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Prussian. Ciety and the German Aristocratic

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Prussian. Ciety and the German Aristocratic T H 6 (réRM AN ORDER A n10> PRUSS/Ats/ 5oC(£T'f : A N 0 6 L ^ CoRPoRATlOÏ^ IN CRlSlS^ 1^+IO-lU.ki) PRUSSIAN. CIETY AND THE GERMAN ARISTOCRATIC CORPORATION IN CRISIS c.^410-1466 Thesis presented for the Degree of PhD of the Universitv of London by MICHAEL CHRISTOPHER BENNET BURLEIGH Bedford College, University of London May 198 2 ProQuest Number: 10098432 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest 10098432 Published by ProQuest LLC(2016). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ABSTRACT This thesis attempts to use the exceptionally rich archives of the German Order to reveal something of the actuality of life in an aristocratic ecclesiastical corporation in society and under stress between c. 1410 and 1466. It differs from previous histories of the Order in that it attempts to combine analysis of long­ term social change with a narrative of political events. The first chapter attempts to characterise German peasant society on the Marienburger Werder in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. It seeks to give precision to social and economic relationships and argues that peasant communal organisation and powers of resis­ tance to seigneurial coercion were not retarded in medieval Prussia. The final part of the chapter tries to suggest some of the major contrasts between German and Prussian peasants. The second chapter is concerned with the social origins of the brethren of the Order; the way in which power was exercised and finally, with the quality of life enjoyed by members of the Order. The third chapter begins with an assessment of the social, economic and political consequences for Prussian society of the four major wars between the Order and Poland of 1410-1433. It then considers the Order's increased fiscal demands and the severer insistence upon its rights occasioned by war and the consequently sharpened hostility of Prussian society to the alien regime of the Order. The fourth chapter attempts to bring precision to the view expressed in the fifteenth century as well as by later historians that the Order was in need of reform in the later Middle Ages. It tries to show what was considered to be wrong and how members of the Order - including the rebels in the three Chapters of Konigsberg, Balga and Brandenburg - planned to reform the corporation Finally, chapter five examines the role of the Prussian Estates and the formation of an alliance of townsmen and the landed classes designed to safeguard their privileges against encroachments on the part of the bankrupt lordship. The sequel was rebellion against the Order and a longing for the long-range lordship of the Poles. CONTENTS Page Table of Contents 4 Introduction and Acknowledgements 7 A note on money 11 Chapter One ORDERS OF MEN: THE GERMAN AND PRUSSIAN PEASANTS 13 (1) German Peasant Society in the commandery of Marienburg in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. 13 (2) • Prussian Peasant Society 54 Chapter Two THE ANATOMY OF AN ARISTOCRATIC CORPORATION (1) An Abode for the German nobility: origins and 73 admission of the brethren (2) Oligarchic Rule: the Grand Master and the Grossgebietiger 80 (3) The Way of Life 99 (4) Last Exit 117 Chapter Three THE MAKING OF A TYRANNY 137 Part I War, defeat and the post-Tannenberg agrarian crisis 138 (1) Some contrasts of fortune 138 (2) The disasters of war 1410-1414 142 (3) Crop failure and plague 149 (4) The Tannenberg Crisis, the bailiwicks of the Order and the late medieval agrarian depression 151 Page (5) Taxation 155 (6) The Eye of the Storm: the deposition of Grand Master Heinrich von Plauen 157 (7) The Wars of 1422 and 1431-1433: devastation and incompetence 161 (8) War weariness 170 Part II The Making of a Tyranny 172 (9) The style of the regime 172 (10) The Policy of the Order towards landed property and the peasantry 178 (11) Fishing 188 (12) The proximity of houses of the Order to thetowns 191 (13) The towns, mills 194 (14) Trade, protection and life on the frontier 195 (15) Trade, taxation and competition I99 (16) Interference in the government of the towns 205 Chapter Four DISORDER IN THE ORDER 227 (1) The Criticisms 227 (2) Control 231 (3) Rebellion 255 Chapter Five THE UNMAKING OF A LORDSHIP: THE PRUSSIAN ESTATES AND THE COLLAPSE OF THE GOVERNMENT OF THE ORDER 277 (1) Men of Iron: the mercenaries and the sale of Marienburg 277 (2) Who were the Estates? 