Canada Centre for Inland Waters Annual Report 1976

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gem Fisheries Pêches and Environment et Environnement Canada Canada Branch Annual Report 1976 Cover Photography and Art by John Bodnaruk CANADA CENTRE FOR INLAND WATERS BRANCH

Annual Report

1976

CCIW Branch P. 0. Box 5050 Inland Waters Directorate Burlington, Environmental Management Service Ontario Department of Fisheries and the Environment L7R 4A6 CANADA CENTRE FOR INLAND WATERS BRANCH

ORGANIZATION CHART, 1976-77

ONTARIO REGION INLAND WATERS E. M. S. HEADQUARTERS DIRECTORATE REGIONAL DIRECTOR GENERAL DIRECTOR GENERAL Mr. L A.SMITHERS Mr. J. P. BRUCE OTTAWA

DIRECTOR, CC IW Mrs. C. J. McMUNN, Dr. AR LEFEUVRE SECRETARY

SENIOR SCIENTIST Dr. W. E. LOWE ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR Dr. R. A. VOLLENWEIDER COORDINATOR -RESEARCH Dr. G.K. RODGERS

WHO/CC/SG WQ SCIENTIFIC SUPPORT APPLIED RESEARCH Dr. S. BARABAS, DIVISION DIVISION COORDINATOR Mr. A.S. ATKINSON, VACANT CHIEF

INFORMATION STAFF SERVICES HYDRAULICS RESEARCH UNIT DIVISION DIVISION Mr. A.R. KIRBY Mr. A.W. APPLEBY, Dr. T. M. DICK, HEAD CHIEF CHIEF

PROCESS RESEACH DIVISION Dr P G. SLY, CHIEF TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Organization Chart 2

Preamble 4

Project List 5

Introduction 6

WHO Collaborating Centre on Surface and Ground Water Quality 7

Public Information Unit 8

Process Research Division 9

Applied Research Division 17

Hydraulics Research Division 31

Scientific Support Division 39

Staff Services Division 45

Regional Reports 49

CCIW Pacific Region 51

CCIW Western & Northern Region 51

Publications 53

Committees, Societies, and Boards 59

Staff List 62

3 PREAMBLE

The CCIW Branch of the Inland Waters Directorate 1976 was a year of program and management is responsible for carrying out research related to the scientific realignment for CCIW Branch. The position of Associate requirements of the Directorate, from coast to coast. This Director for Research Programs was established to provide a National Research Program focuses on an increased understand- stronger focus on this area of the overall activities of the ing of the chemical, physical, and biological processes which Branch. Dr. G. K. Rodgers, formerly Chief of the Applied take place within or act upon the inland waters of Canada. This Research Division, was appointed as the first Associate Direc- study of system and processes is applicable to many regions of tor for the Branch. Canada and often is of world wide interest. Each region, however, has particular problems which require site-specific studies and unique research investigations. The research A considerable effort was directed to the review of program of the Branch seeks to address these unique problems the research projects which comprise the research program of by mounting relevant in-house research studies and by partici- the Branch. A project set was structured and documented so as pating with the Regions and the Branch units located in the to provide guidance to the research scientists in the develop- Regions in on-site investigations. Examples of current site- ment of specific research studies and to facilitate the descrip- specific studies include the Kootenay Lake and Qu'Appelle tion of the research program in reporting to the Service and studies in western Canada, the continuing major involvement Department. with studies on the Great Lakes in Ontario, hydraulics model studies related to the Richelieu River in Quebec, and participation in the Schubenacadie studies in the Maritimes. CCIW Branch has the major additional responsibility The scientists in the Branch are frequently diverted of providing physical facilities and major common support from their primary role of research to provide expert scientific services, both administrative and scientific/technical, for the and technical input into policy development on behalf of the various elements of the Department which are located together Directorate, the Service, and the Department. Scientists from at the Canada Centre for In land Waters. The cost of providing CCIW Branch participate in many policy-level committees e.g. the physical facilities has been escalating rapidly in recent Environmental Contaminants Act Advisory Committee, Long' years due to inflationary pressures on basic goods and services. Range Transport of Atmospheric Pollutants, Radioactivity. These increasing costs have been met by special re-allocations of resources from within the EMS and by a concerted effort of The Canada/US Great Lakes Water Quality Agree- the Building Manager to reduce fuel costs through conservation ment has brought into being boards, reference groups, study measures. A review of this activity by HQ staff documents the groups, committees, and task forces. Many scientists and highly efficient way in which the physical facilities are being research managers of the Branch play an active role in these managed and commends the staff for its efforts. Common user groups. This involvement reflects the major contributions that scientific support continues to be provided to all tenants in such CCIW Branch continues to make towards the study of and areas as computer hardware, library, major stores, engineering protection of the Great Lakes as a major national and services, and technical operations. Activities affecting the international resource. various programs located at the Centre are coordinated by an Executive Committee, composed of the Program Directors. CCIW has provided world wide leadership in several Subcommittees deal with ship scheduling, library, common scientific areas through a number of international organiz- support, and program coordination. ations. As the World Health Organization Collaboration Centre (WHO-CC) for ground and surface water quality, CCIW provides leadership, training and major data handling facilities for the CCIW Branch, in its various roles as researcher, water quality portion of the Global Environmental Monitoring scientific advisor, and provider of physical and scientific System (GEMS). The WHO-CC coordinator, Dr. S. Barabas, has support, continues to play a leading role in support of the conducted exploratory visits to most areas of the world in order Department. The totality of research and survey activities, to assess the needs and potential for WHO activities, especially which comprise the complete establishment known as the in the developing nations. Canada Centre for Inland Waters, serves the Department of Fisheries & Environment well and will continue to do so as the The Senior Scientist, Dr. R. A. Vollenweider, Directors of the programs located at this site maintain focus on continues to provide leadership to the eutrophication studies of the overall goals of the Department and the ways in which the OECD and in the coming year will oversee the preparation of individual programs, while collaborating and sharing facilities the final reports on this international program. on site, work cooperatively towards these ends. PROJECT LIST FOR CCIW

1976-1977 Fiscal Year

The research program of the Branch was focussed on Commissioned Studies the following topics: These studies are usually commissioned to Eutrophication Water quality management for stewardship, assist in the solution of priority Directorate food, and recreation requires that water tro- and Departmental problems. Examples include phic state and nutrient levels be consistent Mercury, PCB's, and Asbestos as well as with water use requirements; research is de- contributions to longer term activities such as signed to show most suitable methods in Point Pelee for Parks Canada, Kootenay Lake resolving water use conflicts, and restoring in B. C., etc. degraded systems.

Ice and Water Interactions Toxic Substances Ice hinders water flow and causes floods. Ice The presence of deleterious contaminants in forces also affect transportation and power the aqueous environment presents both a short production. and long term water management concern, particularly in relation to food, stewardship, and recreation; and relates to the role of Physical Processes in Lakes water as both a receiver and as a resource. Basic knowledge of the physical processes in lakes is essential for understanding the move- Lake Systems Lakes, particularly large lakes, provide food; ment and distribution of pollutants and the and provide water supply for both industry and dispersal of wastes and heat. Surges and the human consumption; and serve as a rec- seiches cause flooding. reational resource.

Shore Processes Sediment/Water Interactions Industrial activity, recreation, and energy Definition of sediment/water interactions are development cause shoreline changes and con- • a prerequisite in establishing the significance flicting activities. Erosion protection is ex- of water quality conditions. As such, this pensive and good stewardship requires conser- research in support of water quality is reflec- vation of resources. The environmental im- ted particularly in management practices pact of changes requires the development of associated with aquatic resource use for food, models to provide assessment within the ac- stewardship, and recreation. ceptable time frame for projects.

Recent Events and Trends River Processes

The development of management strategies Rivers provide water for recreation, industry, for medium and long term water use activities energy production, and irrigation. is strongly predicated upon assessment of likely future conditions or events. This research is designed to extend the pre-record National Calibration data base so that more valid judgements may be made ... as the basis of water management " Data collection and research often depend on practices. Principal social issues relate to reliable current speed measurements. Calib- settlement, food, and stewardship. rat ion and adjustment of instruments are essential steps.

Urban Water Resources Research Support Management of urban water resources provides against pollution of water courses and reduces Services included within this category are flood damage. The program was initiated CCIW site-wide common user services suc-h as because of the term of reference in the Great the computer and its operation, the library, Lakes Water Quality Agreement. radioactivity, and electron microscopy facilities and other specialized facilities.

Methods Research and Instrumentation

Most of the application of the technology developed in this program relates to water quality as it concerns water supply for human consumption and industry, wildlife, fish, and human recreation.

5 INTRODUCTION

The CCIW Branch of the Inland Waters Directorate, To ensure CCIW Branch research response to both Department of Fisheries and the Environment, responds primar- Regional and National problems, research orientation is provid- ily to the research objectives of the IWD: ed from within the Branch by the CCIW Research Advisory Committee (comprised of the Senior Scientist, Research and Management staff) and from outside the Branch by the IWD "To provide the necessary information on and under- Director General (with advice from the Research Advisory standing of water systems for short and long-term Committee which is comprised of IWD Research Advisors and management problems and opportunities in Canada". other IWD Directors from across Canada). There are formal supplements to interactions between CCIW and other Director- The Branch undertakes a national research program in water ates of EMS, other services, other Departments, and provincial quality and quantity. It advances, applies, and disseminates governments. scientific and engineering knowledge and understanding of all aspects of inland waters for the benefit of planners, engineers, Within the Directorate, the CCIW Branch cooperates and managers of such resources throughout Canada. with the National Hydrological Research Institute (NHRI) and also with three operational branches dealing with water quality The core research program maintains and develops (networks and laboratories), water quantity (river flows) and the necessary expertise and knowledge to apply the results of water planning and management) dyking, flow negotiation, etc.). research ta: Within the Service, the CCIW Branch is allied with Lands, Forests, and Wildlife Directorates. Within the Department, and through interdepartmental relations, there are links with At- the development of national effluent regulations, mospheric Environment Service, Ocean & Aquatic Sciences, and guidelines Environmental Protection Service, and National Health & Welfare. Ongoing activities also result in relationships with the control of the formulation of products that find proponents of federal projects, such as the Department of their way into aquatic ecosystems Public Works, Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, and others. Through federal/provincial agreements and the IJC (Canada/- the execution of joint, cost-shared comprehensive US), the CCIW Branch becomes engaged upon studies with basin studies or site-specific investigations (e.g. environmental agencies where there are shared jurisdictions, federal/provincial; Canada/US) such as the Great Lakes and interorovincial rivers and lakes. the provision of advice and assessment tools (models) for the Environmental Assessment and This report describes the scientific cictivities of the Review Process staff of the three research divisions: Process Research Division, Applied Research Division, and Hydraulics Research the integration and translation of interdisciplinary Division. The engineering and support activities of the understanding into pertinent policy advice. Scientific Support Division and the Staff Services Division are also reported. - The research and development programs of the Centre are primarily involved with the quality of Canadian In response to research needs identified outside the inland waters (rivers, lakes and their basins) and some aspects Ontario Region, the Branch has detachments in Vancouver of the quantity of water, particularly those quantity aspects (Pacific and Yukon Region) and at the Freshwater Institute in that relate to the interpretation of water quality conditions, Winnipeg (Western and Northern Region) engaged primarily in and those that relate to research in hydraulics. site-specific or regionally relevant research topics. WHO COLLABORATING CENTRE ON SURFACE AND GROUND WATER QUALITY

INTRODUCTION (2) Coordinated the preparation of, and/or made a major contribution to the preparation of international "guides"

In October 1974, the Canada Centre for Inland and "manuals", such as: Waters (CCIW) was designated by the World Health Organiza- - A Guide on Water Quality Management (second tion (WHO) as the WHO Collaborating Centre on Surface and draft) Ground Water Quality (CC/SGWQ). Such international centres - A Guide on Water Quality Surveys (in press), and are designated by WHO to assist in the development and - Monograph on Diffusion, Dispersion and Self-Purifi- maintenance of high standards of work in specialized fields, and cation Processes of Pollutants in Rivers, Lakes, to coordinate certain international activities in order to achieve Reservoirs and Estuaries (first draft). improved precision, reliability, consistency and comparability in practice and better results from national and international studies. (3) Conducted regional surveys of the Western Pacific, Latin America, Eastern Europe, and Southeast Asia, for the The designation of CCIW as the WHO/CC was made purpose of assessing the state-of-the-art in water in recognition of: management practices, identifying the available expertise, determining the needs, and securing the cooperation (a) the expertise of the CCIW scientific staff in water quality of the countries involved. management; (b) the extensive laboratory facilities available at CCIW, and, (c) the expectation that such expertise and facilities might be (4) Responded to the findings of such surveys and internation- made available from time to time to technologists, al inquiries by: engineers, and scientists of other countries, particularly developing countries, for advice and/or training as required and mutually convenient. providing manuals on sampling, analytical methodology, microbiology, data and documentation storage TERMS OF REFERENCE and retrieval systems; arranging short-term consultancies and visiting fel- The original terms of reference in establishing the lowships on behalf of such organizations as CETESB, WHO/CC Comprised the following activities: Sao Paulo, Brazil; FEEMA, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Secretaria de Recursos Hidraulicos, Mexico City, - production of a bi-monthly or quarterly newsletter on Mexico; CARIS, Buenos Aires, Argentina; INCYTH, water quality progress; • Buenos Aires, Argentina; Laguna Lake Development - dissemination of information on standard measurement Authority, Manila, Philippines. and assessment methods; answering technical inquiries and conducting litera- - assistance on planning and execution of projects on ture search, and international water bodies; donating technical journals and books and providing development of training programs; on "indefinite loan" laboratory equipment as providing answers to requests for technical information. required and available.

This program was subsequently expanded to include the development and operational management of a "global (5) Played an active role in the preparation and/or cbnduct of water quality monitoring" system. a number of international symposia, such as International Symposium on Interaction Between Water and Living ACTIVITIES IN 1976 Matter, Odessa, USSR: and ECE Committee on the Pro- tection of Coastal Waters Against Pollution from Leind- During the year under review, WHO/CC had carried Based Sources, Lisbon, Portugal. out the following activities:

(I) Initiated regular quarterly publication of the Water Quality Bulletin - Bulletin de la Qualit6 des Eaux, in separate English and French editions for international distribution. The Bulletin is devoted to reviews of water management practices of international significance by nationally and internationally renowned scientists and managers. Approximately 1200 copies in English and 500 copies in French are printed of each issue. The Bulletin is distributed free-of-charge to a growing number of subs- cribers located in over 80 countries on the five continents of the world. Direct mailing from WHO/CC goes to some 600 addressees; additional mailing is made out of Geneva, Lima (Peru), and some other countries. In the four issues published in 1976, a total of 38 articles appeared written by scientists from 11 countries on four continents: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Hungary, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Philippines, Pol land, USSR, and Yugoslavia.

7 PUBLIC INFORMATION UNIT

The CCIW Public Information Unit continued to Among the most popular radio programs on which focus its modest resources on two important endeavours - staff from the Centre were interviewed and its work discussed response to public requests for information and media relations. were: "The Rogers Report" (CBC), "The Betty Kennedy Show" (CFRB), "As It Happens" (CBC) and, "The Bruce Smith Show" (CBC). During the year, over 2000 separate requests were handled in the Information Service. Although usually related to water management problems or to papers and reports, the range Levels of the Great Lakes continued to interest the of enquiries extended from questions about fish toxicity to media in response to monthly news releases reporting both dynamiting tree stumps. current and predicted conditions half a year hence.

Despite the three-year old cancellation of the public Further media interest in the Centre was occasioned visits program, as an economy measure, scores of applications by the August visit of The Honourable Russell Train, Administ- to visit or tour the Centre continued to be received. rator of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, accompan- ied by The Honourable Mitchell Sharp, The Honourable George Kerr, Ontario Minister of the Environment, and Mr. Walter By far the year's major news story was Dr. Dickson Giles, Assistant Deputy Minister of the Ontario Ministry of Liu's breakthrough in bacterial degradation of PCB's which Natural Resources. Similarly, several months later, the 16th resulted in extensive national and international attention. Annual Hydrographie Conference provided further opportunity While the Centre's recently completed film explaining its work, for reportage and interviews. "Second Frontier", continued to be both borrowed for private screenings and publicly telecast (including two broadcasts over the complete Global TV network), television, radio, and news- A new aspect of the Unit's activities was inter- papers maintained a steady interest in relating CCIW's efforts governmental cooperation with the Ontario Ministries of to Canada at large. The CBC broadcast two separate television Environment and Natural Resources to produce shared programs features during the autumn as well as radio interviews of of public information relevant to joint activities such as the various staff members. CTV interviewed the Director on the Canada-Ontario Agreement on Great Lakes Water Quality and health of the Great Lakes as also did the Toronto Star, Global the Canada-Ontario Great Lakes Shore Damage Survey. TV News, and the Burlington Gazette.

Distinguished guests during 1976 included, (seated left to right) the Honourable George Kerr, Minister of the Environment, Government of Ontario, the Honourable Russell Train, Administra- tor of the United States Environmental Protection Agency, the Honourable Mitchell Sharp, President of the Privy Council, and Mr. Walter Giles, Assistant Deputy Minister of the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, seen here at a news conference arranged as a finale of their visit to the Centre.

8 PROCESS RESEARCH DIVISION

I..

9 LAKE CHTARIO VED CCOGEN VERSUS TIAE AND DEPTH AT STATOR P-19 me - ule sheen 1, PTAS« CRASES CE THE 1AART1N KARSEN" DURNG B72 MO EARLY 1973 THE VALUES SHOWN AIE PERCENT SATURATCAL OR PERCFJe OF THE An- ECKPLEEKAI SALE

AKE

1.114.

AR. 1E12 Sm

Figure I Dissolved Oxygen in Lake Ontario

BOTTOM GAS SAMPLER

1. Polyethylene sample bottle. 1, capacity

2 ' tainless steel cone ( 304 ss), "1 2 A h.13.25"

4WAY bottom gas sampler. VALVE Figure 3 A • -Pb217nm

. , SAMPLE TRAP•

5--1110Vac VARIABLE TRANSFORMER — 80 -100 C

Figure 2 A GC-AAS system for element- and speciation-specific analysis of volatile organometallic compounds (detection limits 0.1 ng as the element).

For the discussion of these figures see page 12. 10 PROCESS RESEARCH DIVISION

INTRODUCTION The complexity and scope of processes which culmi- nate in Eutrophication require that research studies direct The Process Research Division contains five attention at a wide range of lake types, from Oligotrophic to sections: Nutrient Dynamics, Toxic Substances, Water Chemis- Hyper-Eutrophic; within this context research has included try, Geology, and Paleoenvironmental Studies. Projects under studies on both large and small lakes and upon "fjord" lakes study include Eutrophication, Toxic Substances, Urban Water (typical of the Pacific & Yukon region), and river-lake systems, Resources, Sediment/Water Interaction, Recent Events and as opportunities have arisen in conjunction with CCIW and IWD Trends, and Methods Research and Instrumentation Commis- regional programs. The processes of nutrient availability, algal sioned Studies. growth and decomposition, zooplankton grazing and nutrient flux to and from sediments in a wide range of lakes must be The Division remains closely involved in a wide better understood if the fundamental characteristics of eutro- range of studies and associations with other Canadian federal phie systems are to be appreciated. agencies, provincial agencies, US agencies, and universities (Canadian, US and overseas). Particular emphasis has been been applied to placed upon close coordination with the IWD support programs During the post year techniques have if phosphate, nitrate or with Canadian universities through the IWD Office of Subven- systems to quickly demonstrate tions in Ottawa. ammonia are controlling algal abundance. These techniques involve radiotracer studies using 32 P-PO 4 and hc-Fico, plus Research is strongly focussed upon problems and stable isotopes 15 N-NO3 and NH4. Emission spectrophotomet- concerns in the field of water management, across Canada, and ry has facilitated the more comprehensive nitrogen metabolism many of the Division's staff are actively involved in advisory studies. Work has also progressed on the use of acetylene and consultative capacities on a variety of committees and reduction techniques to estimate the importance of N2 -fixation studies. in the supply of nitrogen to lakes.

The Division has strongly supported the work of the The interrelationships of light, nutrient uptake, algal IJC references on the Upper Great Lakes, on pollution from growth and decomposition are central to understanding lake land use activities, on dredging in the Great Lakes, and is metabolism. Traditional methods of measurement of primary currently addressing contributions which may be made to productivity have provided a very confusing picture. During the studies on long range transport of air pollutants. Particular last three years the diurnal 02 changes in Lakes Ontario, Erie, attention has continued to focus on problems associated with and St. George have provided a clear demonstration of the toxic substances in aqueous systems, and Division staff have inadequacies of the 14C and 0 2 bottle methods. made substantial contributions with regard to heavy metals in the environment, persistent organics and oit spill effects. It is always suprising to find that the amount of organic carbon which is "dissolved" in lake waters is 2 - 10 In the light of forthcoming considerations relating to times the particulate organic carbon. This material has now the Canada-US Agreement on Great Lakes Water Quality, many been characterized chemically and its rote as nutrient and activities continue to focus on problems of nutrient control in metal carrier demonstrated. Transmission electron microscopy lake systems and prediction of response under various manipula- has been used to document the micromorphology of the fibrillar tive pract ices. colloids and to establish sites for extra-cellular phosphatase activi ty.

