DOCSLIB.ORG

Prussian. Ciety and the German Aristocratic

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

T H 6 (réRM AN ORDER A n10> PRUSS/Ats/ 5oC(£T'f : A N 0 6 L ^ CoRPoRATlOÏ^ IN CRlSlS^ 1^+IO-lU.ki) PRUSSIAN. CIETY AND THE GERMAN ARISTOCRATIC CORPORATION IN CRISIS c.^410-1466 Thesis presented for the Degree of PhD of the Universitv of London by MICHAEL CHRISTOPHER BENNET BURLEIGH Bedford College, University of London May 198 2 ProQuest Number: 10098432 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest 10098432 Published by ProQuest LLC(2016). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ABSTRACT This thesis attempts to use the exceptionally rich archives of the German Order to reveal something of the actuality of life in an aristocratic ecclesiastical corporation in society and under stress between c. 1410 and 1466. It differs from previous histories of the Order in that it attempts to combine analysis of long­ term social change with a narrative of political events. The first chapter attempts to characterise German peasant society on the Marienburger Werder in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. It seeks to give precision to social and economic relationships and argues that peasant communal organisation and powers of resis­ tance to seigneurial coercion were not retarded in medieval Prussia. The final part of the chapter tries to suggest some of the major contrasts between German and Prussian peasants. The second chapter is concerned with the social origins of the brethren of the Order; the way in which power was exercised and finally, with the quality of life enjoyed by members of the Order. The third chapter begins with an assessment of the social, economic and political consequences for Prussian society of the four major wars between the Order and Poland of 1410-1433. It then considers the Order's increased fiscal demands and the severer insistence upon its rights occasioned by war and the consequently sharpened hostility of Prussian society to the alien regime of the Order. The fourth chapter attempts to bring precision to the view expressed in the fifteenth century as well as by later historians that the Order was in need of reform in the later Middle Ages. It tries to show what was considered to be wrong and how members of the Order - including the rebels in the three Chapters of Konigsberg, Balga and Brandenburg - planned to reform the corporation Finally, chapter five examines the role of the Prussian Estates and the formation of an alliance of townsmen and the landed classes designed to safeguard their privileges against encroachments on the part of the bankrupt lordship. The sequel was rebellion against the Order and a longing for the long-range lordship of the Poles. CONTENTS Page Table of Contents 4 Introduction and Acknowledgements 7 A note on money 11 Chapter One ORDERS OF MEN: THE GERMAN AND PRUSSIAN PEASANTS 13 (1) German Peasant Society in the commandery of Marienburg in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. 13 (2) • Prussian Peasant Society 54 Chapter Two THE ANATOMY OF AN ARISTOCRATIC CORPORATION (1) An Abode for the German nobility: origins and 73 admission of the brethren (2) Oligarchic Rule: the Grand Master and the Grossgebietiger 80 (3) The Way of Life 99 (4) Last Exit 117 Chapter Three THE MAKING OF A TYRANNY 137 Part I War, defeat and the post-Tannenberg agrarian crisis 138 (1) Some contrasts of fortune 138 (2) The disasters of war 1410-1414 142 (3) Crop failure and plague 149 (4) The Tannenberg Crisis, the bailiwicks of the Order and the late medieval agrarian depression 151 Page (5) Taxation 155 (6) The Eye of the Storm: the deposition of Grand Master Heinrich von Plauen 157 (7) The Wars of 1422 and 1431-1433: devastation and incompetence 161 (8) War weariness 170 Part II The Making of a Tyranny 172 (9) The style of the regime 172 (10) The Policy of the Order towards landed property and the peasantry 178 (11) Fishing 188 (12) The proximity of houses of the Order to thetowns 191 (13) The towns, mills 194 (14) Trade, protection and life on the frontier 195 (15) Trade, taxation and competition I99 (16) Interference in the government of the towns 205 Chapter Four DISORDER IN THE ORDER 227 (1) The Criticisms 227 (2) Control 231 (3) Rebellion 255 Chapter Five THE UNMAKING OF A LORDSHIP: THE PRUSSIAN ESTATES AND THE COLLAPSE OF THE GOVERNMENT OF THE ORDER 277 (1) Men of Iron: the mercenaries and the sale of Marienburg 277 (2) Who were the Estates? 