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ORDINES MILITARES CONFERENCE Sylvain Gouguenheim (Lyon) Die Perspektive Der Erforschung Der Ritterorden Im Lichte Der „Neuen Militärgeschichte“

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ORDINES MILITARES CONFERENCE Sylvain Gouguenheim (Lyon) Die Perspektive Der Erforschung Der Ritterorden Im Lichte Der „Neuen Militärgeschichte“ ORDINES◆ MILITARES COLLOQUIA TORUNENSIA HISTORICA Yearbook for the Study of the Military Orders vol. XVIII (2013) Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu Toruń 2013 Editorial Board Roman Czaja, Editor in Chief, Nicolaus Copernicus University Toruń Jürgen Sarnowsky, Editor in Chief, University of Hamburg Jochen Burgtorf, California State University Sylvain Gouguenheim, École Normale Supérieure Lettres et Sciences Humaines de Lyon Hubert Houben, Università del Salento Lecce Alan V. Murray, University of Leeds Krzysztof Kwiatkowski, Assistant Editor, Nicolaus Copernicus University Toruń Reviewers: Udo Arnold, Institut für Geschichtswissenschaft, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn Karl Borchardt, Monumenta Germaniae Historica, München Sławomir Jóźwiak, Institute of History and Archival Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń Wiesław Długokęcki, Institute of History, University of Gdańsk Juhan Kreem, City Archives of Tallinn, Denys Pringle, Cardiff School of History and Archaeology, Cardiff University Maria Starnawska, Institute of History, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa Sławomir Zonnenberg, Institute of History and International Relationships, Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz Address of Editorial Office: Instytut Historii i Archiwistyki UMK, ul. Władysława Bojarskiego 1 87–100 Toruń e-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Subscriptions orders shoud be addressed to: [email protected] Printed in Poland © Copyright by Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika © Copyright by Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu Toruń 2013 ISSN 0867–2008 NICOLAUS COPERNICUS UNIVERSITY PRESS Editorial Office: ul. Gagarina 5, 87–100 Toruń tel. (0) 56 611 42 95, fax (0) 56 611 47 05 e-mail: [email protected] Distribution: ul. Reja 25, 87–100 Toruń tel./fax (0) 56 611 42 38 e-mail: [email protected] www.wydawnictwoumk.pl 1st. ed. 300 copy Print: Nicolaus Copernicus University Press ul. Gagarina 5, 87–100 Toruń CONTENTS I. STUDIES AND ARTICLES FROM THE 16TH ORDINES MILITARES CONFERENCE Sylvain Gouguenheim (Lyon) Die Perspektive der Erforschung der Ritterorden im Lichte der „neuen Militärgeschichte“. Einige Bemerkungen aus der Geschichte des Deutschen Ordens ................................................................................................... 7 Alan V. Murray (Leeds) The Sword Brothers at War: Observations on the Military Activity of the Knighthood of Christ in the Conquest of Livonia and Estonia (1203–1227) 27 Sebastian Kubon (Hamburg) Der Friede von Racianz/Raciążek ........................................................................ 39 Dieter Heckmann (Berlin) Zwischen Tannenberg und Thorn: Krisenbewältigung des Rates der Altstadt Elbing i. J. 1410 ......................................................................................... 55 Sven Ekdahl (Göteborg/Berlin) Der 1. Thorner Frieden (1411) im Spiegel der Söldnerfrage .......................... 67 Arno Mentzel-Reuters (München/Augsburg) Unde den vride machten wider in dem lande – Kriegsziele in der Historiographie des Deutschen Ordens .............................................................. 81 Krzysztof Kwiatkowski (Toruń) Kulturelle Bedingungen der militärischen Aktivität im Spätmittelalter: der Fall des Preußen(landes) unter der Herrschaft des Deutschen Ordens (I) ................................................................................................................. 105 Klaus Militzer (Köln) Fehde und Deutscher Orden, vornehmlich im Deutschen Reich ................. 181 Nicholas Coureas (Nicosia) Participants or Mediators? The Hospitallers and Wars involving 15th Century Lusignan Cyprus ...................................................................................... 193 Darius von Güttner-Sporzyński (Melbourne) Evolution and Adaptation: The Order of Saint John in War and Peace ...... 205 Jochen Burgtorf (Fullerton) Der antiochenische Erbfolgekrieg ........................................................................ 219 II. OTHER STUDIES Jochen H. Vennebusch (Hamburg) Zentrale Facetten der Spiritualität des Deutschen Ordens im Spiegel der „Älteren Hochmeisterchronik“ ............................................................................ 243 Rabei G. Khamisy (Haifa) The Templar Estates in theTerritory of Acre ..................................................... 267 Anthony Luttrell (London) Saint Ubaldesca di Calcinaia ................................................................................. 