EUTROPHICATION Vertical fluxes of nutrients and factors which influence nutrient fluxes from sediments continue to represent Trophic Conditions an important aspect of eutrophication research. Techniques employed to measure vertical flux include settling chambers, Eutrophication research addresses, in particular, sediment traps, and mass balances. It is hoped that ultimately the need for effective water quality standards associated with settling rates can be related to hypolimnetic 02 depletion rates nutrient loadings and the character of biological response. The and release of nutrients from sediments. Internal loading of following questions illustrate some of the scope of this National nutrients has been detected using substance budgets and the research area: reduction of iron compounds in the sediments has been measured, using Mossbauer techniques. What forms of response to cultural loadings are exhibited by various surface water systems; what Trophic Conditions and Dissolved Oxygen in the levels of loading will still permit acceptable water Great Lakes quality; in terms of multiple water use, what objectives and criteria may be appropriate and how should such assessment be formulated; what options In 1976, an extensive internal report was prepared entitled "Eutrophication status of the Great Lakes". This report are available when considering loadings can is presently under consideration by the "cultural" inputs be put to good use or must we Nutrients Task Group of the Water Quality Objectives Subcommittee, IJC, and two continue to view them only in the light of some form shorter papers have been derived from it. of "effluent control"; how do nutrient loadings become reflected in biological response; what do we know of such stressed systems and the synergistic The first of these, "A Trophic Scale for the Great effects of toxic material in this environment; how Lakes" has been submitted to the Journal of the Fisheries can we develop suitable systems models of a Research Board. A second, "Trophic Conditions in the Great quantitative nature to allow for improved manage- Lakes, 1968 to 1975, on the Onset of Trophic Management", is ment of resources; how can we distinguish the in preparation. for the 1977 Great Lakes Conference and for the variability and long term changes in natural water Journal of Great Lakes Research. This research deals with system from the variability and long term changes in summertime mean values of Secchi-depth, chlorophyll, particu- natural water systems from those under cultural late organic carbon and total phosphorus, in offshore near- influence. surface waters. 11 From June 1976, a study has proceeded involving the laboratory. As an example, results from studies of levels interpretation of Great Lakes dissolved oxygen data. Interpret- and release of methyl mercury are given in the table below. at ion for Lake Superior, Lake Huron, and Georgian Bay has been completed. Lake Ontario is currently under study, to be

followed by eastern and central Lake Erie. Data included those Water 5 e eneats data for Lake Erie. The of CCIW, 1966 to 1976, plus earlier MeHg Mefig iota' MeHy Itelease work is viewed as background knowledge for Great Lakes water (nelit) C ■clik ,i) (;elik(1 ) (% in 3 hours) quality management. (Figure I). (See page 10)

Niagara <0.7 3.4- 8.5 2900- 3900 0.05 SUBSTANCES TOXIC St. Clair <0.7 <0.1-18.5 108- 2300 0.14-0.38

The CCIW national research program on toxic Peninsula Harbour <0.7-1.2 13-40 15700-25700 0.14-5.2 substances complements the work of a number of other Canadian and US federal agencies and provincial agencies and in Wabigoon River <0.7-3 1.4-14.5 1080- 4500 0.03-1.9 particular the need for more effective water quality standards Hamilton Harbour < 0.7 0.4- 2.4 750- 3890 0.05-0.06 provides a particular focus of attention. CCIW-IWD research is directed towards the development of methods and analysis for identification of contaminants and characterization of their form; to an assessment of their distribution, persistence, Studies on the binding of methyl mercuric hydroxide pathway, bio-accumulation, and possible degradation in the to N-formylmethionyl transfer ribonucleic acid of Escherichia aquatic environment; to an understanding of their synergistic coli were completed and the results presented in a published effect in aquatic stress, and in particular to an understanding of paper. The reaction was studied spectrophotometrically and their significance as an inhibitor within nutrient dynamic indicated that the N-Formylmethionyl-tRNA bound the methyl processes. mercury firmly and quickly to the 4-thiomidine base in the eighth Becase many agencies are presently involved with position from the 5' end of the RNA molecule. Toxic Substances research, IWD-CCIW is trying to build not only upon the results of its own studies but, particularly, to ldenti fications complement the work of others. Whilst this provides for op- Snow and rai samples were collected and analyzed timal use of resources, it also has the effect of fractionating for PCB's and organochlorine residues. The snow was taken the overall study into a number of specialized activities which from sites in the northern Ontario, Ottawa, Kingston, and relate not so much to each other, individually, but to the sum Hamilton regions. Rai was collected, on an event basis, from total of the national (and international) research effort. seven sites at Sibley (Thunder Bay), Batchawana Bay, Goderich, Metals and Organometals Manitoulin Island, Pelee Island, Picton, and CCIW. Preliminary results indicated the presence of lindane, methoxychlor, endo- Further experiments carried out this year indicated sulfan DDT residues, dieldrin, c& -BHC, as orell as PCB's in that chemical methylators, such as creatinine, methionine, quantifiable amounts in most samples. cobalamine, etc., which successfully methylate mercury, do not methylate lead (Pb2+). Methylation may follow a mechanism Samples were also collected and analysed to detail proposed by Carty for mercury - a non-B12 mechanism - which changes taking place at different times during a rainfall event involves the formation of a homocysteine complex. at several selected sites. • Such profiles are being correlated Lake sediment cultures, as well as pure bacterial with data from a sensitive rai gauge and may further cultures without sediment, have been found to convert selenite characterize the mode of deposition of some of the observed and selenate salts to two, sometimes three, and four volatile compounds. , selenium compounds, identified as dimethyl selenide, dimethyl diselenide and unknowns. An analytical procedure for the determination of volatile halogenated hydrocarbons in water by gas chromato- Sediment samples were collected to test their graphy at the 1-100 It g/9, range was developed and has been ability to methylate Pb, Se, As. Time was also spent in the modified to allow for field application. Employing these techni- Experimental Lakes Area near Kenora to participate in the lake ques samples were obtained from the Welland River (Niagara acidification studies with staff of both the Freshwater Institute Falls), Hamilton Harbour, St. Clair River (Sarnia) and Batcha- at Winnipeg and the Great Lakes Biological Laboratory (CCIW) wana Bay (Lake Superior). • The majority of these samples were where the complexing capacity of the waters, the labile and analyzed by simultaneous electron capture (EC) and flame bound meta Is, etc.,were measured. Addit iona I act ivit ies ionization (FID), and also by simultaneous FIC and flame included: photometric (sulfur mode) detection. In many samples, there I) the development of an element- and speciation- were up to ten chromatographic peaks (EC), most of which have specific technique for the analyses of a number of been tentatively identified only. Identification by GC-MS organometallic compounds (Figure 2), and analysis has not been successful to date because of the much lower sensitivity of this instrument. 2) the design of a bottom gas sampler for field collection of sedimentevolved gases (Figure 3).. • Samples related to two particular industrial sites near Niagara Falls and near Sarnia were obtained. Water, Further to the study on the toxic forms of lead, an sediment and seston samples were extracted; the first by both algal bioassay indicated that toxicity of lead is related to the solvent and XAD-2 resin method. All extracts been complexing capacity of the medium. This study was conducted have methylated and a start has been made to analyze them on the with a variety of lake waters of different complexing capacities gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer system. These deter- from the Sudbury region. minations together with data from a study of Twelve-Mile Creek, will be assessed regime distortion Sediment samples were obtained from areas having as a tool for future studies. mercury-rich deposits; namely, Niagara-on-the-Lake, Lake St. Clair, Peninsula Harbour (Marathon, Lake Superior) and in the Degradation Wabigoon River system (Dryden). They were examined for release of methyl mercury and for existing levels of mercury Laboratory conditions were developed for a conveni- (total and rriethyl) in the related surface waters and sediments. ent colorimetric determination of dehydrogenase activity in Studies were also undertaken which demonstrated the integrity lake sediment by reaction with the dye resazurin. Such a test is of procedures for, samples frozen in the field and analyzed in expected to prove useful in characterization of areas of high

12 biological activity and hence probably of degradation of organic be used in biological work. Several static assays, using Lake substances. Excellent precision (better than 1-3%) .can be Ontario water, indicated that 1-15 ppm of the dissolveçl volatile obtained at sensitive levels (capable of detecting 1 x 10 6 gasoline fractions stimulated the growth of natural heterotro- in 30 min) which correspond favourably with bacterial activity phic bacteria in the water. A flow-through bioassay system, other tests for biological activity. Preliminary results were adapted from the static system, was also developed which presented at the 19th Great Lakes Conference. Since then, produced steady state concentrations of 1-2 ppm of dissolved modifications have been made on the test to improve its volatile gasoline components in an aerated system. specificity. In cooperation with Dr. Tobin (ARD), the method has been tested on sediment samples from Lake Erie and a good Work is currently underway on the identification of correlation between this resazurin test and their ATP test was the dissolved volatile oil components in the above systems. observed. Further testing on environmental samples is being Preliminary results indicate a mixture of 15-20 hydrocarbons, undertaken. 80% or more of which are aromatics, predominantly benzene, toluene, and xylenes. Experiments have been conducted to study the toxic effect of 3-trifluoromethy1-4-nitrophenols (TFM) on the micro- A Workshop, entitled Impact of Oil in the Fresh- organisms in lake sediment. It was found that TFM at water Environment: Canadian Research Priorities, was held at concentrations of 20 ppm or less (TFM is applied less than 15 CCIW in October- it is anticipated that the proceedings ppm in the field) caused no significant changes in either (available April 1977)' will provide considerable guidance for numbers or types of heterotrophic bacterial populations. The future work in the broad field of oil and the environment. The installation of four cyclone fermenters in late 1976 greatly major areas of research which were identified as having high speeded up the persistence study of TFM. A degradation study priorities, include dispersant effects, community effects of oil with natural, exposed sediments gave evidence of two metabo- spills, statistical assessment of recorded spills and behaviour of lites of TFM under anaerobic degradation conditions. One of oil under ice conditions. these is 3-trifluoromethy1-4-aminophenol (RTFM). The experiment is being repeated for confirmation purposes. An experi- The cleanup of the ecosystem ponds at Shirley Bay, Ontario, was completed satisfactorily. The mental «model ecosystem study (in conjunction with GLBL) has assessment of the been started, involving simulation of actual stream treatment results on the response of these systems to an imposed stress, with TFM under controlled conditions. oil, applied during winter conditions, has progressed slowly. It was found that the more oil used, the greater the shift of the From studies with a potent PCB-degrading bacter- biological system from that found in the control pond. When ium isolated from activated sludge, a theory was developed to similar amounts of oil from different sources were applied, the delineate the degradation mechanism of persistent organic systems responded in different ways. When Pembina cruide oil substances in the aquatic environment. Studies showed that the was used, protozoa dominated the microbiota but in ponds primary site of the biodegradation of the persistent compounds where Normal Wells oil was utilized, chlorophyta generally was is at the substance-water interface, and that the rate of such the dominant phylum. Chlorophyta also dominated in the biodegradation can be greatly increased if the test compound control pond but the timing of the blooms was quite different can be suspended in the aqueous phase as a fine stable emulsion. from those of the heavily oiled ponds. Planning for a bench scale experiment on the study of PCB's biodegradation, using these principles has been completed. No major differences in either the microbiota or zooplankton were observed between oil treated and control Behaviour ponds, while there was complete ice cover. However, once the Two streams and their receiving waters were studied ice cover melted, the differences above, both in phyla and before and after treatment with the lampricide, 3-trifluoro- populations, were observed. A draft report of these results has methy1-4-nitrophenol (TFM). Water and sediment samples were been prepared and will be completed during 1977. extracted and examined by GC and CC-MS for TFM and possible metabolites. Samples from Oakville Creek (Lake Ontario) have been analyzed and, although the data are not yet fully processed, there is definitely some low-level persistence in both URBAN WATER RESOURCES water and sediment at the ppb level. The Sable River (Lake Some of the major effects of growing urbanization Superior) samples have not yet been analyzed. are the increased pollution of both potable water supplies, and The mechanisms by which cellulose is degraded in receiving water bodies. The main objectives of research under natural waters are not well understood and are of significant this program are to provide information concern;ng the charac- environmental importance. The cellulose enzymes of the mold teristics of urban water supplies and their significance in terms Trichoderma viride were purified and the mechanisms of their of local water treatment (e.g. organics content, fibres content), reaction with insoluble cellulose were examined. The celluloy- and to assess the effects of various water treatment processes on potable supplies and effluents, and their impact on receiving tic enzyme B -I, 4-glucan cellobiohydrolase is responsible for the splitting of cellobiose (glucose dimers) from cellulose and waters (lakes, rivers, streams etc). the cellobiase hydrolyzes cellobiose to glucose. The kinetics of National Assessment of Inland Waters the action of these two enzymes were examined in detail GS a function of various physical and chemical variables; various Searches of existing data files were carried out to features of their mechanisms were elucidated. gather information for a national inventory of natural organic Research was begun on the distribution of pesticides compounds in inland waters. All Provincial Departments of the and their partitioning between the aqueous and sediment phases Environment have been contacted for information as have in natural systems, and the fate of the pesticide in each phase. numerous universities and the NAQUADAT system. The pesticides to be examined are those used for the control of the spruce budworm in New Brunswick, fenitrothion [0,0- Parameters searched for included: humic acid, fulvic dimethy1-0-(4-nitro-m-toly1) phosphorothioate], and matacil acid, lignin, tannin, phenols, chlorophyll 9_, resin acids, amino [(4-(dimethylamino)-3-tolyl-N-methylcarbamate]. A literature acids, chloroform potential, etc. Data on only a few of these investigation has been completed and a beginning made on the parameters were available at each of the 24 initially selected analytical aspects of this problem. stations (two in each Province) and, consequently, an extensive experimental study will have to be undertaken during the Oil coming year. It is intended to collect, condense, and tabulate the data and index it in terms of geographical location, A study with a laboratory microbiological model, individual chemical compounds, classes of compounds, local steady state bioassay system previously developed showed it can water chemistry, etc.

13 Photochemical Processes in Aqueous Systems These data have been compared to the composition of source material in the shoreline bluffs. Calcite is highly weathered in Techniques for establishing photochemical reaction Lake Erie and is present in only a few stations close to shore mechanisms in simple model systems, such as tertiary alcohols and locations where sedimentation rates are high. Dolomite is and ethylene glycol, have been developed and two papers on also very depleted in the sediments. There is evidence also that structural and radical reactivity patterns will soon be published feldspars and possibly illite are depleted in the lake sediments in Can. J. Chem. With this groundwork completed, it should be relative to the bluff materials. The data are being examined to easier to establish photochemical reaction mechanisms for a determine rates of weathering and pathways of sediment wider range of environmentally-relevant compounds. transport. The Effect of Water Chlorination Processes on Fibres in Lake Superior Sediments Naturally-Occurring Materials in Inland Waters Preliminary examination last year of the fibre The production of volatile haloforms (mainly chloro- content of 20 Lake Superior surface sediment samples disclosed form and bromodechloromethane) during water chlorination has the presence of large numbers of asbestiform grains in been attributed to humic and fulvic acid-like precursors. Since sediments close to Silver Bay, Minnesota, with diminishing much of the fulvic and humic material in natural waters is numbers further out in the lake. This project has been associated with suspended matter, the simplest way of reducing continued with fibre counts being made of approximately 100 the haloform levels in finished water is to remove the suspended samples throughout the whole lake and mineralogical analyses matter prior to chlorination. It has been shown that standard of fibres from about 50 of these samples. The data will be water treatment processes, such as alum coagulation and sand analyzed to determine the extent of taconite tailings dispersion filtration before chlorination, effectively reduce the concentra- through Lake Superior, and a report is expected to be available tion of precursors by up to 66%. Ozone was also demonstrated in mid 1977. to be effective in removing haloform precursors. Vegetation of a Subarctic James Bay (Ontario) Salt Organics in Treated and Untreated Potable Waters Marsh In the light of rising concern about various water treatment techniques, studies were directed at the effective- Vegetation studies including species composition, cover and biomass were made along a one ness of the carbon adsorption minisampler(CAM). A thorough kilometre transect in a salt marsh located evaluation of the CAM revealed that the unit was not as useful on the southwestern coast of James Bay, as had been predicted by the US Environmental Protection near Moosonee, Ontario, Canada. Eight vegetation zones were Agency. The limitations of the unit are mainly associated determined from an intertidal colonization area dominated by with the high sulfur content of the carbon and extraction of the Puccinellia phryqanodes to the edge of willow thickets at the landward marsh. In each above-ground biomass exposed carbon: the actual adsorption process is relatively end of the zone, efficient (70-90%). EPA scientists now agree with us that the of vascular plants was determined by clipping at the time of system has severe limitations. peak biomass. Values ranged from a low of 29 g/m 2 (dry weight) on gravel beach ridges and 159 g/m in the mid-marsh, A seasonal survey of four water treatment plants to a high of 569 g/m 2 in the zone nearest the willow thicket has been carried out with the CAM but only gross changes in which was dominated by Juncus balticus. A weighted-mean organic loadings could be detected. Analysis of some of the above-ground biomass for the marsh was 357 g/m 2 . These extracts from this survey have resulted in the identification of biomass values were lower than reported in the literature for numerous individual organic compounds humic acids, fatty salt marshes located on the Atlantic coast of North America, acids (C9 -C 22 ), phthalate esters, etc. but were higher than those reported for Swedish salt marshes. Important parameters influencing species composition and SEDIMENT/WATER INTERACTION biomass include moisture regime, soil salinity, microtopography, As with other areas of research CCIW sediment/- and possibly soil temperature, as earliest vegetative, growth water interaction studies are national in scope and complement occurred in the Juncus zone which thawed first. the work of other federal and provincial agencies in respect to the development of more effective water quality standards and The most abundant species of salt-marsh vegetation methods for basin management. include Puccinellia phryganodes, P. lucida Scirpus maritimus, Triqlochin-- 77-ia«TiFna, Plantago maritirm—i,-Xtripi ex glabritcu a, Objectives are as follows: to determine the charac- A. patula, Giaux maritima, Sal-rF)177'lla europea, Hordeum ter and distribution of sediments in rivers and streams, and P otenWl-rei-éqedii, Carex paleacea, and Juncus balticus. compare with source materials to differentiate natural "background" conditions from those related to various forms of Water Chiemistry of Mire Ecosystems in the Hudson cultural loading; to develop an understanding of materials Bay Lowlands of Ontario, Canada transport, pathway, weathering and in situ degradation processes which affect specific basins under different climatiC Water samples were collected in lakes, fen and bog regime; to assess the chemical-biochemical and geochemical pools from the mire ecosystems of the Hudson Bay lowlands of characteristics of selected study areas to define what sediment- Northern Ontario, Canada during the summer of I 976. On each /water interface parameters may be used; further, to define the of 18 different water samples, a total of 33 chemical types of processes which prevail in various aquatic environ- parameters were analysed including pH, nutrients (N+P), major ments so that the availability of various contaminants may be cations and anions, and trace metals. Waters varied from determined; to determine bottom loading and suspended load ombrotrophic bog pools, averaging pH 4.0 to a marl lake of pH characteristics of individual aquatic systems, and, by compari- 8.2. The bog pools were characterized by low concentrations of son with budget models, to characterize lake response in terms most major ions, including silica, compared to minerotrophic of limnological processes, to assess the broader aspects of fen and lake waters, while sulfate was higher in bogs. The geochemical cycles in whole watersheds ut both local and nitrogen and phosphorus status of bog waters was not signifi- regional scales. cantly lower than more minerotrophic waters. Trace metal concentrations were similar in all waters studied. In bogs, Weathering of Minerals in Lake Erie Sediments inorganic carbon, measured as total alkalinity and bicarbonate, was extremely low, but dissolved organic carbon was higher, and A project to examine the weathering of minerals in in Lake Erie surface sediments is almost completed. The particulate organic carbon levels were similar to those found mineralogical composition of sediment from 135 stations has minerotrophic waters of fens and lakes. been determined by X-ray diffraction. In addition, the An examination of conductivity of waters in the composition of eight fractions ranging from fine sand to clay- area indicated that this parameter does not appear to be related sized material from 12 selected stations has been determined. to content of major ions in bog waters after subtracting

14 hydrogen-ion conductivity. This may be attributed to a The decomposition rates of the sedimentary organic matter are reduction of major ion conductivity by complexation due to in the following order: amino acids> amino sugass carbo- dissolved organic compounds. hydrates>humic compounds> lipids. Stable Isotope Studies Wetland Studies Isotope ratio measurements have provided important Wetlands, including marshes, are an important eco- clues on the sources and sinks of atmospheric sulfur. The system in terms of both natural and human interest, and isotopic compositions and concentrations of sulfur in bulk marshes are complex hydrologic and biochemical ecosystems in precitation samples collected from October 1973 through which various elements may be transformed into compounds September 1976 at 37 stations in the Great Lakes Basin have that may modify existing water quality. A study was initiated been monitored and the 6 3 'S results are summarized in Figure to investigate the structure, functioning and productivity of 4. littoral areas in different types of Great Lakes marshes with The striking feature of the graph is the marked respect to the release and/or retention of nutrients and heavy variation, with the samples in the winter months being metals. The results of a preliminary investigation of concentra- seasonal tions of zinc, lead, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, nickel and copper in three marshes on the eastern shore of Lake St. Clair showed the accumulation of these metals in marsh sediment -9 particles and in the marsh plant tissues. However, the metal concentrations in the marsh water remained low during the -8 whole study period. Consequently, it can be concluded that the

outflow from these marshes will contribute only negligible .7 amounts of the metals studied to the Great Lakes water.