281 (3) The Development of the Estates: legislation, foreign policy and taxation 289 Page (4) The Formation of the Prussian Union and the response of the Order 298 (5) Diplomacy, violence and the drift to war 317 (6) The Order and the Estates evaluated 341 Bibliography 357 (1) Archival manuals and bibliographies _ 357 (2) Unpublished sources 357 (3) Published sources 358 (4) Literature 360 INTRODUCTION AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Although the study of the German Order in Prussia has been, and continues to be a major preoccupation of German and Polish medievalists, there has been no attempt to write a political and social history of the Order and Prussian society in the first half of the fifteenth century. The work of C. Krollmann, published in 1932^, while being a major work of synthesis by a considerable scholar, suffers from a lack of references and certain concessions that the author made to the spirit of his time. F.L. Carsten’s Origins of Prussia , although deserving of more notice from scholars of the Order than it has received is concerned with long-term social changes in which the German Order and political events in general are incidental. More recently, there have been biographies of individual Grand Masters by Nobel^, Luckerath^ and Murawski^. However, with the exception of the latter's masterly study of Konrad von Erlichshausen, these works have been principally concerned with the external relations of the Ordensstaat. In addition to its more local ambitions, the present work attempts to use the exceptionally rich unpublished sources of the Order to reveal something of the detailed actuality of life in an aristocratic ecclesiastical corporation in society and under stress over a relatively short period of time. The nature of the sources used - unpublished letters written between members of the Order - allows us to enter into the world of a group of men, and in a very immediate way, whose ethos was one of personal anonymity. Wherever possible, I have tried to support the inevitably anecdotal results with the 'harder' evidence provided by sources more familiar, or quantitatively accessible, to medievalists concerned with other parts of Europe. Where I have thought it necessary to use quantitative material or to intrude some semblance of a narrative of events, I attempted to subordinate my text to the main analysis. Many people have helped me in my work. First, I would like to thank the Director, Dr. Friedrich Benninghoven and all of his colleagues at the Geheimes Staatsarchiv, West Berlin for being such splendid and courteous hosts during my research in Berlin. I am particularly indebted to Dr. B. Jahnig and Herren C. Holz, H. Padovani and Detlaf Koblitz for their daily kindnesses and their efficient delivery of material to me. Only those aware of how the 'OBA' are catalogued and stored will fully appreciate their labours on my behalf. I should also like to thank Prof. P.G. Thielen and Dr. Heide Wunder for their friendly interest in my work and the trouble they took in order to obtain material for me. My supervisor Prof. F.R.H. Du Boulay has been both a constant source of encouragement and a stern critic. That this work is completed is in large part due to his unfailing interest in it. A number of other friends have either given me material assistance or endured endless monologues on the German Order. I would like to mention Anastasia Anrep, Edward Chaney, Prof. W.W. Hagen, Robert and Elke Wirth, Jan de Wit and my mother. I should like Anne to accept its dedication. 10 Notes to Introduction 1. C. Krollmann, Politische Geschichte des Deutschen Ordens in Preussen (Kônigsberg 1952}. 2. F.L. Carsten, The Origins of Prussia (Oxford 1954). 3. W. Nobel, Michael Kuchmeister Hochmeister des Deutschen Ordens l4l4-l422 Quellen und "Studien zur Geschichte des Deutschen Ordens, ed. Kl Wieser (Bad Godesberg 1969), 51 4. C.A. Lùckerath, Paul von Rusdorf Hochmeister des Deutschen Ordens 1422-1441 Quellen und Studien~zur Geschichte des Deutschen Ordens, ed. K. Wieser (Bad Godesberg 1969)~ 15. 5. K.E. Murawski, Zwischen Tannenberg und Thorn Die Geschichte des Deutschen Ordens unter dem Hochmeister Konrad von Erlichshausen 1441-1449 Gôttinger Bausteine zur Geschichtswissenschaftl ed. Heimpel. Hubatsch, Kaehler, Schramm (Gottingen 1953), 10/11. 11 A NOTE ON MONEY The Prussian Mark was divided into the following units: 1 Mark = 4 firdung = 24 scot = 60 shillings = 720 pennies (The Mark was roughly equivalent to an English noble, or 6s 8d., till 1410; thereafter to about a third of an English noble. See Ch. 3, p. 155 below). The following abbreviations have been used: m Mark f firdung sc scot s shilling d denar 12 CHAPTER ONE ORDERS OF MEN: THE GERMAN AND PRUSSIAN PEASANTS 13 CHAPTER ONE ORDERS OF MEN: THE GERMAN AND PRUSSIAN PEASANTS 1.
Recommended publications
  • Pomerania in the Medieval and Renaissance Cartography – from the Cottoniana to Eilhard Lubinus