287 III. BOOK REVIEWS AND BOOK NOTICES Die geistlichen Ritterorden in Mitteleuropa. Mittelalter, hrsg. v. Karl Borchardt, Libor Jan (Julia Możdżeń) .................................................................................................................... 295 The History of Jerusalem. The Mamluk Period (1260–1517), ed. Yvonne Friedman, Joseph Drory (Shlomo Lotan) ............................................................................................................. 298 Jochen Schenk, Templar Families. Landowning Families and the Order of the Temple in France, ca. 1120–1307 (Jürgen Sarnowsky) ................................................................................. 300 Damien Carraz, Les Templiers et la guerre (Sylvain Gouguenheim) ............................................. 301 A Extinção da Ordem do Templo. Edição Comemorativa dos 700 anos da Extinção da Ordem do Templo (1312–2012), ed. José Albuquerque Carreiras (Magdalena Satora) ....................... 304 Waldemar Rozynkowski, Studia nad liturgią w zakonie krzyżackim w Prusach. Z badań nad religijnością w późnym średniowieczu (Marcin Sumowski) ..................................... 305 Sylvain Gouguenheim, Tannenberg 15 juillet 1410 (Sławomir Jóźwiak) ................................... 307 Sławomir Jóźwiak, Janusz Trupinda, Krzyżackie zamki komturskie w Prusach. Topografia i układ przestrzenny na podstawie średniowiecznych źródeł pisanych (Julia Możdżeń) ............. 309 Krzysztof Kwiatkowski, Zakon niemiecki jako „corporatio militaris”, cz. 1: Korporacja i krąg przynależących do niej. Kulturowe i społeczne podstawy działalności militarnej zakonu w Prusach (do początku XV wieku) (Alicja Mutrynowska) ................................................................................ 312 The Proceedings against the Templars in the British Isles, vol. 1: The Latin Edition; vol. 2: The Translation, ed. and transl. Helen J. Nicholson (Darius von Güttner-Sporzyński) ...................... 314 I STUDIES AND ARTICLES FROM THE 16TH ORDINES MILITARES CONFERENCE ORDINES◆ MILITARES XVIII Yearbook for the Study of the Military Orders 2013 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/OM.2013.001 Sylvain Gouguenheim (Lyon) DIE PERSPEKTIVE DER ERFORSCHUNG DER RITTERORDEN IM LICHTE DER „NEUEN MILITÄRGESCHICHTE“. EINIGE BEMERKUNGEN AUS DER GESCHICHTE DES DEUTSCHEN ORDENS „Nous voyons fort bien de midi à trois heures tout ce qu’on peut voir d’une bataille, c’est-à-dire rien“.1 eschichte, und sogar Kriegsgeschichte, sind nicht mehr nur Schlach- tengeschichte.2 Dieser abschätzige Ausdruck („Schlachtengeschichte“, G„l’Histoire-bataille“) kritisierte die Manier, Geschichte in einer Art zu praktizieren, bei der es keine wissenschaftliche Quellenkritik gab. Diese Geschich- te interessierte sich nur für die „Helden“ und vergaß die Strukturen. Sie konnte beschreiben, einige Vorgänge erklären, aber sie erlaubte nicht, die Schlacht als ein historisches Ereignis zu verstehen. Seit nunmehr etlichen Jahrzehnten hat sich die sogennante „totale Geschich- te“ entwickelt, welche die „lange Dauer“ (la „longue durée“) von Fernand Braudel in den Blick nimmt. Diese analytische Tendenz beinflusste selbstverständlich auch die Kriegsgeschichte. Im Übrigen endet das berühmte Buch von Braudel über das Mittelmeer zur Zeit Philipps II. mit einer langen Analyse des Sieges bei Lepanto (1571).3 In der Kriegsgeschichte der letzten Jahrzehnten kann man drei Stufen erken- nen. Der Krieg wird Objekt einer Geschichte, die nicht nur Militärgeschichte, sondern eine richtige Geschichte des Krieges ist. Die angelsächsischen Historiker (John France, Maurice Keen, Helen Nicholson) sprechen heute mehr von „Me- 1 Stendhal, Journal, vol. 5 (1811–1823), Paris 1937, S. 179. 2 Hier wird es nur eine kurze Zusammenfassung gebracht, um einige Tendenzen der Forschung vorzustellen. 3 F. Braudel, Das Mittelmeer und die mediterrane Welt in der Epoche Philipps II (deutsche Über- setzung), Frankfurt/Main 1990. 8 SYLVAIN GOUGUENHEIM dieval Warfare“ als von „Medieval War“. Die technischen Aspekte (die Waffen, die Festungen), die Finanzierung des Krieges, die kulturellen, theologischen, po- litischen und rechtlichen Vorstellungen, welche die Kriegsführung beeinflussten, bleiben nicht mehr außer Betracht. Die Archäologie, die Heraldik und die Ikono- graphie haben unsere Kenntnis des Krieges erweitert. Zudem sind mehrere Bücher erschienen, welche die Strategie, die Taktik, die Logistik usw. in Betracht ziehen.4 Diese Forschung, die sich auf die Strukturen konzentriert, die auch die kulturellen Aspekte wie die Memoria umfasst, ist sehr verdienstvoll.5 Das Buch von John Keegan (1976) bahnte einen neuen Weg, den viele Histo- riker einschlugen; hier kann man Victor David Hanson, Jon Lendon, John Lynn usw. zitieren.6 Der Kern dieser Forschungen beruht auf der scharfen Kritik des erzählenden Aspekts der Kriegsberichte. Diese Historiker heben die enge Bezie- hung zwischen Krieg und Kultur hervor: Die Sitten und die Vorstellungen der Ritter erklären die Kriegführung. Um es kurz zu sagen:
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