Forms and Accumulation of Phosphorus in Lake Erie • Sediments .7., .5 The pi;osphorus in 48 surf icial Lake Erie sediment ,«> samples has been found to be in three major forms: phosphorus associated with apatite, nonapatite inorganic phosphorus

(NAIP), and organic phosphorus. The apatite is of natural, •3 detrital origin. It exists as particles ranging from fine sand to clay in size but mostly as silt-sized particles and is concent- .2 rated in fine-grained sediments accumulating in offshore depositional areas. NAIP is associated with amorphous hydrated ferric oxide in the oxidized microzone, but is present as • AvERAGE. URBAN STATIONS • r•—• WERAGE. REMOTE STAT•ONS vivianite (Fes(P0 4)2.8H 20) and possibly other forms also in the ▪ NERAGE, RURAL STATIONS reduced zone. The organic phosphorus content of the sediment o 0 N Dl F RAM JjASON DJ F AlAmJ is closely related to organic carbon content. The phyllosilicate, »73 n75 MONTH • YEAR organic matter, and reactive iron and manganese components of the sediments existed in intimate association. Figure 4 Seasonal Variations of Isotopic Ratios in Atmospheric Precipitation Six Lake Erie sediment cores, from locations having widely different sedimentation rates, show that rate of input much heavier than those of the summer months. For all the and sedimentation of apatite phosphorus at a given locality has stations, the mean difference in sulfur isotopic composition been approximately constant during the last few hundred years between the winter and summer months is about 4°/oo. The relative to total sedimentation rate at the some locality. difference between the data for the urban and rural/remote Apatite is not a significant source of soluble phosphorus for stations is alào quite pronounced. In contrast to the isotopic Lake Erie. By contrast, the rate of sedimentation of nonapatite data, there were no seasonal variations in sulfate concentra- inorganic phosphorus (NAIP) and organic phosphorus has steadily tions. These observations tend to implicate microbial release of increased in accordance with increased loadings in recent years sulfur from soils and wetlands as being an important source of of the source material, namely phosphorus of anthropogenic atmospheric sulfur compounds in the Great Lakes Basin. origin. The rate of sedimentation of these two forms of Detailed data analisis suggests that the sulfur from bacterio- phosphorus at a given locality varies greatly within the lake, genic sources amounts to 10-30 °/oo of the total sulfur emitted and is greatest where the most fine-grained sediments are annually in the basin. The study thus lends support to models of accumulating. It was concluded that the sediments of Lake Erie the global sulfur cycle which invoke (such) ‘bacteriogenic contain sufficient orthophosphate-retaining sites to prevent emissions to explaiii the origin of the approximately 100 million major regeneration of phosphate iinder any conceivable tons of volatile sulfur compounds which cycle annually through condition, provided the overlying water remains oxidized. the atmosphere. Diagenesis of Organic Matter in Great Lakes RECENT EVENTS AND TRENDS (GEO) Sediment This area of CCIW research is national in .scope, it The organic motter ih the modern sediments of addresses the extent and rates of environmental • change and Lakes Ontario, Erie and Huron is composed of humic Compounds considers their significance particularly in terms of resource (68 to 85%), amino acids (10 to 20%), lipids (2 to 8%), utilization, during the last 16-15,000 years. Special emphasis is carbohydrates (2 to 6%) and amino sugars (0.5 to 4%). Amino placed upon the separation of cultural influences from back- carbohydrate concentrations are, high in plankton ocid and ground conditions during the past 100-300 years. samples, which are the primary source of sèdimentary organic • matter in the Great Lakes i These compounds are decomposed The major focus of attention is directed towards: during their passage through the food chain and at the the identification of trends in the trophic status of lakes which sediment-water interface, with the concurrent formation of may be related to: a) natural "oging", b) climatic change, and humic compounds. The degree of diagenesis of modern c) cultural impact; relating the impact of human developments sedimentary organic matter is related both to the trophic state •within basins to specific time frames or events (to allow of the lake and to the water depth, with the greatest degree of quantification of loading rates including contaminants - and to alteration in the most eutrophic leike basins and in the assess basin response); showing the significance of extreme shallowest water depths. Diagenesis of the organic matter is events, e.g. floods, forest fire,_cold/wet/hot/dry climatic rapid prior to burial in the sediments and is slow after burial. maxima, etc., which will allow for more refined predictive

15 models in support of land use alternatives planning, engineering from a low of 25 g rn -2 yr (0.1 mm yr -1) to a maximum value projects, and water regulation, etc.; and providing a contri- of 780 g m 2 yr (2.0 mm yri ). Sedimentation rates are bution to the evaluation of long term climatic change under the related to the proximity of terrestrial source, circulation lead of the Atmospheric Environment • Service, in support of patterns and bottom topography. The highest rates are found at predictive planning for agriculture, transport and communic- locations closest to the shoreline and at the base of steep-sided ation, and shelter and population placement. troughs. The present-day sedimentation rates are smaller than and are proportional to the average postglacial sedimentation Autecology of Shelled Invertebrates rates.

With the completion of the 1975 and 1976 field seasons, the collection of data for the studies on the autecology A total of six million tons of fine-grained sediment of shelled invertebrates is basically completed. Taxonomic lists is annually deposited in the lake. Erosion of the red clay bluffs of the ostracode species collected and identified from 6720 of Wisconsin is the major sediment source accounting for up to stations have been prepared as CC1W unpublished manuscripts. 58% of the external input. Rivers contribute 30% of the It is expected that similar reports will be prepared for the external sediment load. It is calculated that the Duluth basin is molluscan taxa identified. the repository of 37% of the total natural sediment loading to the lake. In addition to the autecological studies for shelled invertebrates already carried out, an additional 100 samples from different stations were collected to expand the aute- Anthropogenic Particles in Lake Erie Sediments cological details of land snails. Stations were located in the deciduous and mixed evergreen forests along Lake Erie Lake Huron and Lake Superior, extending north through the boreal' Several types of anthropogenic sand-sized particles forest of the Canadian shield to the woodlands, wetlands, tidal have been identified in Lake Erie sediments. They occur most flats, and fringing tundra of Hudson Bay Lowlands. abundantly along shipping lanes and in the southern part of the lake offshore from major industrial ports. Their composition Latitudinal Diversity of Unionid Clams and distribution suggest that the four most common types are derived from the activities of coal-burning and coal-carrying The ranges of 230 Unionacean clams from lakes and ships. There is probably little impact on the chemistry of the streams of Canada and the United States (primarily from the literature) have been studied and their diversity gradients lake system from these sand-sized particles. However, this calculated. The latitudinal distribution patterns owe their study indicates that a major increase in the numbers and variety • characters to: of anthropogenic particles occurred early in the 20th century and they therefore provide a useful time horizon for the study I) south-north temperature gradients, of modern sedimentary processes. 2) hydrology and paleohydrology of the continental land mass, and 3.) dispersal barriers.

The less obvious features are explained by major shifts in atmospheric circulation patterns during the Pleistocene and also by the limnological properties of water bodies. METHODS RESEARCH & INSTRUMENTATION Statistical Studies Photooxidation and Photoelectrooxidation of Metal Univariate and multivariate analyses of the limno- Oxide-Water Interfaces logical data, collected for autecological purposes, have been undertaken for the purpose of classifying lakes and ponds. The classification is being carried out by Applied Research Division Analytical methods for product identification have been developed for some simple systems involving photoxidation and is expected to be developed into a quantitative classification during 1977/78. and photoelectrooxidation of metal oxide-water interfaces. A rotating photoelectrode has been constructed which, it is hoped, will provide a completely new technique for detecting photo- Paleoenvironmental Interpretive Models chemically generated free radicals at sediment-water interfaces. Photooxidation of various compounds and materials In the fall of 1976, statistical assessment of various appears to offer an interesting and potentially highly efficient paleoenvironmental interpretive models was started. To date, technique for some the degradation of some pollutants in it has been shown (Delorme et al.„1977) that the models are shallow water systems. more complek than originally conceived.

Paleol imnology Determination of Partition Coefficients of Toxic In a study of Holocene and more recent phases ot Volatile Organic Compounds Lake Erie development (in cooperation with Hydraulics Research Division), assemblages and frequency of occurrence of The obective of this study was to determine the mollusc shells were used as qualitative indices to outline the distribution of physiologically-active compounds and environ- stratigraphy of a shoal core south of Point Pelee. The study mentally-undesirable compounds between model lipids and also explains the history of the Hypsithermal for this region of water. These distributions are directly related to the accumu- the Great Lakes. lation of toxic substances in both living organisms and in those parts of the environment in which such organisms must live. Sedimentation Rates in Lake Superior

Present-day sedimentation rates were determined at Partition coefficients of toxic organic liquids (CCI 4, ten offshore locations, representative of the depositional basins benzene) between glycerol trioleate (human fat) and water were in Lake Superior. Sedimentation rates were calculated by determined. For benzene, the partition coefficient is about 30 averaging the weight of sediment deposited above the Ambrosia times larger than the corresponding coefficient for the model pollen horizon, dated at 1890. The rates are variable ranging system of octanol and water. APPLIED RESEARCH DIVISION

APPLIED RESEARCH DIVISION

INTRODUCTION recharge areas in river basins) from optical measurements and from aircraft and satellite data in the optical radiation bands. The Applied Research Division of CCIW Branch is where continuous profiling possible with optical measurements engaged in field and laboratory studies of the natural science of is indicative of conditions that, ot present, con only be observed the inland waters of Canada with a particular emphasis on the serially. examination of lake systems through observation and modelling The Analytical Methods Research Section carries techniques, and on the development of analytical methodology out research in a wide range of new or improved analytical in the fields of analytical chemistry, radiochemistry, GC/MS, methodologies for identification and quantitative measurement electron microscopy, microbiology and remote sensing. of chemical constituents. They provide special research and The work of the group has direct application in such analytical service in electron microscopy, GC/MS and radio- federal-provincial studies os the major IJC references on chemistry. They also carry out research in radio-ecology and pollution in the Upper Great Lakes, and pollution from land surveillance related to radionuclides. drainage; and in support of the Directorate and Service through Further to the involvement of the Microbiological specific method development and methodology problem investi- Laboratory Section in IJC studies, noted above, this Section also gation. A major element of the former program activity is the engages in study of analytical methodology for both health data management (storage, archive, and retrieval) role which is related indices and lake microbiology. They have carried out also contained in the Division. With this data management contract studies under the Canada-Ontario Agreement and for activity is combined the professional service group serving all the Environmental Protection Service. This Section is also groups on the site, providing leadership and coordination in a responsible for provision of the service of a microbiological technological area vital to aquatic environmental research. laboratory facility to all groups at the Centre and to federal The activities cover the following range: agencies in the Region. Closely allied with field investigation is the need for (a) The investiiation of the occurrence and distribution of efficient and reliable data archiving and data manipulation. pollution problems in lake systems through cooperative The Data Management Section serves both functions at the studies with other Divisions of the Branch and of the Centre with the aim of enhancing data entry and accessibility federal and provincial government agencies. These utilize for improved research productivity. The link between data, both field and modelling techniques. interpretation and modelling is strong and the data management (b) The development of field observational techniques and function, therefore, essential to the total success of our models which serve the above activity. endeavours. (c) The development of methodology for laboratory analyses of several types. COMMISSIONED STUDIES (d) The provision of advice and information to all sectors based on the expertise and the subjects of investigation in Thermal Structure and Circulation of Kootenay Lake the Division, and Knowledge of the thermal and current structure of (e) The provision of analytical services to Directorate, fjord lakes and its response to reguation of the mass, energy and Service, Department, and other govemment agencies for quality of the inflow and outflow of the lake is important to the those variables for which we have unique capabilities in problem of assessing the impact of regulation of the lake-river expertise or equipment. system for the generation of hydroelectric power, flood control, The work of the Division is carried out in five agricultural uses, and for international agreements. A three Sections: year programme of investigation was established in Kootenay Lake in the spring of 1976. Basin Investigation & Modelling Section Remote Sensing Section The analysis of the experimental data collected in Analytical Methods Research Section 1976 is in the early stages of completion. Some processes Microbiology Section affecting the thermal structure and thus the depths of the Data Management Section chemically and biologically important zones have been identified. In Figures I and 2 daily averaged temperature profiles in The Basin Investigation & Modelling Section has the southern end, Twin Bay, and in the northern end, at several Great Lakes been largely involved in the final stages of Schroeder Creek, demonstrate that the thermal structure Projects including the IJC Reference on Pollution in the Upper changes dramatically over periods of about eight days. Careful Reference on Pollution from Land Use Great Lakes, the IJC inspection of the diagrams reveals that the oscillations of the Activities, the International Field Year for the Great Lakes thermal structure are out of phase at the two ends of the lake. of the physical impact of waste heat. (Lake Ontario) and studies Another process which rapidly alters the thermal structure at a in terms of lake In these surveys data have been interpreted single point are warming events which evidently progress from a and distribution of contaminants, trophic state, circulation source region in the southern half to the northern portion of the material balance and loadings. The Remote Sensing, Microbio- lake over a period of several days. A sudden warming event is in logical and Data Management Sections have also participated shown in Figure 3. Further study is planned to gain an this activity. Participation of BIMS in studies of similar understanding of these and other processes controlling the subjects has also taken place in Kootenay Lake, B. C. BIMS formation and erosion of the thermal structure in fjord lakes in continues its involvement in the Great Lakes surveillance order that the response of the thermal structure to regulation program and in the development and testing of lake system be better understood. models. Reservoirs and Impoundments The Remote Sensing Section engages in the study and movement of light conditions inside lakes, and reflected It has long been recognized that the construction of from lake and land surfaces, for the purposes of interpreting reservoirs has certain environmental and ecological effects This is both a research program and a tool used to assist other other than those intended. For example, dams are often scientists and engineers in their interpretation of survey results, obstacles to the movement of anadromous fish, and much effort where the the areal variations are particularly revealing or has been devoted to the design of fish ladders and other means water conditions (e.g. turbidity and chlorophyll in lakes or of maintaining fish populations in dammed streams.

DAILY AVERAGED TEMPERATURE PROFILES However, during recent years it has become apparent that reservoir construction may have other effects which are less immediately obvious and may be distant in space from DATE - AUGUST 1976 LOCATION - KOOTENAY LARE 8.C,. the actual construction, but which may be at least as significant MOORING - INTN BAY 1120111 as the more direct and obvious ones. For example, the change INSTRUMENT - FIXED TEMPERATURE PROFILER ISOTHERM - 10 DEGREE PARIES NITY1 A • in the flow regime may have very far-reaching consequences downstream. An almost classic example of this is the effect of the W.A.C. Bennett Dam on the Peace-Athabasca Delta. Very 7 7 7 7 7 7 r4 2Z2C22 PC 2 2 extensive changes began to occur in the delta shortly after the dam was closed and, since these were disadvantageous for the local population, it was necessary to undertake a very large research programme to determine what measures could best be used to restore the original conditions.

Estuaries, and even adjacent parts of the sea, may also be affected. There is some evidence that regulation of the Saint Lawrence River may already have affected fish catches in the Gulf. Possible effects of this kind have been a major concern for those responsible for determining the ecological consequences of the James Bay project.

..... fl.ted nofaura ■•• ea

TEmPERATURE SCALE 2.00 12.00 22.00 _22.00 ■■■ Ca

Figure I Daily averaged temperature profiles for the month (a) of August, 1976 at the southern end of Kootenay KOOTENAY LFIKE EBY ISOTHERM PLOTS. - SCHROEDER CREEK 1100mETREI 0C108ER 1976 Lake (Twin Bay). •-•-• f••• • •-le. • • •-•-.• t et IS t

IP _ , DRILY RVERFIGED TEMPERRTURE PROFILES e„er aY ■11;

DOTE - AUGUST 1976 .; elfr-^ e-4S1r4 ›eneers:-. LOCATION - KOOTENAY LARE 8.C. \e"P'" 4ternejer mamma - SCRROEDER CREEK 1100 111 INSTRUMENT - FIXED TEMPERATURE PROFILER ■ ?1 - p4.; 144w „Ao ISOTNERM - 10 DEGREE MARKED NITA R • \e yeri \lie"; V\Q„olty491 114""/

: C 4 : • 0 0 (b) KOOTENA, LAKE FTP ISOTHERm PATS. - PILOT BAY 1:35METREK OCTOBER :976

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SOintRP P..375. - T41N BAY 112011E IRE : OCTOBER 1976

• • • ,,,,,,,,,, •-• • • • • • •• TEMPERATURE SCALE 2.00 12.00 22.00 02.00 et 111 ea

Figure 2 Daily averaged temperature profiles for the month Figure 3 Isotherm displacements in deg C in time and depth of August, 1976 at the northern end of Kootenay for (a) northern end, (b) central lake, (c) southern Lake (Schoeder Creek). Temperatures are in celsius. end of Kootenay Lake, October, 1976.

20 It is also well established now that large and deep and resource development, particularly siting of thermo-nuclear impoundments may lead to seismic distrubances in their power plants, and waste discharge systems. An understanding vicinity. There has already been at least one instance - of this in of the characteristics of coastal current and thermal jegimes is Canada. essential to determine their driving mechanisms and to investi- In order to provide a rational basis for the assess- gate their effect on biological, chemical, and geological ment of these and other environmental risks, it has been processes which occur in the coastal zone and to estimate the transport and dispersion of pollutants such as thermal and other proposed to prepare a handbook on environmental effects of waste effluents that are likely to be discharged into coastal impoundments under Canadian conditions to serve as a guide to waters. The Canada Centre for Inland Waters has conducted those responsible for such undertakings. As a preliminary to several studies specifically designed to characterize, in a this, a review has been prepared on the present state of climatological sense, the coastal zone water movements that knowledge of these matters in Canada and will be ready for circulation very shortly. are of particular relevance to dispersive characteristics in the Great Lakes. Chemistry of Natural Waters The escape of ammonia from water to the atmo- phere has been measured both in the field and in the laboratory The flow characteristics in the coastal zone are )y following the decrease with time of ammonia concentration extremely complex due to the interactions of a number of n water. The laboratory measurements were done in a small hydrodynamic and meteorological variables including wind mind tunnel at pH values of 8.3, 9.1 and 10.0 and at wind speeds stress, bottom friction, and density gradients, etc. and , from 1 to 6.5 ms -1 . The ammonia concentrations ranged up to therefore, deterministric predictions at present are not 1000 pg tn. The exchange coefficient, Km, varied linearly feasible. For the immediate future, however, a statistical or from about 1.5 cm hr -1 at I m s" to about 3.5 cm hr "1 at 6.5 rri climatological approach appears to be realistic for solutions of . This relationship was based on data obtained at all three many coastal water resource management problems. With this pH values. The field measurements showed considerable objective in mind, CC1W is currently in the process of publishing scatter, but were consistent with the laboratory results. On the statistical and climatological reports based on detailed field basis of these results, the escape of ammonia from water can be observations at specific but typical coastal sites. One such considerable (the maximum observed rate was around report was published by CCIW and Ontario Hydro in 1976 based 70 pg fl hr ), but depends on the pH, since the percent of un- on a cooperative study during 1974 near Douglas Point, Lake ionized ammonia, which is the species that escapes, becomes Huron, where a major nuclear power complex is currently under close to zero at pH 8. construction (CC 1W Report No. 17). Some typical results from this report are reproduced in Figure 4 and 5. Shown here are monthly summaries of wind and currents for August, 1974 for LAKE SYSTEMS two current meter moorings located at I km and 6 km from shore. An important observation one can make from these plots (a) Coastal Physical Processes is that strong longshore currents within a few kilometres from Coastal areas are increasingly used for recreation the shore dominate organized flow patterns in the Great Lakes.