    Pomerania in the Medieval and Renaissance Cartography – from the Cottoniana to Eilhard Lubinus

    Pomerania in the Medieval and Renaissance Cartography… STUDIA MARITIMA, vol. XXXIII (2020) | ISSN 0137-3587 | DOI: 10.18276/sm.2020.33-04 Adam Krawiec Faculty of Historical Studies Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań [email protected] ORCID: 0000-0002-3936-5037 Pomerania in the Medieval and Renaissance Cartography – from the Cottoniana to Eilhard Lubinus Keywords: Pomerania, Duchy of Pomerania, medieval cartography, early modern cartography, maritime cartography The following paper deals with the question of the cartographical image of Pomer- ania. What I mean here are maps in the modern sense of the word, i.e. Graphic rep- resentations that facilitate a spatial understanding of things, concepts, conditions, processes, or events in the human world1. It is an important reservation because the line between graphic and non-graphic representations of the Earth’s surface in the Middle Ages was sometimes blurred, therefore the term mappamundi could mean either a cartographic image or a textual geographical description, and in some cases it functioned as an equivalent of the modern term “Geography”2. Consequently, there’s a tendency in the modern historiography to analyze both forms of the geographical descriptions together. However, the late medieval and early modern developments in the perception and re-constructing of the space led to distinguishing cartography as an autonomous, full-fledged discipline of knowledge, and to the general acceptance of the map in the modern sense as a basic form of presentation of the world’s surface. Most maps which will be examined in the paper were produced in this later period, so it seems justified to analyze only the “real” maps, although in a broader context of the geographical imaginations.
  • Istituto Tecnico Tecnologico Baracca Kaszubskie Liceum

    Istituto Tecnico Tecnologico Baracca Kaszubskie Liceum

    ONLINE EXCHANGE BRESCIA & BRUSY Istituto Tecnico Tecnologico Baracca Kaszubskie Liceum Ogólnokształcące w Brusach 2021 Elisa Lacagnina Thanks to the Etwinning platform I had the possibility to know Ms. Alicja Frymark, English teacher from Kashubian Secondary School (Kaszubskie Liceum Ogólnokształcące) in Brusy, Poland. Since our first online meeting on Skype, we have kept talking, most of all, of our school project called “Online exchange - Brescia & Brusy”. To start, we decided to assign our students a partner to make them work in pairs. Their task was to exchange emails with their friend about the topic given and then, with the information, to write a short article in English. We assigned different topics like Covid 19 and lockdown; traditional food; language uses; interesting facts about the city, the country and the region; school; local tradition. The first part of the project went really well and I was satisfied with the work done. My 5th-year students are enthusiastic about having a “virtual” foreign partner. I decided to start an online exchange because my students felt the need to improve their English speaking and writing skills, as we have only 3 hour English a week. According to me, these opportunities are not only useful to improve the language skills but also to expand your knowledge, to meet new people, to know about the uses and the customs of different countries. Moreover, it was the right moment to start a project of this kind precisely in this difficult period. We have been experiencing a different life, due to Covid 19 home–schooling, restrictions, curfews, prohibitions etc.
  • Drang Nach Osten? Ostkolonisation? Landesausbau? Die Mittelalterliche Deutsche Ostsiedlung Kurzbeschreibung Des Moduls Das Modul