281 (3) The Development of the Estates: legislation, foreign policy and taxation 289 Page (4) The Formation of the Prussian Union and the response of the Order 298 (5) Diplomacy, violence and the drift to war 317 (6) The Order and the Estates evaluated 341 Bibliography 357 (1) Archival manuals and bibliographies _ 357 (2) Unpublished sources 357 (3) Published sources 358 (4) Literature 360 INTRODUCTION AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Although the study of the German Order in Prussia has been, and continues to be a major preoccupation of German and Polish medievalists, there has been no attempt to write a political and social history of the Order and Prussian society in the first half of the fifteenth century. The work of C. Krollmann, published in 1932^, while being a major work of synthesis by a considerable scholar, suffers from a lack of references and certain concessions that the author made to the spirit of his time. F.L. Carsten’s Origins of Prussia , although deserving of more notice from scholars of the Order than it has received is concerned with long-term social changes in which the German Order and political events in general are incidental. More recently, there have been biographies of individual Grand Masters by Nobel^, Luckerath^ and Murawski^. However, with the exception of the latter's masterly study of Konrad von Erlichshausen, these works have been principally concerned with the external relations of the Ordensstaat. In addition to its more local ambitions, the present work attempts to use the exceptionally rich unpublished sources of the Order to reveal something of the detailed actuality of life in an aristocratic ecclesiastical corporation in society and under stress over a relatively short period of time. The nature of the sources used - unpublished letters written between members of the Order - allows us to enter into the world of a group of men, and in a very immediate way, whose ethos was one of personal anonymity. Wherever possible, I have tried to support the inevitably anecdotal results with the 'harder' evidence provided by sources more familiar, or quantitatively accessible, to medievalists concerned with other parts of Europe. Where I have thought it necessary to use quantitative material or to intrude some semblance of a narrative of events, I attempted to subordinate my text to the main analysis. Many people have helped me in my work. First, I would like to thank the Director, Dr. Friedrich Benninghoven and all of his colleagues at the Geheimes Staatsarchiv, West Berlin for being such splendid and courteous hosts during my research in Berlin. I am particularly indebted to Dr. B. Jahnig and Herren C. Holz, H. Padovani and Detlaf Koblitz for their daily kindnesses and their efficient delivery of material to me. Only those aware of how the 'OBA' are catalogued and stored will fully appreciate their labours on my behalf. I should also like to thank Prof. P.G. Thielen and Dr. Heide Wunder for their friendly interest in my work and the trouble they took in order to obtain material for me. My supervisor Prof. F.R.H. Du Boulay has been both a constant source of encouragement and a stern critic. That this work is completed is in large part due to his unfailing interest in it. A number of other friends have either given me material assistance or endured endless monologues on the German Order. I would like to mention Anastasia Anrep, Edward Chaney, Prof. W.W. Hagen, Robert and Elke Wirth, Jan de Wit and my mother. I should like Anne to accept its dedication. 10 Notes to Introduction 1. C. Krollmann, Politische Geschichte des Deutschen Ordens in Preussen (Kônigsberg 1952}. 2. F.L. Carsten, The Origins of Prussia (Oxford 1954). 3. W. Nobel, Michael Kuchmeister Hochmeister des Deutschen Ordens l4l4-l422 Quellen und "Studien zur Geschichte des Deutschen Ordens, ed. Kl Wieser (Bad Godesberg 1969), 51 4. C.A. Lùckerath, Paul von Rusdorf Hochmeister des Deutschen Ordens 1422-1441 Quellen und Studien~zur Geschichte des Deutschen Ordens, ed. K. Wieser (Bad Godesberg 1969)~ 15. 5. K.E. Murawski, Zwischen Tannenberg und Thorn Die Geschichte des Deutschen Ordens unter dem Hochmeister Konrad von Erlichshausen 1441-1449 Gôttinger Bausteine zur Geschichtswissenschaftl ed. Heimpel. Hubatsch, Kaehler, Schramm (Gottingen 1953), 10/11. 11 A NOTE ON MONEY The Prussian Mark was divided into the following units: 1 Mark = 4 firdung = 24 scot = 60 shillings = 720 pennies (The Mark was roughly equivalent to an English noble, or 6s 8d., till 1410; thereafter to about a third of an English noble. See Ch. 3, p. 155 below). The following abbreviations have been used: m Mark f firdung sc scot s shilling d denar 12 CHAPTER ONE ORDERS OF MEN: THE GERMAN AND PRUSSIAN PEASANTS 13 CHAPTER ONE ORDERS OF MEN: THE GERMAN AND PRUSSIAN PEASANTS 1.
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