MOORING : 1 5 DATE: nuc 197'4 MOORING : 9 DATE: nuG 197 , , MONTHLY SUMMARY: WIND AND CURRENT* MONTHLY SUMMARY: WIND AND CURRENT*

WIND WIND — m , SEC M/SEC m/SEC M/SEC 1=3 7 M/SEC c=3 2 7 M/SEC

ONSHORE ONSHORE 0201 020°1

(

CURRENT — C-S CM/SEC 5_15 Cm/SEC z IS CM/SEC

(

DEPTH: 10 IT

DEPTH:19 m DEPTH:3% m

Figure 4 Summary of Wind and Currents, August Figure 5 Summary of Wind and Currents, August 1974 for a Current Meter Mooring at I km 1974 for a Current Meter Mooring at 6 km from Shore from Shore

21 An important scientific objective of these studies is PERIOD ( HOURS ) to resolve the large scale transport and exchange processes in 4 3 2 10 6 4 3 the coastal boundary layer. Towards this objective, detailed 102 -6 calculations have been performed to determine the mean flow

properties, horizontal turbulence, current stress, and dispersion 6 characteristics of coastal currents for specific areas of the a. 6 km FROM SHORE Great Lakes. typical result from these 4 Figure 6 shows a b. 3 km FROM SHORE calculations. Shown here are kinetic energy spectra of coastal 3 c. 2 km FROM SHORE currents from four current meters located at distances ranging 2 -1 from I km to 6 km from the shore for a typical summer period. d. 1 km FROM SHORE It is of interest to note that while the inertial currents 103 .7: dominate offshore, these currents are drastically modified cs, nearshore. As a consequence, there is a transition zone where 6 rotary inertial currents are gradually modified and are forced to a) 4 - flow more or less parallel to the local shoreline. 3 -

(b) Inter-basin Exchange Studies, Lake Huron 0 2 -1 The program of ,study of the interchange of water and materials between lake basins continued during the year 102 1 with both field work and analysis and interpretation of existing data. 6 The field program was designed to provide the 4 information required for estimation of the exchange between 3 North Channel and the main body of Lake Huron. Knowledge of 2 this exchange and its impact on materials balance for North Channel was lacking when the Upper Lakes Reference Report 10 was written. During the period May-November, time series measurements of water currents and temperatures were made 6 1, at up to four depths in Mississagi Strait and Detour Passage and 4 at several locations in North Channel. Meteorological variables 3 were also measured from buoys anchored in the middle of North Channel. Surveys at monthly intervals were made to elucidate 2 the thermal structure and heat content of North Channel. 1 Analysis and interpretation of current and tempera- 0-2 2 3 4 6 10-4 2 - 3 4 6 ture measurements made during 1974 in Main Channel, which connects Lake Huron and Georgian Bay, were completed during FREQUENCY ( C.P. H. ) the year. The principal finding was that thermal stratification in summer permits up to ten times more transport between Figure 6 Kinetic Energy Spectra of Coastal Currents basins than would occur if no stratification existed. Figure 7 for a Typical Summer Period shows some of the results of this study. On the left in that figure are mean flow values observed at three depths in a mooring in Main Channel, while on the right is the vertical profile of current speed derived from an analytical solution for SPEED cm/sec V(Z)»:10 a two-layer model in which the lower layer is stratified. The model solution demonstrates what can only be inferred from -8 -8 -4 -2 0 2 4 -.4 -.2 0 .2 .4 .8 -8 1.0 observations, namely, that there can and must be a significant transport of surface water from Lake Huron to Georgian Bay. Flow to Flow to Lake Huron Georgian Bay Impact of Energy Development

In support of the IJC heat studies, a field measurement program was undertaken during the winter of 1975-76 to define the characteristics of a winter, period sinking plume phenomena.

During January, February and March, 1976, field measurements were recorded in the immediate vicinity of the thermal outfall from the Pickering Generating Station of Ontario Hydro located on the north shore of Lake Ontario. This 30 mDeoth study was designed to collect thermal, meteorological and current data in the area with the intent of defining the Figure 7 Mean currents observed at Mooring 7, Main strength, extent and configuration of sinking plumes under Channel, during May-November 1974 (left), different environmental conditions. Physical data of this type and vertical profile of current speed for are also necessary for plume model verification during winter steady, wind-driven channel flow when conditions. homogeneous surface layer of depth Sinking plumes can occur during the late winter Z = 0.25 h overlies stratified lower layer months when ambient conditions and sufficient density gra- (right). dients allow a normally buoyant plume to sink at some distance from the point of discharge. This occurrence results in sudden Figure 8 shows a view of the station that pictorially bottom temperature changes of several degrees and correspond- defines the areal extent and configuration of the sinking plume ing thermal shocks to the resident biota. effect during a bathythermograph survey taken over a period of

four hours on February 5, 1976. In this figure, the 3 and 4 FEB. 5-1976 50 degree isotherms are used to define the plume and are plotted HORŒ SC.ALE r*: surface to bottom in an isometric manner in an attempf to show c . the respective isotherms as a 'front'. Solid continuous lines are VERT SCALE .• \ the surface occurrence while the broken lines are the bottom LEt SuRF•CE ISCITNEMA I CI occurrence of the front. Lines joining the two are either solid or EKNTON GOTMERINI • CC-Cl• CATS STATIONS • 14 1000 Dac•••• broken, the latter implying a hidden line condition; that is the OUTFN1 STATICNS RAN G GEOCNNE CURRENT METRES surface of the front is further offshore than the bottom.

Comparison of presentations of similar surveys show

clearly the variability of the plume in areal extent and strength. -5 .110 The Iill 0. time-series measurements allow a statistical interpretation 20 C of the plume behaviour with time and correlations with meteorological conditions. Information on plume behaviour of

this type is used ultimately to determine the chemical and • • 340•••C biological implications of discharging large quantitites of heated effluent as a surface discharge. Figure 8 Areal Extent and Configuration of the Sinking Plume (b) Nearshore Plume Simulation Models

1 Several computer models have been developed in- 0 1---e-C 455. house and by contracted work for predicting nearshore thermal plumes, waste effluent, and patches. Efforts have been made to • link these models to existing biochemical models. These are o I NUMERICAL SOLUTION part of an integrated study to develop a general program aT 0 • • 1 Fro = 3.2.CONFINED JET 0 CO package with greater flexibility and versatility in the prediction To of the movementt and reactions of waste effluents and, in particular thermal discharges, in the coastal environments. 0 Fr- 44 1DATA OF STOLZENBACH Figure 9 shows the predicted and observed centreline tempera- • Fro = 2.1 AND HARLEMAN tures in a thermal jet for the nearfield (0-Y2 km). Attempts are being made to model with interface the nearfield thermal jet a (1.1 farfield (Y2-2 km) advection-diffusion model, which can in turn i`o be linked to the lakewide (2 km and over) water quality and Yit,Fo t7, transport model. The interfacing of the model is designed to give a better understanding and assessment of the environmen- Figure 9 Predicted and Observed Centreline Tem- tal impact of waste effluents and to provide some guidelines to peratures in a Thermal Jet for the Near- the definition of mixing zones for various contaminants. The field (0-3'2 km) large volume of coastal zone current data collected at CCIW provides an excellent basis for developing and verifying models. Various numerical methocis and grid designs have been developed to accommodate such physical, semiempirical relationships as variable eddy diffusivities.

Atmospheric Loading

Materials transported by the atmosphere and deposited on both aquatic systems and terrestrial drainage basins have been shown to consistute a significant portion of the total loadings of such systems. The atmospheric loadings of biological nutrients, major ions and toxic substances were investigated in the Great Lakes Basin during 1976 through programs of precipitation chemistry and atmospheric transport and deposition modelling. Precipitation chemistry measurements were conducted by the IWD Water Quality Branch adding to the extensive data base existing for the Great Lakes Basin. This data base now contains over five years of records for several stations and of the charaacter of precipit- constitutes a substantial evidence 140 44 10. 155." 0. .., n•• Neb./ IN« ation chemistry for the basin. Limitations of the bulk samplers W. 1074 • -T•Nur••Ercs Item • c• n ■.• • • s it . 0 II* 100 1. I 000 12 Ii *0 1 250 5100 used in the network have been demonstrated and actions were • 20* . • SS .0 11.• • IS I II • IV •/0 •SO taken during 1976 to institute automatic wet-dry sampling on an • 14 0 511 lI 112 100 1100 • IS • . 0 11 05 5 • 0 .00 • .51 I. l• VS 1 10 0 1700 overlap basis to provide continuity with past observations. • II 1 . II SS I. 1100 • 17 t• 1. .0 Special samples were collected at several stations for synthetic 10 55 :5 114 05 "0 11 Il RI . 74 1.0 Il 55 . 51 0 .0 organic analysis. ' The results of the latter are described IS 70 0 1 01 ItO 5500 14 II 0 711 1 111 110 0000 elsewhere under toxic substances studies. II 4* 50 10 110 5 50 0 .4 • • 4S I 1110 .00 07 4 1 40 •• 1.1 .00 I. 500 1111 1 I St 0 0 50 00 III • 1 t• •• .• Through contract with H. G. Acres Consulting 20 17 • 110 I 1 100 I 170 0700 . • I. 1 I •• 1 3. .00 for tt 1 0 . . • 140 • SO. Services Ltd., Atmospheric Loading estimates were obtained . • I . I I •0 .0 .1100 . IS* 55 0 t 3 140 re • 110 4500 the Lower Great Lakes and the Great Lakes drainage basins. . IS 0 550 I t •* t• 1150 2 100 24 250 .0 I I IS• 21 110 50 00 Both atmospheric transport models and precipitation chemistry TO • 150 I t 150 III .0 0500 . t1 5 110 I 1 120 It 45 0 2 000 21 1 t 1 . SS • 1110 11. data were employed to achieve these estimates. Figure 10 from SO l• • . I i• .0 1.0 .1 • 0 SI •1 • ISO •1111 the final report of the Acres contract illustrates the estimated 5 2 02 I 500 5 t 1 5 0 . 1. 1000 IS . 2 I. I I III .11 350 1100 . It V SS •• • ISO 1110 magnitude of atmospheric loading of several important water 0• .. R7 1121 • 110 b. 54 17 • 20 I5 5 5110 11 10 quality parameters to the drainage basins of the Great Lakes. SP iv SI I 55 t •• 050 These estimates will be incorporated into the anlysis of the IJC, Figure 10 Drainage Basin Loadings in 1974 Atmospheric Pollution from Land Use Reference Group, to assess the Loading of the Lower Great Lakes.

23 ) relative importance of this source of materials to the total 100 r basin loadings. . 80 COMMISSIONED STUDIES MONTH / 60 L Upper Lake Surveys m (c

40 Surveys of Lakes Huron and Superior conducted . during 1973 and 1974 provided the data base for analysis of the 20 r

lakes physical and chemical characteristics which were LEVEL reported to the International Joint Commission and will be cc 0 ..00..41 .4 .4. . .....110.; included as portions of the Upper Lakes Reference reports. - _ .IIF • The analysis incuded specific studies of importance --, _ to understanding the mass balance of materials in the lake waters and of the lake optical properties. _ 40 Water and materials budget studies were initiated to assess the impact on materials balance of Lake Huron of the - 60 I-

exchange of water with Georgian Bay. Based on 1974 HANGE OF - 80 meteorological and hydrological data, it was determined that C during the stratified season the transport of water between

OF - 100 Georgian Bay and Lake Huron is startified also (Figure II) with surface water (0-5 m) moving into Georgian Bay while continu- uJ I- 120 1 1 1 ,1 1 1 1 1 1 ity is maintained by net outflow at depths greater than 5 m. J FMA'MJ J A S ON Residence and flushing times for Georgian Bay were estimated at 7.2 and 8.5 years respectively. Because of their effects on water quality, total POTENTIAL CHANGE DUE TO NET FLOW IN phosphorus, nitrate + nitrite, total dissolved solids, chloride, and SURFACE LAYER (0-5 m DEPTH) dissolved reactive silicates were selected by the IJC Water Quality Board for materials-exchange analysis between Geor- n POTENTIAL CHANGE DUE TO NET FLOW AT gian Bay and Lake Huron. Net loading of sources to Georgian DEPTHS GREATER THAN 5 METRES Bay is illustrated in Figure 12. By budget analysis, it was found that phosphorus retention in the bay is 53.2 percent, a phenomenon consistent with observations in other lakes. Other 1 NET LAKE LEVEL CHANGE nutrients (SiO2 and NO 3 ) are retained as well though their 4 retention is never more than 35 percent. Budgets for total Figure I I Potential rate of change of Georgian Bay lake dissolved solids and chloride agree to within five percent. level due to exchange with Lake Huron during Thermal energy budget computations for Lake 1974 (cm/month) Superior provided the first comprehensive set of values for that lake and related directly to problems involving the thermal characteristics and biological aspects of the lake. Data for 1-7 1973 indicated a heat content change of 62 499 cal cm -2 64 800 cal cm -2 from long-term results. Energy compared to budget results were used to estimate monthly evaporation totals — which were compared to water budget and mass transfer values '5- 1C (Figure 13). The remarkable correspondence between the energy budget and water budget evaporation totals to within I 8 - cm for most months indicated the reliability of computed Lake Superior residence and flushing times determined from the 03 6 water budoet used in such applications as interiake materials transport analysis and management of the lake system. 0 4 CE Light transmission has been proposed as a water 0 quality parameter for the Great Lakes. The problem being 1-1-/ 2 addressed is degradation resulting primarily from substances 0 H 0 attributable to municipal, industrial or other discharges relating to human activity which may be detected as significant changes o in water transparency. For example, mean potential photic depths for zones in Lake Superior, Lake Huron, and Georgian _1 Bay are illustrated in Figure 14. They indicate that light is L1.1 least attenuated in the midlake areas and moderate to highly reduced transparency occurs in the nearshore. Particular areas 6-i of low light penetration include Duluth Bay and Thunder Bay in -8 -I Lake Superior, and Saginaw Bay and portions of North Channel in the Lake Huron system. The measurements as illustrated in CI Si02 TDS NO3 TP Figure 14 now form a baseline against which later conditions (X10 7 ) (x107 ) (x109) (x106 ) ( x109 ) may be compared to quantify changes which may occur.

Survey and Surveillance Methods Et RIVERS (GAUGED) n PRECIPITATION During 1976 the continuing activities of the IJC RUNOFF(UNGAUGED) .11 FROM LAKE HURON Water Quality Board were furthered and assisted by staff of the MUNICIPAL AND Basin Investigation and Modelling Section. Two major areas INDUSTRIAL FROM NORTH CHANNEL were investigated on behalf of the IJC Subcommittee. A study to determine the changing conditions of nutrient concentrations Figure 12 Net loading contributions of sources to Georgian in Lake Ontario indicated that over an eight year period (1968- Bay 1974

24 14 i

12 L. - N, vi 10 \ I ...Y . I— Eij <10m Z 8 L ,. 0 \ -..‘ 10- 15m 2 6 - \ \\ [I 15-20m E (.) IBS 20 - 25m ■ -..- 4 - 25- 30m \..• \ F.7.71 30- 35m 2 -

N LAKE SUPERIOR 777,1 35- 40m IO 0 RAT - 2

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1 l 1 I I 1 l 1 - 10 11 J F MAMJ J A SOND E VVATER BUDGET)

E ( MASS TRANSFER )

( ESTIMATED ) LAKE HURON GEORGIAN BAY

E ( ENERGY BUDGET) Figure 14 Mean potential photic depth for zones of Lake Figure 13 Comparison of monthly evaporation estimates Superior, Lake Huron and Georgian Bay for the for Lake Superior 1973 wavelength 400-500 nm.

I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I 1 I I I 1 I I I I I 1 I I 1 I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I 1 I I I 1 I I I I I I 1 1 I I I I I I 1 1 I 1 I I I I 350 1 1 1_1 I I 1 I I I I 1 1 1 I I I I 1 1 1

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100 -1 -- March/April , 0 - 20m March/April , below 20m

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0 111111!1I ,1,iiiitiiIIIlIIllIlITIIlIIIll III IIIIIIII IlII III II 1111 FMAMJJ ASONDJ FMAMJJ ASONDJFMAMJJ ASONDJFMAMJJ A SONOJ FMAMJJ A SONDJFMAMJJ ASONDJ FMAMJJ ASONDJ FMAMJJ ASONU I L-1968 1969 _I 1970 _I 1_1971_1 1_1972 _I 1973 1974 ---I 1- 1975

WHOLE LAKE VOLUME WEIGHTED MEAN - AVAILABLE NITROGEN as (NO3+NO2) as N+(NH3)as N Figure 15 Lake Ontario - Available Nitrogen, 1968 - 1975

25 1975) there was no significant trend, either increasing or decreasing, in the whole lake phosphorus concentrations considering total phosphorus and soluble reactive phosphorus in the spring isothermal periods. The study did, however, indicate a significant increasing trend in nitrogen that is available for biological growth. The rate of increase of early spring values was determined to be 9.6 pgN 1, -z a' (see Figure 15). This represents an increase of 20% over the 1968 nitrogen content over an eight year period.

In addition to these specific studies, staff of the Applied Research Division provided continual assistance and advice to the IJC committees and government agencies in the development and formulation of the Great Lakes Surveillance Program. This program has been designed to provide the water quality information that will be required over the coming years for the evaluation of the success of remedial programs that are implemented to preserve and protect the natural aquatic resources of the Great Lakes Basin.

Development of Predictive and Operational Models

(a) Mathematical Modelling:

A considerable part of the interdisciplinary research effort at CCIW is concerned with development of mathematical models of lake ecosystems. The ultimate objective of such models is to ad resource managers in predicting environmental consequences of various social and industrial developments. The more immediate goals of these studies are to gain insight Figure 16 Map of soluble phosphorus (SP) distribution observed into the functional relationships within the ecosystems of large in September, 1973 (ii) and simulated with the lakes, to identify the areas of most serious deficiency in our mathematical model (iv). knowledge, and to set research priorities.

In view of the large dimensions of many Canadian lakes, in particular the Great Lakes, the modelling effort has concentrated heavily on the spatial variations of water quality parameters. These are intimately associated not only with the regional distribution of loadings, but also with physical processes in a lake. Vertical stratification in summer, horizontal temperature gradients between nearshore regimes and deep water, and redistribution of dissolved and suspended matter by water tranport, have all been found to have pronounced effects on the biological behaviour of the system.

Recent ecological modelling studies have dealt specifically with two Great Lakes, namely, Lake Ontario and Lake Superior (Simons, 1976; Lam and Halfon, 1976). In each case, the simulation project was a direct follow-up to an extensive observational program carried out on the respective lake in 1972 and 1973. Verification of model results against this data base makes it possible to pinpoint the strong as well as the weaker components of current ecosystem models. Not surpri- singly, the mathematical framework for the biological model component is generally found to be less satisfactory than its physical counterpart. A judicious application of physical models can thus be used to optimize data sampling for the purpose of further development of biological models.

An example of the output produced by a two compartment phosphorus model in Lake Superior is presented in Figures 16 and 17. .A map of observed conditions in September, 1973 is also presented. This phosphorus model is coupled with a hydrodynamic model which simulates lake currents and other water movements. The coupling of the models allows the Figure 17 Map of particulate phosphorus (PP) distribution simulation of water quality conditions all over the lake. observed in September, 1973 (ii) and simulated with Different conditions are observed because of the influence of the mathematical model (iv). many physical and biological factors, namely, wind conditions, water temperature, sunlight, day length, light extinction in the water, lake topography, shoreline configuration, river sources, Additional research on model formulation is done on atmospheric loadings, municipal and industrial discharges, a theoretical basis (Halfon, 1976 a, b, Halfon and Reggiani, algae, and biological production of organic matter. These 1977) to improve various aspects of simulation models of Idoe factors are formulated in a mathematical form and incorpor- ecosystems. Particular attention is paid also to statistical ated in a comprehensive water quality model which is prog- considerations in conjunction with model verification and the ramed for a high-speed computer.