    Drang Nach Osten? Ostkolonisation? Landesausbau? Die Mittelalterliche Deutsche Ostsiedlung Kurzbeschreibung Des Moduls Das Modul

    Drang nach Osten? Ostkolonisation? Landesausbau? Die mittelalterliche Geschichte3 deutsche Ostsiedlung Drang nach Osten? Ostkolonisation? Landesausbau? Die mittelalterliche deutsche Ostsiedlung Kurzbeschreibung des Moduls Die „deutsche Ostsiedlung“ war im deutsch-polnischen Kontext immer eine Frage der jeweiligen Perspektive. Besonders zur Zeit des Aufkommens nationalen Gedankenguts im 19. Jahrhundert wurde die Beurteilung dieser historischen Phase rückblickend von beiden Seiten häufig national(istisch) interpretiert. Die „deutsche Ostkolonisation“ (deutsche Sichtweise) stand dem „Drang nach Osten“ (polnische Sichtweise) unversöhnlich gegenüber. Dabei konnte im 13. und 14. Jahrhundert von nationalen Bestrebungen keine Rede sein. Das Modul ermöglicht anhand eines Quellentextes aus dem 16. Jahrhundert einen Einblick in die Ereignisse, um selbige dann mit Texten aus einem deutschen und polnischen Schulbuch des 20. Jahrhunderts in einen nationalen Kontext zu stellen. Eine Karte bietet einen Überblick über den Verlauf der Ostsiedlung. Welche Folgen die Ostsiedlung für die Einflüsse der deutschen Sprache im heutigen Polnisch hatte, vermittelt Arbeitsblatt 4. Das Modul enthält – Eine didaktische Einführung zum Thema – Hinweise zu Referatsthemen, Links sowie weiterführender Literatur – Einen einseitigen Einführungstext – Arbeitsblatt 1: Gründe für die Ostsiedlung im Mittelalter – Arbeitsblatt 2: Verlauf der Ostsiedlung – Arbeitsblatt 3: Die Ostsiedlung aus deutscher und polnischer Sicht – Arbeitsblatt 4: Deutsche Lehnwörter in der polnischen Sprache
  • Crusading, the Military Orders, and Sacred Landscapes in the Baltic, 13Th – 14Th Centuries ______

    Crusading, the Military Orders, and Sacred Landscapes in the Baltic, 13Th – 14Th Centuries ______

    TERRA MATRIS: CRUSADING, THE MILITARY ORDERS, AND SACRED LANDSCAPES IN THE BALTIC, 13TH – 14TH CENTURIES ____________________________________ A Thesis Presented to the School of History, Archaeology and Religion Cardiff University ____________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in History & Welsh History (2018) ____________________________________ by Gregory Leighton Abstract Crusading and the military orders have, at their roots, a strong focus on place, namely the Holy Land and the shrines associated with the life of Christ on Earth. Both concepts spread to other frontiers in Europe (notably Spain and the Baltic) in a very quick fashion. Therefore, this thesis investigates the ways that this focus on place and landscape changed over time, when crusading and the military orders emerged in the Baltic region, a land with no Christian holy places. Taking this fact as a point of departure, the following thesis focuses on the crusades to the Baltic Sea Region during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. It considers the role of the military orders in the region (primarily the Order of the Teutonic Knights), and how their participation in the conversion-led crusading missions there helped to shape a distinct perception of the Baltic region as a new sacred (i.e. Christian) landscape. Structured around four chapters, the thesis discusses the emergence of a new sacred landscape thematically. Following an overview of the military orders and the role of sacred landscpaes in their ideology, and an overview of the historiographical debates on the Baltic crusades, it addresses the paganism of the landscape in the written sources predating the crusades, in addition to the narrative, legal, and visual evidence of the crusade period (Chapter 1).
  • The Archaeology of the Prussian Crusade

