful assistance. The research was entirely funded by the Scottish Education Department, to whom I am also grateful. Finally, my especial thanks go to my supervisor, Dr J. R. Ashcroft, who has helped, encouraged and advised me in innumerable ways from the outset. Contents 1. Introduction 1 Part One 48 2. The Kroo'nike von PAzinlant in the light of earlier and contemporary crusading epics 48 a. The attitude to the heathen 53 b. Crusading propaganda 81 3- The Books of the Maccabees and the development of the crusading ideal 4. The Teutonic Xhights' cult of the Virgin Mary and the development of the idea of the militia Christi 148 5. The Teutonic Order and the idea of chivalry 175 Part Two 211 6. The Livl5ndische Relmchronik 212 7. The relation of Jeroschin's KrOnike von P3:qZinlant To the Chronicon Terre Prussie of Peter of Dusburg 236 8. The Chronicle of Wigand of Marburg 279 9. Conclusion 291 Bibliography 297 Abbreviations GAG Göppinger Arbeiten zur Germanistik. KVP nike von PAzinlant. -LL Die Kreuzfahrt des Landgraven Ludwig des Frommen von Thüringen. LR Livländische Reimchronik. PBB Pauls und Braunes Beiträge. PL Patrologiae cursus completus. Series latina, ed. by J,. P. Migne (Parisq 1844-1902) Germaniao Historica. IIGH 1-l'onu,-nenta Recueil Reeuell des Historiens des Croisades-historiens (Parisq ) oc cidenta= ed. by P. Ria-nt 1844ff. RL Das Rolandslied. RvB Reinfrid von Braunschweig. SK Karl der GroBe von dem Stricker. S'RP Scriptores Rerum Prussicarum. IddF Wege der Forschung ZfdA Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum. ZfdPh Zeitschrift für deutsche Philologie. Zfo Zeitschrift für Ostforschung. I. Chapter One : Introduction. 2. The military orders grew out of the need, which arose in , the period after the first crusade, for a body of knights garrisoned permanently in the Holy Land, who were themselves, dedicated to the religious life. The first of these groups of knights, the Templars, was founded by Hugo of Payens some time before 1128. Although the idea of combining the role 1 of monk and knight had many critics, its practical value was quickly recognised and with the help of Bernard of Clairvaux the new order was fully established by 1130. The Hospital of St John, originally purely a charitable Institution, followed the example of the Templars and developed during the course of the twelfth century into Ia group of knights dedicated to the defence of the Holy Land. The Teutonic Order was the third and last of the major 2 military orders to be founded. It grew out of a hospital founded by merchants from Bremen and LUbeck during the siege of Acre in 1189 or 1190, which in turn may have had links 1. See chapter 5 below. 2. The following sketch of the Order's early history is largely based on the following works H. Boockmann, Der Deutsche Orden, (Munich, 1981)q M. Tumler, Der Deutsche Orden im Werden, Wachsen und Wirken bis 1400 mit einem AbriB der Geschichte des Ordens von 1400 bis zur neuesten Zeit (Vienna, 1955), and E. Christiansen, The Northern Crusades (London, 1980). 3. with a-German hospital which is known to have existed in Jerusalem during the first half of the twelfth century, the Hospitale Sanctae Mariae Theutonicorum in Jerusalem. The impetus needed to transform the hospital into a military order came from a group of prominent German crusaders, led by Duke Frederick of Swabia, and indeed the early history of the order is closely linked with the fortunes of the House 3 of Hohenstaufen. The hospital quickly acquired lands and as early as 1196-was partly exempted from episcopal control, allowing it to expand beyond the diocese in which it had been founded. 'The death of Henry VI in 1197 brought to an end German participation in the crusade, but before departing from the Holy Land the crusaders appealed to'the Pope to allow the hospital to undertake a military as well as a charitaýfcs role, and in 1199 Innocent III effectively 1W created the Teutonic Order. The new'order took over the Templars' rule to regulate its military activities, while it followed the practices of the Hospitallers in its care of the sick. It was able to profit from the precedents set by the two older institutions and was therefore able to consolidate its position relatively quickly. During the period of instability which followed Henry VI's 3. See Boockmann, PP. 45-569 and N. von Holstq Der Deutsche Ritterorden und seine Bauten von Jerusalem bis Sevillavon Thorn bis Narwa (Berlin, 1981)9 PP. 45-56. 4. death little is known of the Order's fortunes. It rises to prominence again during the rule of Frederick II under the leadership of Hermann of Salza. This remarkable man, who controlled the Order from 1210 until 1239, was one of Prederick's most trusted advisers and was equally well received at the Curia. He is known often to have mediated between Emperor and Pope and the Order was able to benefit considerably from his influence. Honorius III granted the remaining exemption from episcopal control in 1221 and thereby granted the new order the same legal status as the two older ones. This Pope alone 113 deeds . authorised in favour of the Order. One of these was the ability to confer indulgences in return for donations, another important factor in the consolidation of the Order's power and status. PatronageTrom the House of Hohenstaufen also continued to strengthen the Order's position. The period of the Order's greatest growth coincides with the time when Frederick II's power was at its height. Eric Christiansen records that the Order is known to have received eighteen donations in the period from 1190 to 12100 but sixty-one in the following twenty years, of which seventeen were from Frederick and his 4 son. The Order's headquarters were at Acreg-while its chief stronghold, Starkenburg, was built to control the land gained 4-- See Christiansen, P- 74.