26 spatial and temporal distribution of limnological data utilized REMOTE SENSING for this purpose. At the same time, continuous evaluation takes place of existing water quality models which have been Methods Research and Instrumentation/Commissioned Studies proposed for management considerations by various research groups. This involves statistical comparison of simulated Environmental Spectro-Optics conditions with long-term collections of water quality data. The Remote Sensing Section at CCIW is engaged in (b) Statistical Models of Water Quality spectro-optical studies of aquatic environments using satellite, airborne, ship-acquired and ground based data. During 1976, It is important in limnological investigations to these studies have achieved significant developments in the classify a given water body into regions or zones according to areas of: the values of a specific character or a set of characters such as chlorophyll a, Secchi disc depth, bacteriological population, etc. a) pattern recognition studies of multispectral digital Such classifications help in the following: apparent radiance data acquired by the LANDSAT satellites; i) The determinations of the regions which are of high risk to the health of the human population. b) optical modelling of the in situ interaction of light with the organic and inorganic components of the ii) The estimation of the variability level in each region water column; and its relative importance to the total lake variability. These estimates will give the guide for planning future sampling programs by (a) the estimation of the sample size required to achieve preassigned confidence level in the estimate of the BAND 4 BAND 5 BAND 6 BAND 7 mean values of the lake; and (b) the allocations of (0.5 - 0 10.6-0.70 10.7-0.80 (0 8-110 these samples (sample design) to the different regions, and, finally, 1 COASTAL HYDROGRAPHY MID-LAKE DYNAMICS iii) The elimination of the spatial influence from obser-

ved data in order to concentrate on other sources of 2 INORGANIC TURBIDITY variability such as the temporal changes and the

determination of the effectiveness of a remedial 3 INORGANIC TURBIDITY program on the water quality.

4 DIFFUSE SURFACE CHLOROPHYLL a To give an answer to some of these problems a statistical model was developed to study the spatial and 5 MINIMAL MINIMAL MAXIMUM MAXIMUM temporal variations in the values of a specific variable or a set REFLECTANCE REFLECTANCE REFLECTANCE REFLECTANCE of variables. This model gives estimates for the temporal and SURFACE ALGAL BLOOMS the spatial variability in the data and divides the lake objectively into a set of regions. A computer program was COMBINATION OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC TURBIDITY written for the application of this model and is available in the

CCIW computer library for general use. 7 ALL 4 BANDS DISPLAYING HIGH REFLECTANCE - METEOROLOGIC (CLOUDS HAZE ETC / The results of applying this model to the 15 surveillance cruises conducted on Lake Ontario 1974 have been 8 ALL 4 BANDS DISPLAYING MINIMAL REFLECTANCE (CLOUD SHADOVYS OR OIL reported. Figure 18 gives the classification map obtained for SLICKS chlorophyll a. In the graph the lake is divided into seven zones. Zone one, displaying the minimum chlorophyll a concentration, is found centrally located in the west end of the lake, while zone seven, the highest chlorophyll a concentration, is found off Oswego and in Henderson's Bay. Figure 19 Physical Interpretation of Landsat-I Digital Data Based on per-band Pattern Recognition

UNCORRECTED CHLOROPHYLL a 'Su:SPENCE(' UNERat 0110:010PMVIa. 1 ova. CO.> tem.

LEGEND

ZONE 1

ZONE 2

ZONE 3 10 50 011 00 .0 .0 .0 .0 me UZI ZONE 4 VOL.« RE , LECIANCE M ZONE 5 Figure 20 An Optical Model for Determining Suspen- ZONE 6 ded Mineral and Chlorophyll a Concentra- ZONE 7 Figure 18 Chlorophyll a in Lake Ontario tion

27 , -,r• These spectro-optical studies are more fully discussed in recent publications and manuscripts currently in fie " . • • L_J allIr 91 • If , • . preparation.

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re.-1-:"Jr.i' • .• " I • . di • • Figure 22 A 19th Nodal Internal Standing Wave Figure 21 Location of Groundwater Discharge and Recharge Areas in Scotland Area as Delineated by Landsat- I (Band 7) on March 20, 1974 MICROBIOLOGY LABORATORIES

Microbiological Indicators c) delineation of groundwater regimes by means of multispectral satellite and airborne thermal data, Methods Development and; During 1976 the main thrusts of the Methods Development Unit of the Microbiology Section were the d) internal oscillations of Lake Superior. development or modification and laboratory and field evaluation Figure 19 illustrates the results of pattern recog- of microbiological, virological, and mycological techniques to nition studies of the digital LANDSAT-I radiance data. Pat- assess the quality of water and wastewater as related to health terns acquired over the Great Lakes which are readily apparent hazards and trophic status. Other studies involving direct in individual or combinations of the satellite energy Bands (Two problem solving were also carried out. One of these studies, in the visible and two in the near infra-red spectral regions) are concerning storm runoff waters, was designed to investigate the interpreted in terms of water quality (suspended inorganic distribution of pathogenic organisms in storm sewer outfalls, in materials and/or chlorophyll a concentrations), coastal hydro- order to evaluate the feasibility of diverting and treating a graphy, mid-lake dynamics, and meteorological phenomena. specific portion (pathogen-containing waters) of these waters Figure 20 illustrates the development of a three while allowing the other non-pathogen containing waters to component optical model for the in situ determination of reach receiving waters unobstructed and untreated. The results separable inorganic (suspended mineraiY and organic (chlorophyll of this study indicated that bacterial pathogens and viruses a) components of a water column by the simultaneous measure- could be found throughout the duration of a rainfall in these treat ments of the optical transmission and volume reflectance at a waters, and thus it would not be feasible to divert and given point in the column. The model has direct applicability to portions of the runoff. clear, oligrotrophic waters such as comprise the Upper Great Laboratory and field studies were primarily concer- Lakes, but requires considerable modification before it may be ned with developing in-house expertise in cholera bacteria applied to the Lower Great Lakes. enumeration, and in evaluation of fecal streptococci enumera- Figure 21 delineates the locations of groundwater tion procedures. The suitability of membrane filters for routine discharge and recharge regimes as determined from the microbiological studies was investigated and efforts were made LANDSAT- I digital data acquired over a southern Ontario basin to develop expertise in using bacteria as indicators of toxic and in early spring when the maximum groundwater-induced thermal mutagenic substances in effluents and receiving waters. One of gradients are in effect. The classification of Figure 21 is the more striking findings of the Methods Development Unit directly comparable to the thermal profile of the basin as was that presently-used microbiological procedures to evaluate measured from aircraft and the energy return from the basin is fecal coliform densities in water estimate only 1-40% of the directly corollatable to the water table depth. This work has potential waterborne population. also been extended to include the classification of groundwater The Microbiology Section contracted four virology pathways through a satellite determination of the ability of the studies with Canadian universities. In one of these studies, soil to sustain vegetative canopies during the summer season. several non-vaccine strains of polio virus were found in the Figure 22 a 19th nodal internal standing wave. The Ottawa River, and, in another, it was found that cancers and interpretation is consistent with ancillary thermal structure and virus-induced cancers in fish were directly related to the waters time series current measurements of the lake. to which these fish were endemic. 28 Water Quality Assessment separation and pre-concentration techniques have been develop- The Water Quality Assessment Unit's studies ed fo increase the sensitivity of the ICAP process to the point emphasized the use of the zonal grid technique (Figure 23) to where it can be used directly for analysis of natural waters. identify by microbiological techniques the zone of impact and zone of influence of a point source on a large water body. This Studies of the oxidation of organic materials in technique is a useful alternative to whole-lake monitoring to water have continued, a process for the determination of assess water quality changes. organic carbon levels in sewage effluents has been developed.

ZONE 5 Electroanalytical Techniques 12o' Zero Current Chronopotentiometry - new technique e ------ZONE, 4 employing ion selective electrodes has been developed. This , technique utilizes sensors and gas permeable membranes for measurement in nonequilibrium conditions. Instrumentation, ZONE 3 \ procedure and interpretation of the results are simple and the measurement time is short. Very good sensitivities and selectivities have been achieved. ZONe 2 \ A rapid, simple, sensitive, and reliable method has been developed for the determination of ug/9, ppb r eeee, levels of chloride in high purity water and heavy water.

Analytical application of the solid state sulfide ion selective electrode was extended to determine various ions at Point Source Discharge increasingly lower concentrations. It is now possible to use this • Samping Point electrode to measure sulfide, iodide, and cyanide down to molar.

Electron Microscopy Figure 23 Zonal Grid Sampling Pattern of a Shore Based Point Source Study (General Concept) The facilities of the EM Laboratory have been expanded by incorporation of an X-ray microanalytical system interfaced with both the Scanning and the Transmission electron microscopes. The system is being used for analyses of heavy Staff of the Water Quality Assessment Unit were metals and asbestiform fibres. A method has been developed also involved in IJC Lower Great Lakes studies which were for positive identification of mercury at ultrastructural level in made up of six surveillance cruises on Lake Ontario where 35 the presence of sulfur and other interferring spectral compo- stations were monitored for seven bacteriological parameters nents. and fecal sterols. GC-GC/MS During these surveillance cruises, several potential and future problem areas were noted and detailed in a report The joint project with Canadian Wildlife Service, "Bacteriological Conditions in Lake Ontario, 1976" which was related to bioaccumulation of pollutants in Lake Ontario herring submitted to the IJC Surveillance Subcommittee. These gulls, eggs, and fish, has involved the identification of a broad potential and present problem areas will be investigated by spectrum of organic pollutants. Compounds such as polychlorin- future point source studies. ated biphenyls (PCB), PCB metabolites, organochlorine pesticide residues, their metabolites, polynuclear aromatic hydrocar- Microbiological staff were also involved in helping bons (PAH), chlorinated PAHs, Mirex, photomirex, and chlorina- draft standard microbiological procedures for the World Health ted benzenes have been confirmed by GC/MS. Organization (WHO), International Standards Organization (150), and the American Society for testing and Materials (ASTM). Significant contributions were made in the development of high performance thermally-stable wall-coated open ANALYTICAL METHODS RESEARCH tubular columns (WCOT) employing gaseous hydrogen fluoride for surface modification. Advanced Analytical Methods Research and Instru- mentation Development Research was conducted on characterization of 1, 4- oxathiins employing high resolution mass spectrometry, chemi- Analytical Biochemistry cal ionization mass spectrometry, and carbon-I 3 and proton magnetic resonance. Several techniques were developed for the quantification and biodegradability testing of nonionic surfactants Luminescence Techniques including complete degradation by single species of bacteria. Methods were also developed for the measurement of cellular An improved method for the determination of constituents. Collaborative studies included the comparison of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) in lake waters, activated sludges, three tests for biological activity in sediments of the great and sediment was developed. This method was found to be lakes and a scanning electron microscopy and microbiological superior to existing methods for the analysis of ATP. The comparison of membrane filters for the MF test. improved method for ATP was also used to measure microbial activity in a wide variety of environmental samp!es. Compara- Atomic Spectroscopy tive studies revealed that the improved method provided precise and accurate estimations of living biomass. Development of sensitive techniques for the determination of trace levels of metals in natural water has Radiochemistry continued. Work has been centred on the use of the Inductively Coupled Argon Plasma (ICAP) in the multi-element determina- A study of leaching of naturally occurring radionuc- tion of metals by emission spectrometry. A number of lides from uranium mine tailings and settling pond sediments was undertaken in cooperation with the Environmental Protec- Computer programing and data processing support tion Service staff of the Wastewater Technology Centre. were also provided in a number of general areas not related to Concentrations of 2 2 6 Ra and 21 °Pb were measured in leachates either the Great Lakes surveillance program or the scheduled from lysimetars containing tailings alone and from others research studies. Some of the achievements resulting from containing tailings with additives to fix the radionuclides. initiatives undertaken in this area are:

Tritium reaches Lake Ontario via atmospheric A final data catalogue was published and distributed releases of this radionuclide from Pickering nuclear generating covering all of the data acquired under the Inter- station. Precipitatiel collectors were installed on buoys national Field Year for the Great Lakes. moored off-shore from the nuclear station and the tritium levels determined in the collected rain water. A number of major user groups data files were standardized on magnetic tape and securely stored A contribution was made to the Department of in a centralized fire proof vault. Fisheries & Environment's submission to Ontario's Royal Com- mission on Electrical Power Production. Dr. R. W. Durham Computer based data editing systems using both presented the Department's views on the environmental impact batch mode operations and on-line systems, allowing of nuclear power production at the public hearings in November. for direct human intervention in the editing process, were enhanced. The current levels of radionuclides in the open waters of the Great Lakes, and in fish from Lake Ontario were The Section was also very substantially involved in measured. A proposal was submitted for monitoring radioactiv- the process of coordination of departmental data management ity in fresh water sources in the vicinity of the Point LePreau support services. Advice and guidance were given in a number nuclear generating station under construction in New Bruns- of critical areas, including a major re-evaluation and plan for wick. updating departmental computing facilities. Advice and guidance were also given in relation to a great variety of scientific, and a few major administrative applications for all departmental components housed at the Canada Centre for Inland Waters DATA MANAGEMENT at Burlington. The Data Management Section is a professional service group, operating across organizational lines and providing leadership and coordination in the vital area of electronic data processing aimed at enhancements and economies in SCIENTIFIC ADVICE TO OTHER AGENCIES research productivity. In the framework of the Canadian-German Program Some of the areas in which significant progress was of Cooperation in Oceanography, Dr. T. J. Sim.ons spent one made during the past year and a list of achievements as they year at the Institute of Oceanography in Kiel, W. Germany. relate to the functional areas to which support is provided by During this time, he participated in the ongoing multi-national the Data Management group are listed as follows: research program on the Baltic Sea. The main objective was to carry out a mathematical modelling study as a follow-up to the Great Lakes Surveillance Program extensive observational program during the spring of 1975. Stratified models developed previously for the Great Lakes All Great Lakes Institute data accumulated at the were found to produce satisfactory simulations of observed University of Toronto during the period 1960 to 1970 currents and mass distributions in the Baltic (Simons, 1976). were accepted into the CCIW archives. During this stay in Europe, the same type of model was applied to Lake Constance on the Swiss-German border and Lake In accordance with the principals expressed in the Vanern in Sweden. The latter studies were carried out in Canada/US Water Act, international data exchange cooperation with the Water Quality Institute of the Environ- systems and procedures for computer based aquatic mental Protection Agency in Karlsrube, W. Germany, and the data were developed and implemented, and data Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute in Norrkop- retrievals from the American EPA data storage ing. facilities became routine. Dr. C. R. Murthy as a UNESCO/UNEP Consultant on Criteria were developed for the qualification of Environmental Education undertook missions to Asian and SE Great Lakes Surveillance data. These qualifications Asian Countries to assess the needs and priorities on environ- criteria were formally approved and implemented mental research and education. He visited Thailand, Malaysia, including the development of the required software Singapore, Indonesia, Philippines, South Korea, and India and support systems. prepared country by country reports to UNESCO/UNEP. He was invited by UNESCO/UNEP to participate and present the More than 100 requests were received and processed consultant mission findings in the International Workshops on to provide data and other derived information from Environmental Education, Belgrade, Yugosavia and Paris, computer compatible data storage media in various France. formats. Dr. Murthy prepared sub-chapters entitled "Charac- A documentation manual was developed to enable teristics of Receiving Media-Lakes" and Hydrodynamical Pro- the CCIW community of computer users to utilize cesses - Lakes" for IHP/WHO/UNESCO Monograph "Transport -, the electronic data storage and retrieval system Dispersion and Self-Purification Processes in Rivers, Lakes, called STAR. Reservoirs and Estuaries".

Major resources were allocated to provide computer Dr. Durham was a member of a committee spon- programing and data processing support for CCIW studies. A sored by the Ontario Ministry of the Environment to assess wide variety of applications programs were developed for user current methodology and to recommend the most reliable groups, to produce mathematical analyses and tabular or method for determination of asbestiform fibres in water. A graphic ciisplays using Great Lakes limnological data and consensus was reached on a suitable method after trial of all oceanographic data files in support of 44 studies spread across methods on intercomparison samples by committee members' organizational lines at the Canada Centre for Inland Waters. laboratories. HYDRAULICS RESEARCH DIVISION

31 iLl

32 HYDRAULICS RESEARCH DIVISION

The Hydraulics Research Division is part of the The Technical Services Section, in addition to its CCIW Branch and undertakes research of natural phenomena technical support service, also operates a National Calibration related to the physical aspects of water and sediment. Service to calibrate current meters for federal govenrment agencies, for provincial government agencies, and for private For its objective the Division has interpreted the companies. general objective of the Inland Waters Directorate as: HYDRAULICS SECTION "To advance, apply and disseminate scientific and engineering knowledge and understanding of all Shore Processes Project aspects of inland waters for the use of planners, engineers and managers of such resources through- A study was undertaken to develop a mathematical out Canada." model for the prediction of erosion, deposition and littoral transport in a nearshore zone. A field study at Hamilton Beach In order to achieve this objective the Division has been designed and some preliminary work such as the inves- undertakes national programs in applied and basic research tigation of wave and current measurement techniques has been related to hydraulic, fluid mechanic, geophysic and geologic done. processes as they apply to fluvial, lacustrine and man-made environments. At the request of Small Craft Harbours Branch, a model study of Wheatley Harbour on Lake Erie was carried out. The activities are: This study was to come up with a way and means of improving conditions for navigation at the harbour entrance and for (i) To undertake - directly or by contract - applied and reduction of wave action inside the harbour. The model was basic research into problems related to environmen- constructed in the beach area of the Wind/Wave Flume (Figure tal processes, the optimum development of resour- I). As a result of the study, methods for solving the problems in ces, the assessment of proposed changes in the the harbour have been recommended. environment and the protection of desirable environmental features.

(ii) To develop mathematical models.

(iii) To provide advice, information, technical reports, and expertise on environmental problems for government agencies, for the private sector, and for universities.

(iv) To provide services in the calibration and testing of instruments for clients from government, private, and university sectors.

(v) To undertake - directly or indirectly - scientific and engineering investigations or studies of specific problems brought by clients within the Department of Fisheries and the Environment or other departments.

(vi) To provide and encourage a stimulating environment and facilities for government and university researchers and to disseminate information and research reports and results through publications, seminars, and conferences.

These activities are shared by four operational Sections.

The Flydraulics Section concentrates on river processes such as lateral diffusion and sediment transport. Work on sediment transport concentrates on model development and methods of measurement in the field. Studies of ice encompass ice jams and the recovery of oil in ice-covered waters. Considerable work is also done in urban hydrology and the development of quantity and quality models. Lastly, studies of wave action and the development of littoral drift and erosion models are undertaken in the field and in the laboratory. Figure I Wheatley Harbour Model Under Construction In the Physical Limnology Section studies relate mainly to lakes, in particular the air/water interaction and the circulation and diffusion of mass and energy in the lake body. A study of shore protection in Burlington Bay was Sedimentology studies by the Physical Sedimento- conducted for the Hamilton Region Conservation Authority. logy Section relate mainly to the Great Lakes. Baseline studies Model tests were made in the Wind/ Wave flume to determine of nearshore sediments as well as geomorphological studies of the size of coarse stones required to form a steep beach which shore development are included. In addition, geophysical would remain in dynamic equilibrium for wave conditions in the studies of bluff failures ore undertaken. bay.

33 Some work was done to develop a novel non- mental concerns. In cooperation with the aforementioned permanent shore protection device. It appears that tethered government groups, the study was concluded by extensive floats may be a feasible answer. Further tests are required to technology transfer activities. Two workshops on the applica- evaluate the performance over a wider frequency range and to tion of the SWMM model were successfully held in Toronto in determine the mooring fortes to counteract the large buoyancy 1976. Both workshops were over-subscribed which indicates forces. great interest in innovative approaches ta urban drainage. In other technology transfer activities the Ice and Water Interactions Project Hydraulics Research Division contributed to the organization and technical program of the conference on Modern Concepts The completion of the Phase I part of the frazil ice for Urban Drainage held in Toronto in March, 1977. The instrument development project resulted in the construction of program contributions consisted of the writing of a major an experimental instrument which can quantitatively measure chapter on "Characterization of Flows in Urban Drainage the concentration of frazil ice in water. Such an instrument is Systems" for the MANUAL OF PRACTICE ON URBAN DRAIN- needed before any meaningful research concerning frazil ice AGE distributed at the conference and also the preparing of an can be carried out. The experimental instrument has shown invited paper on "Data Collection, Instrumentation and Verific- that it is capable of measuring frazil ice (Figure 2). Canadian ation of Models". Patent and Development Limited is presently applying for a licence for this instrument. A commercially-manufacturable, While significant advances have been achieved in

improved instrument is now being developed. modelling quantities of urban runoff, the simulations of runoff quality with the existing models - including the SWMM model - appear to be unsatisfactory. Further testing and refinement of the runoff quality models is impaired by the lack of adequate data. Consequently, the Hydraulics Research Division continued its urban data collection program, concentrating on the collection of data on runoff quality. Runoff quality has been monitored on the Burlington Test Catchment for a number of events and a preliminary analysis of these data has been completed. The duration of the dry period prior to the storm appears to be the primary controlling factor for the total pollutant loads in storm water leaving the catchment. The observed relationships, total pollutant load (per event) vs. antecedent dry weather period, are shown in Figure 3. The data collection program will continue to expand the present data base.