    The Archaeology of the Prussian Crusade

    Downloaded by [University of Wisconsin - Madison] at 05:00 18 January 2017 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE PRUSSIAN CRUSADE The Archaeology of the Prussian Crusade explores the archaeology and material culture of the Crusade against the Prussian tribes in the thirteenth century, and the subsequent society created by the Teutonic Order that lasted into the six- teenth century. It provides the first synthesis of the material culture of a unique crusading society created in the south-eastern Baltic region over the course of the thirteenth century. It encompasses the full range of archaeological data, from standing buildings through to artefacts and ecofacts, integrated with writ- ten and artistic sources. The work is sub-divided into broadly chronological themes, beginning with a historical outline, exploring the settlements, castles, towns and landscapes of the Teutonic Order’s theocratic state and concluding with the role of the reconstructed and ruined monuments of medieval Prussia in the modern world in the context of modern Polish culture. This is the first work on the archaeology of medieval Prussia in any lan- guage, and is intended as a comprehensive introduction to a period and area of growing interest. This book represents an important contribution to promot- ing international awareness of the cultural heritage of the Baltic region, which has been rapidly increasing over the last few decades. Aleksander Pluskowski is a lecturer in Medieval Archaeology at the University of Reading. Downloaded by [University of Wisconsin - Madison] at 05:00
  • A History of German-Scandinavian Relations

    A History of German-Scandinavian Relations

    A History of German – Scandinavian Relations A History of German-Scandinavian Relations By Raimund Wolfert A History of German – Scandinavian Relations Raimund Wolfert 2 A History of German – Scandinavian Relations Table of contents 1. The Rise and Fall of the Hanseatic League.............................................................5 2. The Thirty Years’ War............................................................................................11 3. Prussia en route to becoming a Great Power........................................................15 4. After the Napoleonic Wars.....................................................................................18 5. The German Empire..............................................................................................23 6. The Interwar Period...............................................................................................29 7. The Aftermath of War............................................................................................33 First version 12/2006 2 A History of German – Scandinavian Relations This essay contemplates the history of German-Scandinavian relations from the Hanseatic period through to the present day, focussing upon the Berlin- Brandenburg region and the northeastern part of Germany that lies to the south of the Baltic Sea. A geographic area whose topography has been shaped by the great Scandinavian glacier of the Vistula ice age from 20000 BC to 13 000 BC will thus be reflected upon. According to the linguistic usage of the term
  • Some Remarks on Settlement Systems of Early Medieval Prussians. E Case

    Some Remarks on Settlement Systems of Early Medieval Prussians. E Case

    Tomasz Nowakiewicz Some remarks on settlement systems of Early Medieval Prussians. e case of northern Galindia 1 ventures were of considerable assistance for improving our understanding of the material Inquiries into Prussian territorial divisions of the Early Medieval Prussians, every time of the Early Medieval Period have the nature, the question of territorial divisions in the area first and foremost, of historical studies. The re - of Prussian settlement lagged far behind the sults of archaeological investigation undertaken priority research objectives. so far have made it possible to verify these find - Nevertheless, thanks to analyses of histori - ings only to a limited extent. Until recently ar - cal sources it has been possible to formulate chaeological research was concentrated mainly a number of concepts on the subject of the in the coastal zone of the Old Prussian territory division of Prussian territories in the period where special interest of researchers was at - antedating the Teutonic conquest 2. The point of tracted by issues related to different aspects of departure was the division of Prussia, into relationships linking the Prussians with the out - tribal lands, universally accepted by researchers side world. The best example of this are the long-standing inquiries into the presence of Scandinavians in the region of the Sambian Emil Hollack (1908). Archaeological material secured Peninsula, the search for and exploration of the during these studies was analysed to a considerable extent through the perspective of Viking stylistic. trade emporium at Janów Pomorski/Truso, or Qualitative change came with a publication of Bernt (to a smaller extent) the Adalbertus Project von zur Mühlen (1975).
  • Book Reviews

    Book Reviews

    BOOK REVIEWS Eric Axelson. Vasco da Gamma: The Diary of His ices will discover it to be an enjoyable, accessible, Travels Through African Waters, 1497-1499. and engaging account. It is certainly a good buy Somerset West, South Africa: Stephan Phillips for most research or university libraries. (Pty) Ltd., 1998. vii + 102, notes, appendices, bibliography, maps, illustrations. ISBN 0-620- M.A. Hennessy 22388-x. Kingston, Ontario Eric Axelson, former head of the Department of History at the University of Cape Town, is to be L.M.E. Shaw. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance commended for producing a richly illustrated and and the English Merchants in Portugal, 1654- comprehensive new translation of this diary. 1810. Aldershot, Hants. & Brookfield, VT: Translations or the Portuguese original have been Ashgate Publishing, 1998. xii + 233 pp., maps, published previously in 1898,1947 and 1954. The photoplates, appendices, bibliography, index. US last of these, African Explorers (Oxford, 1954), $76.95, cloth; ISBN 1-84014-651-6. was also edited by Axelson, but it did not address the voyage from the coast of Mozambique to This work marks a further contribution by Dr. India and back. That shortfall has been avoided in Shaw to Anglo-Portuguese history in the seven• this valuable new edition, which also contains teenth and eighteenth centuries, significantly other useful features. developing her earlier studies, among them her The anonymous diary commences with da notable investigation into the serious effects of the Gamma's ship leaving Portugal and ceases some• inquisition on Portuguese mercantile wealth and where off Gabon - Axelson addresses why this is resources.
  • Heartland of German History

    Heartland of German History

    Travel DesTinaTion saxony-anhalT HEARTLAND OF GERMAN HISTORY The sky paThs MAGICAL MOMENTS OF THE MILLENNIA UNESCo WORLD HERITAGE AS FAR AS THE EYE CAN SEE www.saxony-anhalt-tourism.eu 6 good reasons to visit Saxony-Anhalt! for fans of Romanesque art and Romance for treasure hunters naumburg Cathedral The nebra sky Disk for lateral thinkers for strollers luther sites in lutherstadt Wittenberg Garden kingdom Dessau-Wörlitz for knights of the pedal for lovers of fresh air elbe Cycle route Bode Gorge in the harz mountains The Luisium park in www.saxony-anhalt-tourism.eu the Garden Kingdom Dessau-Wörlitz Heartland of German History 1 contents Saxony-Anhalt concise 6 Fascination Middle Ages: “Romanesque Road” The Nabra Original venues of medieval life Sky Disk 31 A romantic journey with the Harz 7 Pomp and Myth narrow-gauge railway is a must for everyone. Showpieces of the Romanesque Road 10 “Mona Lisa” of Saxony-Anhalt walks “Sky Path” INForMaTive Saxony-Anhalt’s contribution to the history of innovation of mankind holiday destination saxony- anhalt. Find out what’s on 14 Treasures of garden art offer here. On the way to paradise - Garden Dreams Saxony-Anhalt Of course, these aren’t the only interesting towns and destinations in Saxony-Anhalt! It’s worth taking a look 18 Baroque music is Central German at www.saxony-anhalt-tourism.eu. 8 800 years of music history is worth lending an ear to We would be happy to help you with any questions or requests regarding Until the discovery of planning your trip. Just call, fax or the Nebra Sky Disk in 22 On the road in the land of Luther send an e-mail and we will be ready to the south of Saxony- provide any assistance you need.
  • A Little History of the Schulenburg Family

    A Little History of the Schulenburg Family

    Fritz Schulenburg-Beetzendorf (Autor) A Little History of the Schulenburg Family https://cuvillier.de/de/shop/publications/6735 Copyright: Cuvillier Verlag, Inhaberin Annette Jentzsch-Cuvillier, Nonnenstieg 8, 37075 Göttingen, Germany Telefon: +49 (0)551 54724-0, E-Mail: [email protected], Website: https://cuvillier.de ForewordfromtheHeadof theSchulenburgFamily On28thofOctober1237,theMargraveandtheBishopofBrandenburgsigned acontract on the distribution oftaxes (“the tithe”)between thechurchand the Margrave’s government. Eighteen witnesses from both sides signed the treaty,whichcanstillbeseenintheMuseumoftheBrandenburgCathedral. OneofthewitnesseswasthepriestofCöln,avillagewhichlaterbecamepart ofBerlin.ThisiswhyBerlinclaimstooriginatein1237.Anotherwitnesswas Wernerus de Sculenburch, who was a knight and the head of the administration of the Margrave’s government; today this person would be called prime minister. Since Wernerus is the oldest proven ancestor of the Schulenburgs,thehistoryofthefamilydatesbackto1237aswell. Sincethenthefamilyhasexperiencedgoodandbadtimesandthelivesofthe family members reflect their respective times. Today, 777 years later, the family consists of 70 male cousins and their family members. A family gatheringtakesplaceeverysecondyear.The109thfamilygatheringtookplace in September 2013 in Vienna which is where the famous JohannͲMatthias SchulenburgmetPrinceEugenroughly300yearsago. As the current Head of the Schulenburg Family, I would like to express my gratitude to Fritz, for writing the first history of the
  • Nowa Nieszawa (Dybów) in the Late Middle Ages According to New Research