— 'o 10 (KG)

2031 Figure 2 Sample of Frazil Instrument Output 103

o • The cold weather hydraulic research facilities, 0.4 • (KG)

including the cold room and the recirculating flume, have been ) 0.2' r'

adjusted, modified, and improved and are completely operation- (K

T 0. al. The facilities are now probably the best in North America. I (KG) M

R 2 A study of the jamming of ice and passage of ships _Kee- PE

Ç 1 Lee. through an unconsolidated ice cover is now being completed. R —

LOA 0 Such an ice jam caused a 30 percent power shortage in Montreal I in the Christmas period of 1976. This project was initiated 91 (KG) " WW I following the above incident to heip Hydro-Quebec solve their i 93

operational problems and to answer the question of when a ship Cfre

may or may not pass an ice cover on a canal leading to a hydro ute station. MTN 30 20

An ice-oil boom development project which had been 10 initiated earlier but was deferred due to a manpower shortage, e• • 0 was re-initiated early in 1977. Presently the theoretical study 0 5 10 15 has been completed and laboratory work was partially done. A WHOM NY KAMA PER103((mys) cooperative effort is being maintained with the U.S. Coast TOIk 0016T111ENT teD9 vs. AlrECEER DRY IffilWR PERIOD Guard who are now building a prototype boom based on our Figure 3 Urban Water Systems theoretical and laboratory work. The boom will be jointly tested when completed some time in 1977. The ice boom is To obtain quantity and quality data for flows in aimed at separating ice flow and oil in ice-infested flowing combined sewers a contract to collect such data on the water prior to oil containment and recovery by conventional Hamilton Test Catchment has been extended. The observations methods. indicate large variations in the strength of combined sewage during both wet and dry weather periods. Urban Water Systems Project Current sophisticated computer models for flow A number of studies have been undertaken in support routing in sewer networks require knowledge of energy losses at of the Canada-Ontario Agreement on Great Lakes Water sewer juncrions. Experimental data on these losses are very Quality. A contract study to produce a Canadian version of the scarce. Consequently, an experimental study of energy losses Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) of the U.S. Environ- at sewer junctions has been undertaken. So far, the testing of mental Agency has been completed. The study also involved the straight-flow-through junctions has been completed for selected Environmental Protection Service (EPS) and the Ministry of the geometries and a large range of flows and pipe slopes. The Environment (MOE). The newly-developed version of the SWMM tests will continue by testing more complicated junction model accounts for Canadian climate, economy, and environ- structures.

34 To facilitate and accelerate the international Experiments on the measurement of bed-load dis- exchange of expertise in the field or urban hdyrology the United charge by the charting of dune movement have been completed. Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization This study will provide answers as to the feasibility of (UNESCO) initiated a series of national surveys of the state of measuring bed-load by using newly-developed radar equipment the art in urban hydrology. The Hydraulics Research Division as proposed by Sediment Survey of Canada. was requested to undertake such a survey in Canada. The study has been completed and a final report submitted to UNESCO The use of tritium as a tracer for measuring and widely distributed in Canada. evaporation from rivers was studied in a small wind tunnel and the results indicated that further studies are needed to make it River Processes and Fluid Dynamics Project a feasible method.

The development of a mathematical model for PHYSICAL LIMNOLOGY SECTION predicting the response of rivers to artificial or natural changes in the flow hydrograph, sediment input, etc. was completed. Physical Processes in Lakes Project Some experiments have been conducted in the 2 m flume to calibrate and verify the model. Two major reports summarizing IFYGL projects on energy balance and wave movements were completed This year A study on the effect of meanders on transverse and are currently in press (see Boyce, Moody and Killins, 1977, mixing was completed with the aid of some novel experiments and Boyce and Mortimer, 1977). These two documents will which included the variation of bed topography caused by the provide easy access to a large body of data of interest to lake. meanders. Some experiments to study the formation of mean- modellers. ders were conducted on a sloping platform and will be continuing. Analysis of detailed water temperature data collected off Oshawa in 1970 has been completed, thus adding to the Laboratory investigation of the effect of bottom large and growing literature on the complex behaviour of the roughness and width-depth ratio on transverse mixing in open coastal zone of large lakes (Boyce, 1977). (See Figure 5). This channels was successfully completed. It revealed that the analysis shows the existence of meanders and isolated warm and commonly used mixing coefficient is inadequate for the des- cold patches in the vicinity of an upwelled thermocline. This cription of transverse mixing because the effect of secondary study confirms suspicions that exchanges of material between circulation has not been accounted for. A new dimensionless the nearshore zone and the open lake are highly episodic and mixing coefficient was introduced. As shown in Figure 4, the cannot be adequately described in terms of existing theories or effects of width-depth ratio and friction factor are clearly parameterizations. The eventual synthesis of coastal exchange identified. Existing data also correlate very well on this plot. processes - a matter of great importance to Great Lakes These studies on transverse mixing will aid the prediction of management - will require continued experimental and analyti- concentration levels of pollutants and other materials in natural cal effort. channels. During the past year field studies of wind-generated waves especially the process of breaking in deep water - white- FLUME capping have been undertaken. To this end a tower was erected ROUGHNESS W IDTH at the western end of Lake Ontario (see report of Scientific • 2.7 mm SAND 60 cm Support Division). The tower, expressly designed for measurements of wind and waves, produces relatively little interference 20 • 2.7 mm SAND 45cm • 2.0 mm SAND 30 cm and supports about three dozen instruments continuously and • 0.4 mm SAND 60cm automatically recorded in a trailer on shore 1100 metres away. • 0.4 mm SAND 45 cm So far a wealth of data under a variety of conditions has been • SMOOTH BED 60cm collected. Analyses are being carried out by the staff and through a contract with the University of Waterloo to the wi• • .086 following ends: o 1607 \

\ V.086 (a) To investigate the development of the directional spectrum of waves and to relate it to fetch and wind variability;

10 (b) To investigate the effect of "sea-state" on the air/water transfers of momentum, heat and moisture;

In order to acquire the data necessary to achieve (c) a special probe (Figure 6) was built under contract to the University of 0 Toronto. The tiny probe, known as a "drag sphere velocimeter", 0 10 30 40 50 60 measures the components of drag force on the sphere due to the Wit; flow of water past it.

Figure 4 Effect of Width-Depth Ratio and Friction Factor During the analysis of the wave data it was noted on Dispersion Coefficient that wind-waves have extraordinarily persistent self-correlation functions. In Figure 7 waves having an average period of 2.2 seconds and group length of about 20 seconds show significant A hydraulic model study of two proposed flow self-correlation to time lags of 200 seconds or more, although control structures for the Richelieu River in Quebec was the self-correfation has been averaged over 1800 seconds. The carried out at the request of Water Planning and Management practical consequences of this in dealing with waves and their Branch, IWD. As a result, design changes to minimize scour interaction with man and his environment are being investi- have been suggested. gated.

35 A D 60013 1200/4 1800/4 0000/5 0600/5

I 1200/5 1800 /5 0000/6 0600/6 1200/6 80016 000017

1 - w

/ 0600/7 1200/7 1800/7 0000/8 0600/8 1200/8 1800/8

< 8 ° C 8-10 °C I 10-12 ° C 12 — 14 .-C >14 °C

0 20 40 Cm/4 CURRENTS 4

of surface isotherms together with evidence of isolated pools of warm and cool water are the interesting features of this diagram.

Figure 6 The Miniature Drag Sphere Velocimeter

L.EGEND • MOORNG CURRENT METER 1970 • RETEORGlOGr-AL STATION 1970 o COASTAL 04911 FLAG STATION IG 7 CSAMADT *IC» • 1•44TER CURFEW •ETER MZORING $TATON EEG 11797010 MAY 777971 RATNYMETRY ehoos€ MEMO,

.0 Figure 5 Physical Processes in Lakes eo I

Synoptic maps of surface temperature at six-hour intervals across a 10 km square defined by the track of CSS LIMNOS. Line BC lies along the 50 m depth contour located approximately 5 km offshore from ?. Roby Head (near Oshawa on the north shore of Lake Ontario). Near surface currents ot two moore instruments are also depicted. The figure depicts an I . 00 2b.00 A'6.00 6'6 .00 60.00 ibo.ao 1 .2 o .00 C10.00 '50 .00 '60 .00 upwelling, current reversal, and subsequent downwel- SECONDS ling in response to a strong westerly wind pulse Figure 7 The Self-Correlation Function of Natural Wind- centred on October 3, 1970. An alongshore "waviness" Generated Waves PHYSICAL SED1MENTOLOGY SECTION

Shore Processes Project Primary failure mechanisms at the study site are gully formation and rotational slips. Geotechnical testing of Coastal Sediment Budget, central shore of Lake Erie: A CCIW the bluff materials at CCIW and under contract is being used to Unpublished Report was prepared for the nearshore zone of provide the input for slope stability analysis and to determine Lake Erie from Port Burwell to Point Pelee. The report the relative importance of the geotechnical parameters. provides basic data on nearshore materials and an analysis of the relationship of source materials, nearshore transport, and Contract reports have been prepared on the develop- sites of sediment accumulation. It responds to the need for a ment of a geotechnical shoreline classification, shear testing data base for coastal planning, shoreline development, and oil- and clay mineralogy at Port Stanley and lona, and the spill contingency planning. Key findings include an independent dependence of bluff failure on strain-softening of cohesive estimate of littoral transport rates at Point Pelee, based on sediments. erosion-accumulation rates, and the recognition that there is a sequence of sediment textural patterns, which appears to In 1976 the nearshore sediment survey moved into reflect change in the mode of sediment transport, and which Lake Huron and completed the mapping of the nearshore zone may be useful in mapping areas dominated by traction, between Sarnia and Goderich. A data report which includes saltation, or suspension transport. some preliminary analysis of data is near completion.

observations of coastal sediment response to Photologger Bottom types identified by the survey are shown in This is a study which makes use of a storms: sophisticated Figure 8. Glacial deposits (till and glaciolacustrine sediment) underwater time-lapse camera system for observation of bot- predominate; modern sediment is concentrated in two deposits - tom disturbance and sediment transport associated with storm inshore at Kettle Point and offshore at Sarnia; bedrock, the conditions. Initial trials of the system at Burlington in the minor component, is exposed only at Kettle Point. spring of 1976 recorded storm-induced accumulation rates as high as 30 cm/day in water depths of 8 m. These exceed by two The origin of the offshore sand deposit at Sarnia is orders of magnitude the long-term rates measured by pollen- uncertain. It may represent a relict littoral deposit associated dating and demonstrate the importance of documenting the with a lower lake level but this has yet to be confirmed. The short-term episodic changes of the nearshore zone as input for a Kettle Point sands appear to be a modern littoral deposit model of coastal zone response to change. developed by entrapment behind Kettle Point of southward- moving littoral drift derived from bluff and slope erosion and Nearshore stratiqraphic studies: Stratigraphy of nearshore stream discharge along the coast to the north. sediment cores is being analysed in order to determine the variation in the rate and type of postglacial sedimentation and its dependence on short and long-term water level change. The intent is to apply past rates of coastal evolution to the prediction of future change.

Preliminary studies have been concerned with the measurement of shallow-water sedimentation rates by pollen dating. A simple procedure has been devised to raise the concentration of pollen in sand-rich cores to levels adequate for analysis. Useable profiles have been obtained in Lake Ontario nearshore cores which indicate that recent sedimentation rates are slightly higher than those of adjacent basin sediments and two to four times higher than the long-term rates.

The Bluffer's Park landfill project at Scarborough is being used as a test case of the effect of toe protection on future slope evolution. Two profiles, one with toe protection and one without, were established in the fall of 1975 and resurveyed in March and September of 1976. Observations to date indicate that the middle and upper slopes are essentially unaffected by change at the toe, that the bluff crest is receding as the result of undercutting by seepage and piping, and that shallow debris slides are accumulating at the toe of the cliffs and affecting the slope drainage. These short-term results are to be supplemented by aerial photographic evidence for the period 1947-76 to indicate natural changes occurring on the time scale of decades.

At Port Burwell a study is underway to identify and investigate bluff failure mechanisms, to establish the spatial and temporal variability of morphologic changes within the study area, and to contribute to the development of a geotechnical classification of shorelines useful for coastal planning. In 1976-77 field work consisted of continued monitoring of subsurface movements, and ground water and pore pressure fluctuations, and of detailed resurvey of the study site. The survey results show the rapid development of small gullies in the western part of the area and the relative stability of a larger mature gully at the eastern boundary. Recession rates of the bluff crests range from 0-60 m with an average of 8 m. Changes at lake level range from 4 m of accretion to 38 m of erosion. Net volumetric loss from the 850 m stretch of Figure 8 Distribution of Nearshore Bottom Types - Sarnia shorebluff is approximately 100,000 m 3 . to Goder ich

37 Workshop on Great Lakes Coastal Erosion and Sedimentation: I . The general upkeep of the laboratory is provided through The Physical Sedimentology Section hosted a Coastal Workshop the operation of a "light" machine shop, an electronics on November 29, 30, 1976 which involved a program of research shop, and a carpentry shop. The services of qualified summaries, poster discussions, and chaired discussion of four tradesmen are extended to the researchers to assist them key coastal research topics. The research 'summaries, introduc- with the setting up, repair, and maintenance of equipment tory papers on the research topics and discussion summaries used for research studies. have been published as a Workshop 14oceedings. 2. Technical support is provided by ten research technicians A study of Point Pelee was completed in fiscal year who are assigned to studies under the guidance of the 1976 with the publication of the final report on processes in engineer or scientist in charge. Their tasks consist of the sediment deposition and shoreline changes in the Point Pelee setting up of experiments, collecting, evaluating and area. A synthesis of the results of several interdisciplinary analyzing data, designing, plotting graphs, and writing field and laboratory programs served to quantify many of the technical reports. important parameters in littoral transport, sedimentation rates and modes on the shoal, and on-going evolutionary shoreline 3. National Calibration Service: the demand for the calibra- changes. Rates of littoral transport were found to be small fion of hydrometric equipment increases each year. (See « (less than 25,000 m 3yr-1 ) compared to areas such as Long Point, Table I.) The change-over by Water Survey of Canada to and were variable in direction, the net directions being the use of metric equipment has involved much testing southward on the east side and northward on the west. On the and some designing. Metric calibration certificates are shoal south of the Point, the net direction of sediment transport now available upon request. was concluded to be toward the east at undetermined rates under the influence of unidirectional processes related to lake circulation. The shoal morphology and sediments appear to be features associated with sedimentation processes which prevail- Table 1 Calibration of Meters for 1976/77 ed at an earlier stage in the post-glacial history of the area. Distributed by Agency These features are presently being modified and redistributed by modern processes with little additional input of sediments. Agency Number of Meiers Shoreline changes consist, for the most part, of net erosion of the east side and stability or net accretion of the Water Survey of Canada 591 west side. Although these changes are clearly linked to CCIW 40 evolutionary trends traceable since the formation of Point Other Federal agencies 16 Pelee s•me 4000 years ago, there are signs that man-induced Provincial agencies 98 effects play a significant role. One of these effects - that Universities 15 associated with sand mining of littoral sands and gravels - is Private sector 20 seen as having been a major factor in shoreline changes near the Special tests 48 tip of the Point when such operations commenced early in the present century. The effects of the more recent operations restricted to the shoal area could not be defined exactly, but in Total ' 828 the light of the processes and sediment transport patterns observed, the possibility of adverse effects still cannot be excluded. Low Temperature Testing

Physical Sediment° loqy Manual: This is a continuing project to Facilities are available to test equipment under develop a manual of the field and laboratory procedures used at simulated cold climate conditions. These have been extensively CCIW in sedimentological and geotechnical research. It used to test the Geodyne current meters for low temerature responds to a need for a standard reference manual for internal operations. Water Survey of Canada is expressing interest in and external use. having their water level records tested.

During 1976-77 an outline of the topics to be Special Tests discussed was prepared and work was begun on the section on size analysis procedures. Considerable time was spent in developing a consistent and theoretically sound approach for the Special tow tank tests were conducted for the several analysis methods which singly or in combination provide mechanical design section of Bedford Institute of Oceanography for the range of sediment types processed by the lab. The in Dartmouth, N. S. involving five B-I 0 Braincon deep ocean computer program SIZDIST which reduces the raw size data to buoys. Tests were run to determine: summary statistics was expanded to handle the full range of procedures and revised to match the output statistics to the a) Drag force as a function of velocity level of the inout data. A final draft of the section on size b) Behaviour on current reversal analysis is now complete and ready for editing. c) Buoy stability at all velocities d) Required modifications to increase stability. TECHNICAL SERVICES SECTION Several tests were also conducted for the Engineer- This section has three major functions: ing Services Section and the Division's Engineering scientific support involving modifications to towed bodies to increase I. The general supervision and upkeep of the Hydrau- their instrument carrying capabilities. Other tests were also lics Research Laboratory; run on underwater camera equipment.

2. The provision of technical support to the Hydraulics and Physical Limnology Sections to assist scientists and engineers with their research studies;

3. The National Calibration Service which involves the calibration and testing of current meters and other hydrometric equipment in the tow tank and the cold environment testing chamber. SCIENTIFIC SUPPORT DIVISION

39 Sample Intake No. 2

Telephone Data Link to Central Computer

Apparatus Canisters - Valves, Pumps

SHORE MINICOMPUTER

ROBOT EXPERIMENTER SYSTEM SCIENTIFIC SUPPORT DIVISION

The Scientific Support Division is responsible for depth and vehicle status as the body undulated bet.yeen the providing the professional and technical support for the surface and 55 m depth with a 0.7 km cycle at 10 kts towing research and survey programs of the Branch, as well as some of speed. the common services provided to other agencies of the Depart- ment at the Centre. These services are provided by sections REX (Robot Experimenter) and units which make up the Division and their accomplishments for the year are detailed in the following paragraphs. In brief, they consist of, The Instrumentation R&D Unit has been developing and field testing the 'Robot Experimenter', a comprehensive (a) the development of new instrumentation or equip- instrument system for conducting in situ experiments and water ment to satisfy a specific requirement, normally quality analyses. Basically, it is a submersible robot laboratory needed by more than one user. which can be placed in a lake or river to collect time series data, unattended for a long period of time. It consists of a main (b) the improvement by modification of existing equip- frame which houses electronics modules and apparatus modules. ment to increase the performance, reliability or to The apparatus modules include pumps, valves, reagent reser- perform a special function. voirs, electrodes, sensors and other items which have been specially developed so that this system will have many of the (c) the maintenance, calibration and servicing of elect- facilities of an analytical laboratory for handling reagents, ronic and mechanical equipment in common use processing samples and taking readings. The electronics throughout the Centre, and in some other regions by modules provide control and data acquisition. staff from the Branch. This robot laboratory is operated by a small mini- (d) the technical and logistical support for the multi- computer, housed on shore, which communicates with the robot disciplinary field and ship operations and scientific laboratory via an underwater cable. Its software package projects. allows a user to program his analysis alogrithms in a high level language written especially for this facility. A basic library of (e) the provision of the major computing hardware, programs has been written to control the various apparatus system software, ancillary equipment, and the oper- modules and to perform analysis for nine water quality at ion of this equipment in the data centre. parameters (temperature, pH, conductance, dissolved oxygen, redox liotential, chloride ion, by direct electro-chemical tech- (f) the provision of a reference library and information niques; total alkalinity and total carbon dioxide by in situ retrieval services. titration; and suspended solids by absoption and scattering of white light). The minicomputer is normally operated unattended, executing sample-and-analyze programs on a pre-scheduled TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT basis, usually once per hour. It can communicate with a large computer facility at CCIW over the telephone, thereby allowing Some of the development projects undertaken by the data to be retrieved, processed and examined in near real time, Division during the year were, as well as allowing program changes to be made to suit the conditions at the time. Vertical Automatic Profiling System Field trials in Hamilton Harbour and in a test tank The system prototype is essentially a winch on the have proven the computer and underwater laboratory with all bottom of a lake controlled and powered from shore about one its appdratus modules. The repertoire of analysis programs has kilometre away. The winch repeatedly cycles a floating body been developed to a useful level for all measurements. Work is through the water column. The body carries an array of still progressing on optimizing the detailed considerations of instruments such as current meters and temperature sensors. time, chemical conditioning and signal processing which are At the end of the year, the system underwent trials in best for each measurement analysis. Also, a variety of preparation for use in Kootenay Lake, B.C. Major benefits from techniques are being evaluated for in situ standardization or the system are high spatial resolution of scientific data with verification of each. low capital expenditure for instruments. It is expected that this one REX system will be used Forces on Towers in projects where time-series data of water quality parameters are thought to be important. It should advance the state-of- The forces of water waves impinging on tower legs the-art for observing in situ water quality parameters and produce stresses in the tower structure. These stresses are provide data base from which we can determine those having predicted by nodal analysis made possible through modern significance for automated monitoring networks and what the computer techniques. The data on real strain have been best techniques are for observing them. Because of its modular gathered and the comparisons with the predictions are in the design and high level software, it should be able to be adapted final stages of preparation for publication. Use of such to a series of such projects. Where networks of multiparameter computer programs is becoming prevalent in engineering, and monitoring stations are required, many of the modules and therefore must be verified by experiment. techniques developed here can be deployed in smaller, optim- ized main frame assemblies which should have installed operat- Active Towbody System ing and system costs lower than present commercial systems.

As part of development of a general-purpose, towed- D. O. Sensor vehicle system, a "Batfish" body has been expanded, tow tested, and the system mathematically modelled for predictability. As Other work is pursuing the development of a new ci demonstration of the capability of the system, a pumped type of dissolved oxygen sensor with potential to be capable of sampling system was installed and flown in the vehicle utilizing long term in situ operation. Based on the membrane-protected, a novel high pressure pump that delivered nine litres per minute semi-integral electroanalysis devices prototyped in the labora- through the 215 metre, non-contaminating, electro-hydro- tory by Dr. K. B. Oldham (Contract, 1973), the development mechanical faired cable, without serious degradation of plank- work has concentrated on achieving a manufacturable design ton or smearing of water samples. On-board sensors monitored which will deliver the desired characteristics in the field.

41 TECHNICAL SUPPORT AND SERVICES Lake Bottom Water Sampler

The technical support provided varied considerably A special sampler has been designed to simulta- throughout the year, however, 16 specific items have been neously collect 30 water samples up to two metres above the selected as being representative of the services provided. The lake bottom. The design consists of a pyramid structure which last on the list, the WAVES Facility, is featured because it is supports an array of plastic syringes. After lowering the array one of the most ambitious of the projects undertaken since the to the bottom, a mechanical messenger is sent to release a CCIW came into being. trigger plate which then falls and simultaneously trips all of the syringes so that their plungers can be actuated by preloaded Acoustic-Anemometer Remote-Control Facilities springs. The sampler is then pulled to the surface for unloading.

The ultrasonic-anemometer is a well known instru- Launch Trawl Equipment ment for measuring air velocity turbulence. This device is in use at CCIW. For the 1976 WAVES study it was necessary to The Great Lakes Biological Laboratory required a have automated remote-control over the instrument which is launch with trawling capability for the gathering of fish in the normally controlled manually. This was achieved by using midwater region. This was to check the species and sizes of digital-controlled relays and switched resistor ladders. The fish in each area to verify a prototype acoustic fish-censusing digital control is derived from the main control system which is syîtem which was being evaluated. The launch 'Aqua' was based on a mini computer. modified by the addition of a trawl winch system consisting of two commercial trawl winches and a complete hydraulic system Acoustic Water Velocity Sensors adapted to an existing diesel unit. Calculations showed that the aluminum hull launch could roll over in a tight turn if the nets CCIW Engineering Services evaluated an acoustic should snag. Special safety links were placed in the trawl line sensor for measuring water-currents. Although such devices to eliminate this potential problem. exist in one, two, or three axis form, work done to date has been based on the two-axis sensor. The most advantageous Mass Spectrometer Additions application of these sensors at CCIW is the measurement of very low, lake-bottom currents of the order of several milli- The Hitachi Perkin-Elmer RM6-62 is an aging but meters per second, which is below the threshold of more expensive mass spectrometer. Some electronic portions were conventional current meters. Some custom improvements were not up to present day performance and reliability standards. incorporated to enhance the meter's characteristics. Several items have been installed to remedy this problem.

Microbiology Pressure Chamber Automatic Pumping Water Sampler System A system was produced to contain a bacterial This system is used for year-round, unattended solution to be kept at a constant pressure which corresponds to collecting and bottling of samples of water, pumped from a the bottom conditions of an inland lake. Samples of three to fixed point in a river or lake. Contamination of each discrete five cubic centimetres were required to be taken from the water sample is avoided by having the sample water pumped for chamber while still under ambient pressure. A rubber dam an adjustable period of time before the sample is taken so that separated the pressurizing fluid from the solution under study. no residual water from a previous sample can remain in the The samples were drawn through an hypodermic needle septum. supply line. At the Wolfe Island location at Kingston, Ontario, the major system components (including the pump) are all Optical Radiation Sources for Lake-Column Simula- housed on shore in a heated shed. For winter operation, the tors exposed inlet line has an anti-icing system using externally applied heat tape, plus insulation. The CCIW array of eight in-housé "lake-column simulators" (large experimental water columns) is used as a tool by the GLBL staff in the study of biomagnification of toxicants. Epilimnion Nutrient Settling Fluxes System in Lake To provide better simulation of natural conditions in these St. George water columns, it was required that the artificial light sources be improved in intensity and spectral content. During 1976 the The aim of this project is to measure the vertical necessary design procurement action, installation and test of flux of particulate carbon, nitrogen and phosphate from and to these radiation sources was completed and found satisfactory. the epilimnion of a small lake. The system uses special settling chambers for sampling in a lake. In operation the chambers, Photochemical Process Apparatus with end caps and shutters open, are lowered into the lake vertically on a taut line. The end caps are then closed and the A special apparatus has been designed and manufac- sedimentation within the samplers allowed to continue for tured for measuring the breakdown of organic compounds in a several hours. Immediately before lifting the samplers from the lake due to light. The apparatus consists of a plate to hold six lake, the shutters are actuated to trap the sediments within flasks, containing sample lake water and chemicals. The plate subsections in the cylinder. From the amount of sediment is lowered to a specific depth and secured to a surface float filtered from the contents of water in the top and bottom sub which is left in place for several weeks. At the end of each sections of each sampler, it is possible to calculate the net period, a cone is lowered down the mooring line to cover the settling flux. sample bottles so that the entire assembly is retrieved in a light-tight condition. The assembly is then put into a light-tight box where the sample is transferred from each flask into a A Fast-Response Acoustic Time Varied Gain special transportation box. Receiver for Fish-Census Studies Portable Arctic Winch Earlier CCIW biological studies on fish-populations in the Great Lakes had experienced inadequate accuracy and A special small, light, portable winch has been speed-of-response in the electro-acoustic receivers used for designed and built for use in the arctic and is intended largely target detection in these shallow waters. This problem was for through-the-ice handling of instruments with minimum eliminated with the development and incorporation of a high- physical exertion. Its base can be folded for stowing in a Jet performance time varied gain (TVG) receiver assembly, ■ivhich Ranger 206 helicopter. In normal operation, the hole is bored in accurately compensated for spreading losses in the water the ice with a commercial ice auger, then the motor is detached column. and transferred to the winch to be its prime mover. The sensor package and cable is lowered through the water column by controlled free fall and raised again by the winch. The winch can also be hand operated in an emergency. To reduce overall size, a special slip-ring unit has been designed to fit inside the winch drum.

Kootenay Lake Turbidity/Temperature/Conductivity Profiler ■

Water Conductivity and Temperature Calibration Bath

This system was specified by CCIW and constructed by a Canadian manufacturer. It uses a powerful pump and fast heat exchanger to achieve temperature stabilities better than other commercial units at twice this one's cost. The very large table-top area is designed to conveniently support the in situ water quality packages for calibration.

WAVES Facility

The Water-Air Vertical Exchange Study required a very elaborate array of stable transducers and sensors such as wave staffs and anemometers. A tower was designed and Portable Arctic Winch being used for Profiling in Hudson's Bay contracted for construction and installation off Burlington Area by OAS Personnel Beach near Hamilton, Ontario. All data are gathered and transmitted ashore by a sophisticated small computer based subsystem. Several man-years and about one quarter of a million dollars were invested in this facility which is finding wider application in research, along with the prime use for which it was intended.

Recirculating Ice Flume

A recirculating ice flume was designed at CCIW to incorporate several features required to allow study of ice cover formation, ice cover stability, oil/ice/ water/air interaction, and related matters in open channel flow. The flume is installed inside a CCIW Cold-Room. The working section is equipped with electrically heated windows and side walls to control ice formation and water temperature. The water cooling is achieved through the channel's air-water interface using the cold-room air, assisted by the wind tunnel fan. The pump casing, circulation piping and water storage tank are insulated to maintain steady water temperature.

Turbidity/Temperature/Conductivity Profiler

This system was developed for the 1976 Kootenay Lake study program. It suits launch operation and portable generator power sources. Vertical-profiling of lake turbidity, temperature, and conductivity are achieved through high quality sensors. Data are presented both directly (on analog chart recorders) and logged digitally on magtape. By the end of 1976 many thousands of profiles had been taken at the 50 measurement stations on Kootenay Lake, using this system. WAVES - 76 Platform with Instrumentation 43 The extensive instrumentation maintenance and the The use of computer services continued to increase illustration and photogaphy support is also a major annual during the past year, the most dramatic being an increase of contribution to CCIW. 24% in the central processor time for the main 3170 system, to 1903 hours. Other statistics for 1976/77 are given in Table I. The Field Support was provided to approximately 75 studies by meeting with and identifying the needs of the In support of the Research Programs at the Centre, scientists, suggesting and implementing methods and procedures the Library has collected 17,100 books, received 590 journal necessary to make the various measurements required, main- titles, 441 series reports and during the year obtained 1732 taining close liaison with other divisions and agencies to items on interlibrary loan at the request of research staff. coordinate the logistical requirements, and reporting upon the Eight hundred and fifty interlibrary loan requests were received completion of the job. One of these support functions was the for items from CCIW library's collection. Library services were installation of a weather station on the Burlington Pier from extended to the Great Lakes Biolimnology Lab staff at Sault Ste which are obtained daily recordings of meteorological para- Marie, and to the EMS Regional Director's staff in Burlington in meters for inclusion in our data file relative to many studies addition to the groups previously served, i.e., all staff at the being conducted in the immediate area. Centre and IWD Ontario Region personnel.

SSD staff were responsible for the successful comp- On-line searching of information from computerized letion of the Ontario region's Open Lake Surveillance Program. data bases continues to supplement manual searching. There were 12 surveillance cruises conducted in Lake Ontario, CAN/OLE was used approximately 2- 32 hours a month and QL three in Lake Erie and one each in Lake Superior and Lake systems (WATDOC) are queried between 12 and 77 times a Huron. The majority of these were conducted aboard CSS month. Limnos and the remainder using the charter vessel MV Petrel V. The data gathered on these cruises are included in the annual The library staff are coordinating their efforts with report to the International Joint Commission (IJC). other library groups, such as the Sheridan Park Library and the Information Science Committee, in sharing resources in an Engineers and technicians also provided significant effort to decrease the number of journals needed on site, and support to the Department's Canadian Oceanographic Data this cooperation has proved 'very fruitful during the year. System (CODS) Program. In October a meteorological toroidal Cooperation with the staff of environmental libraries around buoy was moored off Halifax as part of the overall evaluation the Great Lakes Basin will be evalinted in the Spring. and intercomparison program of the buoys being developed. Motion of the buoy was measured over a several day period, Scientific Advice to Others including a severe storm, and inter-compared with other types af buoys. The proposed buoy for the Great Lakes developed by Staff from the Scientific Support Division have the contractor, Hermes Electronics, was also field tested in provided considerable technical information to Canadian scien- Lake Ontario. tists, engineers, and to Canadian Industry. The most notable case is the advice provided to Hermes Electronics, the prime The digital plotting capability in the Data Centre contractor for the CODS Program. This program involves the was considerably enhanced this year by the replacement of the development of buoy systems for the oceans as well as Canada's plotting equipment with the new Calcomp 1036 system. The inland waters. Staff from this Division are concerned with the new system provides a five-fold increase in the amount of development of the intermediate or medium capability buoy and plotting that can be accomplished in a day as well as a great provide primary consulting services to the contractor on design, improvement in the quality of the product. fabrication, mooring, deployment and application of these systems. During the year staff of the unit have been involved heavily with the planning and defining requirements for the acquisition of a new computer system for the Centre. Major areas of involvement included the preparation of the technical specifications for the new hardware and system software, and the design and testing of the benchmark job stream to be used to evaluate tenders for the new system.

44 STAFF SERVICES DIVISION

45 46 STAFF SERVICES DIVISION

Staff Services included lead agency provision of An agreement between the Hamilton Harbour basic administrative, financial, material, records, and property Commissioners and CCIW was executed, granting the HHC management to all Environmental Management Service ele- permission to install and operate a radio transmitter unit ments located at the Centre. In addition, conimon services complete with tower at CCIW. were provided to other services of the Department of Fisheries and Environment, i.e. Fisheries and Marine Service, Environ- All service, minor construction and purchase cont- mental Protection Service, Planning and Finance (Personnel) racts related to the operation and maintenance of CCIW were and to the Department of Supply and Services Procurement carried out by this Section, utilizing the Facilities Planning Office. Systems and Procedures Manuals.

Secretariat service is provided to the Executive Fire Protection, Safety & Security Committee, complemented by supporting committees such as Facilities Committee, Safety Organization and the respective for safety security effective- subcommittees: security, fire prevention, energy conservation, New procedures and ness were planned for implementation early in 1977/78. Reg- and others. Direct administrative support was further provided rettably the Safety Officer's position remained vacant January to the Director's Office, Senior Scientist, Office of Coordina- through March. tion, Information Services, and the World Health Organization. A potentially serious fire, 10 February 1977, located With the introduction - of EMS Program Planning, Program/Project reporting quarterly required by regionalization in the large warehouse, thought to be caused by chemical reaction in the receiving area, was quickly controlled, and the and the associated complexities, a whole new dimension of subsequent investigation by the Dominion Fire Commissioner's financial data control is being developed. office resulted in new protective fire equipment and procedures. Points of specific interest resulting from the Department of Supply and Services audit and other department initiatives are as follows: Materiel Management

Accounting Steps were taken to establish a proper record of the Centre's assets and implement the departmental Equipment-in- New procedures for the control of expenditures, Use System. including proper implementation of the Delegation of Signing Authorities, were introduced; and the introduction of comshare Vehicle control and reporting was updated to meet financial computer systems for greater response to management departmental standards. information needs with emphasis placed on project reporting was planned. The review of assets has clearly indicated that an agressive disposal program should be instituted. The Financial Officer position was vacant from November through March, thus creating a difficult period for Procedures for the provision of common services to existing staff. all tenants have been reviewed and improved with particular reference to the control of chemicals and other lab supplies, The many restraints, control directives, and inqui- personal issues of protective clothing and field equipment, ries resulting from the Auditor-General's activity reflected stationery, etc. heavily on all financial matters. During the post year we underwent a detailed and Audit Services Bureau Audit conducted by Mr. Building & Property Services Section constructive DSS T. Thornpson. Observations were made on how we could Management and the many services it The Building & Property Services Section provides improve Materiel provides have been implemented to the extent our resourceà building, site and built-in equipment support for all components allow. at CCIW. This support covers the operation and maintenance of the faci I ities, alterations, new construction, modifications and The on-going results of the Audit in conjunction with technical advice on the use of these facilities which may be Departmental requirements resulted in the new Equipment in required to satisfy the requirements of the research programs. Use System being implemented. A complete physical inventory This section is also responsible for the safety, fire emergency, of CCIW Branch is in progress. and security programs for the Centre. During the year 1976/77 Materiel Management CCIW intensified its energy conservation activities supplied full or partial service to the Regional Director's during the 1976/77 fiscal year which dramatically reduced Office, Ocean and Aquatic Sciences, Environmental Protection electrical consumption by 3,702,200 kilowatt hours and natural Service, Inland Waters Directorate Ontario Region, Great Lakes gas consumption by 37,046,000 cubic feet over the previous Biolimnology, Small Craft Harbours, Lands Directorate, the fiscal year. Director's Office, and the five (5) Divisions of CCIW Branch. The project to upgrade the existing ship's terminals to meet new power requirements, bilge and sanitary drains, To meet the needs of components serviced required etc., and the installation of an additional ship's terminal was the following actions: completed. All terminals are now equally equipped allowing Ocean and Aquatic Sciences more flexibility in berthing ships. (a) 8095 Procurement Documents were actioned. (b) 3950 Internal Requisitions were filled from CCIW A fish culture laboratory, approximately 45' x 114' Stocks of Common Users Stores (stationery, labora- was created for the Great Lake Biolimnology Laboratory in the tory and field supplies). Hydraulics Laboratory and entailed the moving of eight Lake (c) An average of 300 Request for Information and/or Column Simulators within this new laboratory and relocating Expediting forms were processed monthly. the Hydraulics meter calibration shop to a newly constructed (d) 20,839 pieces were received by the Warehouse. shop within the confines of the Hydraulics observation deck. (e) 5305 pieces were shipped by-the Warehouse.

47 Recording of activity on approximately 7000 Capital (j) Central reporting of twenty-nine CCIW vehicles was Asset record cards continued. coordinated. Bookings were scheduled in support of (g) Labour was supplied throughout the Centre - re all CCIW Branch for use of the five Staff Services furniture movement by requisition from stock as vehicles. well as the many relocations of offices. (k) Driving service was supplied to the Personnel and (h) User units were serviced, with custodial Warehous- Financial Sections on a weekly basis and other ing, and associated work was performed, e.g., Fork- "Emergency" driving requests were responded to. Lift operation.

48 I e

REGIONAL REPORTS

49 3

fr4 CCIW BRANCH, PACIFIC & YUKON REGION

RESEARCH ACTIVITIES "riverine" flows appear to dominate the physical/chérnical processes of the lake and may, directly or indirectly, affect In 1976-77, the CCIW Branch, Pacific and Yukon microbial productivity. Both convective overturn and summer Region commenced a three year, interdisciplinary, limnological stratification are controlled in large part by this lateral study Of Kootenay Lake B. C. Completion of dams on the two movement of water, as is the spatial and temporal distribution major rivers entering this large, short-residence-time lake has of primary nutrients. Specific research attention has thus been substantially decreased the water flow during spring freshet and focused in the following areas: increased it during winter. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of the hydrographic inversion on physical (I) Direct measurements of horizontal current structure using circulation patterns, thermal characteristics, chemistry, geo- VAPS instrumentation (with Dr. P. Hamblin); chemistry, sedimentology and microbiology. Secondary interactions with nutrient pollutants in the watershed will also be (2) Determination of net nutrient fluxes in and out of the lake examined. The data will be used to assess future options for (with Pacific and Yukon WQB) and between water masses watershed management, including a possible water diversion within the lake; scheme under the terms of the Columbia River Treaty and potential changes in the method of lake operation by the (3) Detailed correlations of physical and chemical variables regional hydroelectric authority. by a modification of oceanographic techniques for water mass analysis; An integrated, monthly lake survey was first established. Measured variables include temperature, turbidity, (4) Direct correlations of temperature and algal distribution conductivity, major cations and anions all particulate and patterns using an in vivo fluorescence profiler; and; dissolved carbon, nitrogen and phosphOrus fractions, algal biomass, productivity . and excretion, bacterial biomass and (5) Examination of short-term changes in carbon, nitrogen, relative activity, chlorophyll, ATP, and zooplankton numbers. and phosphorus dynamics in relation to riverine- and wind- Continuous measurements of lake and river temperatures were induced physical and chemical changes, expecially during also obtained using in situ sensors. In addition, sediment the summer period of apparent nutrient insufficiency samples were collected for subsequent analyses of grain-size, (with Dr. D. Lean). mineralogy, and trace and major element concentrations. Lastly, a cooperative study is underway with Dr. D. Lasenby, A preliminary examination of the descriptive data Trent University, to describe the general ecology of Mysis shows that the incoming river waters rapidly transit the lake as relicta the carnivorous freshwater shrimp introduced into the relatively coherent overor interflowing water masses. These lake in the 1950's, in relation to hydrographic alterations.