    Nowa Nieszawa (Dybów) in the Late Middle Ages According to New Research

    ARTYKUŁY Klio. Czasopismo poświęcone dziejom Polski i powszechnym PL ISSN 1643-8191, t. 43 (4)/2017, s. 23–45 http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/KLIO.2017.043 Michalina Duda, Sławomir Jóźwiak* Nowa Nieszawa (Dybów) in the late Middle Ages according to new research. The town on the border of countries, cultures and nations** Nowa Nieszawa (Dybów) w późnym średniowieczu. Miasto na pograniczu państw, kultur i narodów Streszczenie: Nowa Nieszawa, lokowana nad Wisłą na pograniczu polsko-krzyżackim po 1423 roku, jawi się jako prężnie rozwijający się pod względem gospodarczym i politycz- nym ośrodek miejski. Dzięki swojej lokalizacji na trasie niezwykle istotnego szlaku handlo- wego, a także w najbliższym sąsiedztwie państwa krzyżackiego przyciągała przedsiębiorcze jednostki, przede wszystkim kupców i rzemieślników różnej narodowości, a także zbiegów * M. Duda: [email protected]; S. Jóźwiak: [email protected]; Instytut Historii i Archiwistyki UMK w Toruniu, ul. W. Bojarskiego 1, 87–100 Toruń. ** M. Duda’s research was financed by the National Science Center, Poland granted according to decision no. DEC-2012/05/N/HS3/01398 as well as the Foundation for Polish Science (FNP); S. Jóźwiak’s contribution to this paper is a part of the project no. 2012/05/B/HS3/03708 financed by the National Science Centre, Poland. 23 Michalina Duda, Sławomir Jóźwiak z pobliskiego państwa krzyżackiego. Funkcjonowanie Nowej Nieszawy jest tym bardziej godne zainteresowania, że pozycja tego ośrodka ukształtowała się w dość ograniczonych ramach czasowych: jego lokację od zrównania z ziemią dzielił odstęp nieco mniej niż czte- rech dekad. Należy jednak podkreślić, że swój fenomen Nieszawa zawdzięczała przede wszystkim niezwykle korzystnej lokalizacji na pograniczu dwóch państw.
  • Philo-Germanism Without Germans. Memory, Identity, and Otherness in Post-1989 Romania

    Philo-Germanism Without Germans. Memory, Identity, and Otherness in Post-1989 Romania

    Durham E-Theses Philo-Germanism without Germans. Memory, Identity, and Otherness in Post-1989 Romania CERCEL, CRISTIAN,ALEXANDRU How to cite: CERCEL, CRISTIAN,ALEXANDRU (2012) Philo-Germanism without Germans. Memory, Identity, and Otherness in Post-1989 Romania, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4925/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 Philo-Germanism without Germans. Memory, Identity, and Otherness in Post-1989 Romania Cristian-Alexandru Cercel PhD School of Government and International Affairs Durham University 2012 3 Abstract The recent history of the German minority in Romania is marked by its mass migration from Romania to Germany, starting roughly in the immediate aftermath of the Second World War and reaching its climax in the early 1990s, following the fall of Communism. Against this background, the present thesis investigates a phenomenon that can be termed “philo-Germanism without Germans”, arguing that the way the German minority in Romania is represented in a wide array of discourses is best comprehended if placed in a theoretical framework in which concepts such as “self-Orientalism”, “intimate colonization” and other related ones play a key role.