CCIW BRANCH, WESTERN AND NORTHERN REGION

The Canada Centre for Inland Waters Branch, Applied limnological research in relation to one or combinations Western and Northern Region (CCIW-WNR) is located in the of the above stresses is underway at sites representing each of Freshwater Institute on the University of Manitoba Campus in these five groups. Winnipeg. The objective of CCIW-WNR is to provide scientific knowledge of assistance in managing the freshwater resources The effects of reducing excessive nutrient loadings of western and northern Canada. The main function is applied to shallow Prairie Lakes is presently given priority. The main research into the responses of regional freshwater systems to study site is the chain of six lakes downstream from Regina in various stresses related to human activities, or their removal, the Qu'Appelle Valley of Saskatchewan. These mainstem lakes, at specific sites in the Prairie Provinces and the Northwest like many in the Prairie region, are shallow and although flushed ' Territories. A subsidiary function is the investigation of key during a spring when there has been sufficient winter snowfall, limnological processes controlling these responses. The main still have relatively long water residence times. Given this stresses under investigation are, in order of priority: situation, natural nutrient loadings are considered sufficient to generate noxious algae blooms. The natural situation is made nutrients from Prairie population (I) excess nutrient loading from urban and agricultural worse by massive injections of sources, particularly sewage frorn major population centres, agricultural activities, and recreational developments. centres; The Fishing Lake chain (Lakes Pasqua, Echo, Mission, and Katepwa), Crooked Lake, and Round Lake occur on the mainstem river draining the interprovincial Qu'Appelle basin. (2) -toxic substance loadings, from industrial, agricul- Under a Federal-Provincial agreement, some ten million dollars tural, and urban sources, with emphasis on heavy has been allocated for facilities and procedures to reduce metals from mineral processing plants; nutrient loading to these lakes. Based on a limited data base and limited investigation of processes which occur in this (3) waste heat from industrial sources, particularly particular limnological milieu, predictions were made as to the coal-f ired, thermal generating stations. effects of nutrient loading reduction in terms of water quality improvement, particularly the hoped for decrease in intensity and/or frequency of algae blooms. The purpose of the ongoing For convenience, the freshwater system of western research is to refine these earlier predictions. and northern Canada can be separated into five groups: Ongoing research activities by CCIW in the (I) Prairie Lakes; Qu'Appel le system include the following: (2) Reservoirs; (3) Taiga Lakes: (I) Nutrient Loading Models. Compilation and verific- (4) Great Lakes; and ation of existing data on nutrient loading from (5) Rivers. rivers. Interpretation of theie data, in conjunction

51 with relevant information on the hydrologic cycle, The investigations described above absorb most of according to state-of-the-art théories of nutrient- the budget for regional limnological research. However, many water residence times and nutrient loading equa- other limnological sites in the region are the focus of diverse tions. So as to refine loading models, measurements environmental problems. In the future, some of these may be of nutrient loadings to the lakes from wet and dry given priority because of Federal-Provincial agreements or precipitation and groundwater flows, both natural similar arrangements. These site-specific problems are tackled and affected by recreational facilities, are being on a very limited basis in anticipation of future priority changes made. or environmental concerns. The investigations fall into three general categories. (2) Nutrient Loading-Productivity Models. Interpret- ation of historic nutrient loading-productivity (I) Toxic Metal Pathways. Research into the pathways relationships for those periods when productivity of regeneration and recycling of toxic metals in measurements are available. Ongoing studies inc- taiga lakes contaminated by waterborne and air- lude analyses of the water column in all six lakes for borne loadings from mineral extraction plants is a variety of physical and chemical parameters and conducted at Flin Flon, Manitoba. A related chlorophyll-a measurements. Wind-generated depth- investigation of the limnological pathways of copper turbidity relationships are being investigated by originating from algicides involves analyses of sedi- transmissometer fixed in Echo Lake and a shore- ments, water, and biota from the lakes near Erick- based meteorological station. Surface turbidity son, Manitoba, and the mainstem Qu'Appelle Lakes, variations are being assessed by boat-mounted trans- Saskatchewan. missometer and, under contract, by interpretation of (2) Toxic Metal Dynamics and Loadings. Research into satellite imagery. Landsat imagery will also be used heavy metal dynamics of the great lakes of the to assess variations in lake biomass during previous region began with analyses of sediment cores from flood and drought years, by correlation of today's Lake Winnipeg, has recently extended to Lake imagery with today's productivity. For logistical Athabasca, and will continue with limited sampling reasons and because of problems related to recre- of Lake Manitoba and Great Slave Lake. The Lake ational development in the Qu'Appelle valley, a Athabasca bottom sediments were collected as part more ambitious study of mixing processes in shallow of an Alberta Oil Sands Environmental Research Prairie Lakes is underway in Lake Manitoba. A Programme (AOSERP), a funded study of the dyna- sophisticated hydrometerological tower is installed mics of heavy metals in the Athabasca river system. in the lake during summer months. The objective is As time, budget priorities, and technical support to investigate the interaction of sediment resuspen- permit, cored sediments are analysed, and sediment- sion, productivity, and depth of the euphotic zone, ation rates determined, to calculate historical chan- with wind-generated bottom stress. ges in loadings of various toxic substances to these (3) Internal Regeneration of Nutrients. The nutrient western great lakes. Related extensions of these loading and productivity studies and models describ- investigations are anticpated for: (I) Lake Winni- ed above will assist in defining the extent of peg as part of a proposed Federal-Provincial water regeneration of phosphorus from sediments. Consid- quality study, and (2) mercury in the Winnipeg River ered a major component in the nutrient budget of drainage basin as part of a similar Federal-Provin- Prairie Lakes, this process is also being investigated cial investigation of rivers and lakes of northwestern by chemical analyses, using selective extraction Ontario. Knowledge is being built up of the techniques, and by microprobe analysis of bottom dynamics of heavy metal transport to Lake Winnipeg sediments. Determinations are also being made of via analyses of bottom sediments and suspended bio-availability of sediment- and humus-bound phos- sediments from the Red River and from other lakes phorus by direct algae growth on sediment substra- and rivers in the Lake Winnipeg drainage basin. A tes. study of the mass transfer of water between the north and south basins of Lake Winnipeg has been (4) Historical Nutrient Loading and Eutrophic State. completed. This involved the use of current meter Sediment cores, collected through ice with the chains, to continuously monitor water movement in CCIW lightweight corer are being analysed by the Lake Winnipeg Narrows. selective extraction techniques to determine historic inputs of nutrient forms to the lakes. Sediment- (3) Reservoirs and Im_poundments. Boundary Reservoir ation rates are being determined on selected cores in southeastern Saskatchewan is the major study by radiometric techniques. Historic changes in site. It is the location of a large, lignite cool -fired, trophic state are being estimated following compu- generating station. Research is aimed at determin- ter analyses of ostracod distribution and species ing the effect of both waste heat and the generating composition. station on water quality. Results of physical and chemical studies on this riverine reservoir are (5) Pollution Indexing. A benthic survey of the six applicable to other international boundary reser- mainstem lakes in the Qu'Apelle valley is nearing voirs. Chemical studies have dealt with sediment completion. It is expected to extent sampling to the analyses aimed at elucidating the major cation and river itself. Because of their response to the total toxic metal balances in the reservoir. Physical environment, benthic studies provide a better means studies have dealt with winter, ice-free surface of indexing the impact of contaminants, in this case evaporation, so as to more accurately estimate excessive nutrient additions. The unbalanced nature water loss from these Prairie reservoirs. A differ- of the benthic communities in some of the mainstem ent type of reservoir study aimed at the estimation lakes, mainfests the stress being imposed by the of productivity changes in impoundments has recent- excessive nutrient and other inputs to the lakes. A ly been completed. This study site was Southern bacteriological survey of the bottom sediments is Indian Lake which is a main component of the tentatively planned for some future date. Churchill-Nelson diversion.

(6) Nitrogen Fixation. Because of the dominance of Publications or manuscripts dealing in more detail nitrogen-fixing blue-green algae in many Prairie with several of the above topics are available from CCIW-WNR, lakes, a study of the N-fixation process is being Freshwater Institute, Winnipeg. Data on most of the above are carried out at lakes near Erickson, Manitoba, as part presently being accumulated and staff members in Winnipeg can of the overall Prairie lake limnology programme. be consulted on specific topics.

52 PUBLICATIONS

• WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION M. E. Fox "Persistence of TFM (3-trifluoromethy14-nitruphenal) in COLLABORATING CENTRE ON D. Liu Lake Ontario Nearshore Areus ond in Lahnriitury Bor-terial SURFACE AND GROUND WATER QUALITY Culture Studies". 19th Conference IAGLR, (Abstruct- p 52).

Water Quality Bulletin, 1976-77: M. E. Fox "Fate of Selected Organic Compounds in the Discharge of Bulletin de la quotité des eaux, 1976-77: Kraft Paper Mills into Lake Superior". Identification and Analysis of Organic Pollutants in Water. L. H. Keith, Ecii ta.. Vol. I, No. I, Water Management in Conada, January Gestion des eaux au Canada, Mars Ann Arbor Science.

M. E. Fox "Persistence of Dissolved Organic Compounds in Kraft Pulp Vol. I, No. 2, Water Management in Latin America, April J. Fish. Res. Board Can. Gestion des eaux en Amérique Latine, Avril and Paper Mill Effluents". Accept: Special Issue on Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents. (In press). Vol. I, No. 3 Water Management in the Western Pacific, July "Distribution of Pesticides and PCBs in Water; Sediments and Gestion des eaux dons le Pacifique de l'ouest, Juillet W. A. Glooschenko W.M.J. Strochon Seston of the Upper Great Lakes". Pesticides Monitoring R.C.J. Sampson Journal IO, pp 61-67. Vol. 1, No. 4 Water Management in Eastern Europe, October Gestion des eaux dans l'Europe de l'est, Octobre W. A. Glooschenko "Short Term Variability of Chlorophyll o Concentrations in J. O. Blanton Lake Ontario". Hydrobiologia. (In press). 10 p. Vol. 2, No. I Water Management .ip the USA, January Gestion de la qualite des eaux aux E-UA, Janvier W. A. Glooschenko "The Ef fects of Energy Related Effluents on Productivity, Biomass, and Eutrophication in the Great Lakes". Proc, Unpublished Reports Second Interagency Comm. Marine Sci. Eng. 8 p. S. Barobas "Some Aspects of Water Quality Management in COMECON K. L E. Kaiser "PCBs: How Toxic?" Science 192, pp 614-5. Countries - A Preliminary Survey". 10 p, Apri I 1976. K.L.E. Kaiser "Determination of Volatile Halongenated Hydrocarbons in S. Bombas "Attendance at AIDIS Congress in Buenos Aires, Argentina B. G. Oliver Water by Gas Chromatography". Anal. Chem. (In press). and visits to CETESES, Rio de Janeiro;INSFOPAL and CAR, Bogota, Colombia;and CVC, Cali, Colombia". June 16-July 2, K.L.E. Kaiser "Organic Contaminant Residues in Fishes from Nipigon Boy, 1977, 29 p, July 1976. Lake Superior". J. Fish. Res. Board Con. (In press). S. Barabas "WHO Collaborating Centre on Surface and Ground Water A.L.W. Kemp "A Preliminary Comparison of the Composition of Bluffs and Quality - A Review of its Activities and Achievements in the C. I. Dell Sediments from Lakes Ontario and Erie". Can. J. Earth Sci. period March 1975-August 1976", 34 p, September 1976. 13, pp 1070-1081. • S. Bombas "Some Aspects of Wener Quality Management in Mediter- A.L.W. Kemp "Sedimentation Rates and a Sediment Budget for Lake ronean Countries - A Preliminary Survey", 20 p, October N. S. Harper Ontario". J. Great Lakes Res. (In press). 1976. A.L.W. Kemp "Impact of Man's Activities on the Chemical Composition in S. Borabos "Some Aspects of Water Ouality Management in the Carib- R. L. Thomas the Sediments of Lakes Ontario, Erie and Huron". Water, Air beon Arec - A Preliminary Survey", 28 p, February 1977. and Soil Pollution, 3. (In press).

PROCESS RESEARCH DIVISION A.L.W. Kemp "Sediment Geochemistry: Evidence of Cultural Impact". R. L. Thomas Geoscience Canada. 3:3, pp 191-307. N. M. Burns et al "A Phosphorus Budget for Lake Erie". J. Fish. Res. Board Con. 33, pp 564-573. J. Lawrence "Polychlorinated Biphenyl Concentrations in Sewage and H. Tosine Sludges of Some Waste Treatment Plants in Southern Onto- N. M. Burns et al "Processes within Lake Erie". J. Fish. Res. Board Con. 33, rio". Bull. Env. Cont. Tech. (In press). pp 639-643. D.R.S. Leon "Phosphorus Kinetics in Lokewater - the Influence of Memb- B. Brovmlee "Persistent Organic Cornpounds from a Pulp Mill in a Near- rane Filter Pore Size and Low Pressure Filtration". J. Fish. W.M.J. Strachan shore Freshwater Environment". In: Identification and Anal- Res. Board Con. 33, pp 2800-2804. ysis of Orgonic Pollutants in Water. L. H. Keith, Ed. An Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, Michigan, pp 661-670. D.R.S. Leon "The Importance of Nitrogen Fixation in Lakes". Proc. Environmental Roles of Nitrogen Fixing B. Brownlee "Distribution of Some Organic Compounds in the Receiving C. F.-H. Liao Internat. Symp. on Blue-Green Algue and Asymbiotic Bocteria, Uppsala, Sweden, W.M.J. Strachan Waters of a Kraft Pulp and Paper Mill". J. Fish. Res. Board T. P. Murphy p. Con. (In press). D. S. Pointer September, 1976, 22

B. Brownlee "Distribution of Dehydroabietic Acid in Sediments Adjacent D.R.S. Lean "Phosphate Exchange and Organic Phosphorus Excretion by M. E. Fox to a Kraft Pulp and Paper Mill". J. Fish. Res. Board Can. (In Freshwater Algue". J. Fish. Res. Board Con. 33, pp 1312- W. M. J. Strochan press). C. Nolewajko 1323. S. R. Joshi G. G. Leppard "Ion-Exchange Fibrils in Inland Waters - their Production and J. Carey "Photodechlorination of PCBs in the Presence of Titanium D.R.S. Lean Environmental Significance". Proc. Con. Fed. Biol. Socs. 19, J. Lawrence Dioxide in Aqueous Suspensions". Bull. Env. Cont. ond Tox. 86 p. H. Tosine (In press). • G. G. leppard "Nascent Cellulose - its Physical Relations with the Cell Y. K. Chou et al "Methylation of Selenium in the Acjwatic Environment". J. R. Colvin Surface, the Environment and the Classical Microfibril", Science, 192, pp I I 30-1131. Proc. Con. Fed. Biol. Socs., 19, 129 p.

Y. K. Chou "Gas Chromatographic-Atomic Absorption Spectrometry for C.F.-H. Lino "Nitrogen Dynamics in Lake Ecosystems: Part I. Seasonal P.T.S. Wang the Determination of Tetroolkylleod Compounds". Anal. D.R.S. Lean Changes in Nitrogen Compartments under Dit ferent Loading P. D. Goulden Chim. Acta 85, pp 421-424. Conditions". (In press). SS p.

Y. K. Chou "Complexation of Metals in Noturol Waters. IJC Workshop on C.F.-H. Liao "The Assimilation of Inorganic Nitrogen by Lake Plonkton. P.T.S. Wong Toxicity to Biota of Metal Forms in Natural Waters". D.R.S. Lean Port Il". (In press). 15 p. Proceedings, Chapter 9, pp 187-196. D. "Biodegradation, on Environmental Solution to Some Toxic Y. K. Chou "An Element- and Speciation-Specific Technique for the Organic Compounds". Environmental Conservation, 3:2, pp P.T.S. Wang Determination of Organametallic Compounds". Proc. 3rd 137-138. FACSS Meeting, Phi ladelphia. Paper No. 396, 3 p. D. Liu "Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCBs) in Sewage Sludges". Pro- J. R. Colvin "Granules within Cellulose Microfibrils - Additional Evidence V. K. Chowla ceedings of 10th Annual Conference on Trace Substances in M. Tairai for a Polymeric Intermediate in Biosynthesis". Natur- Environmental Health, Columbia, Missouri. (In press). 8 p. G. G. Leppard wissenschaf ten, 63, p 297.

C. I. Dell "Sedirrent Distribution and Bottom Topography of e D. Liu "A Novel Method for Isolation of Filamentous Microorganisms eastern Lake Superior". Jour. Great Lakes Res., Vol 2, No. I. K. Kwasniewska from Bulking Activated Sludge". Water and Sewage Works. (In press). 12p. D. B. Cohen (In press). 1 I p.

L. D. Delorme "Freshwater Shelled Invertebrate Indicators of Paleoclimate D. Liu "A Navel Method for the Measurement of Biological Activity S. C. Zonai in Nor thwestern Canada during the Late Glacial". Con. Jour. in Lake Sedirnent". 19th Conference on great Lakes L. L. Kolas Earth Sci. (In press). Research, Guelph, Ontario, AbsTroct, 75 p.

53 R. J. Maguire ' Stability and Hydrolysis Rate Constants of Aqueous Solutions R. F. Platford "Thermodynamics of Miscible Liquid Mixtures of Carbon S. Ananad of Mercuric Acetate and Methylmercuric Acetate''. J. Tetrachloride, n-octanol and Water at 20°C. J. Chem. Soc. H. Chew Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry 38, pp 1659-1662. Faraday. (In press). W. A. Adams H. W. Poerl "Visual Observations of Phosphorus Movement between Algae, R. J. Maguire "Binding of Methylmercuric Hydroxide by 4-Thiouridien of N- D.R.S. Lean Bacteria, and Abiotic Particles in Lake Waters". J. Fish. Formul-Methionyl-tRNA from Escherichia Col?'. Con. Jour. Res. Board Con. 33, pp 2805-2813. of Biochemistry 54, pp 583-587. D. T. Rickard "Aqueous Environmental Chemistry of Lead". In: f3ioqeo- R. J. Maguire "Kinetics of the Hydrolysis of Cellobriose and P-Nitro- J. O. Nriagu chemistry of Lead in the Environment, 1 22 p. Phenyl- -D-Glucoside by Cellobiase of Trichoderma Viride. Can. Jour. of Biochemistry. (In press). 32 p. B. A. Silverberg "Ultrastructurul Examination of Aeromonas Cultured in the P.T.S. Wang Presence of Organic Lead". Applied and Environ. Microbio. P. G. Manning "Ferrous-Ferric Interactions on Adjacent Face-Shoring Anti- Y. K. Chou 32, pp 723-725. prismatic sites in Vesuvianites". Con. Mineral. 14, pp 216- 220. D. B. Shindler "Physiological and Enzymatic Aspects of Moderately Halo- phil ic Microorganisms". Ph. D. Thesis, University of Ottawa. P. G. Manning "Spectra: A Crystal-Field Approoch". Chem. Soc. Reviews 5, pp 233-250. D. B. Shindler "Effects of Crude Oil Spills on the Bacterial Microflore of C. Breuil Freshwater Artificial Ponds". Env. Con. Sci. Series, 45 p. P. G. Manning "Electron Microprobe, X-ray Diffraction and Spectral Studies R. Owens of South African and British Columbian Jades:. Con. Mineral. P. G. Sly "Sedimentary Environments in the Great Lakes''. Proc. SIL- (In press). UNESCO Symp. Interaction Between Sediments and Fresh- water, Nieuwersluis. Pudoc Pub. Neths. pp 7e-82. P. G. Manning Ti' + Intervalence and 02--■ Fe 2+ Charge-Transfer in Brown Vesuvianite Crystals". Can. Mineral. (In press). P. G. Sly "Some Influence of Dredging in the Great Lakes". Proc. SIL- UNESCO Symp. Interaction between Sediments and Fresh- P. G. Manning "Mossbauer Spectral Studies of Ferric-Phosphate Interaction water, Nieuwersluis, Pudoc Pub. Neths. pp 435-443. in Sediments Underlying Oxic Lake Waters". Can. Mineral. (In press). P. G. Sly (Editor) "The Great Lakes Basin - Interaction between Terrestrial and Aqueous Systems". In: Geoscience Canada 3:3, pp 157-207. P. G. Manning "A Mossbauer Spectral Study of Ferrous and Ferric Ion Distri- M. J. Tricker butions in Grossular Distributions". Can. Mineral. (In press). P. G. Sly "A Report on Studies of the Effects of Dredging and Disposal in the Great Lakes". Inland Waters Directorate Scientific A. Mudroch "Identification of Mineral Particles by Electron Microscopy". Publication Series, 77, 38 p. A. J. Zeman Proc. of 3rd Annual Meeting of Microscopical Society of R. Sandi lands Canada. R. L. Thomas "Sedimentation Processes and Associated Changes in Surface J.-M. Jacquet Sediment Trace Metal Concentrations in Lake St. Clair 1910- A. Mudroch "Identification of Mineral Particles in Fine Grained Locust- A. Mudroch 1914. Proc. of the Int. Conf. on Heavy Metals in the A. J. Zeman rine Sediments with Transmission Electron Microscope and X- Environment, Toronto. (In press). R. Sandilands ray Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy". Accepted: Journal of Sedimentary Petro ly. (In press). W.M.J. Strochan "Chloroform-Extractable Organic Compounds in the Inter- national Great Lakes". Chapter 28 in Identification and T. P. Murphy "A Chelator-Mediated Competition Hyposthesis to Explain Analysis of Organic Pollutants in Water, J. H. Keith, Editor, Blue-Green Algal Blooms". Con. Bot. Assoc., Lennoxville, pp 479-497. Quebec, Abstract. J. A. Westgate Geology of the Edmonton Area, Alberta: Geol. Assoc. Caned. T. P. Murphy "Blue-Green Algae: their Excretion of Iron Selective Chela- L. L. Kolas Min. Assoc. Canada, Edmonton Geol. Soc. Annual Meeting D.R.S. Lean tors Enables them to Dominate Other Algae". Science 192: M. E. Evans Edmonton 1976, Field Trip C-8 Guide Book, 49 p. C. Nalewajko pp 900-902. J.D.H. Williams "Forms of Phosphorus in the Surficial Sedirnents of Lake J. O. Nriagu "Phosphate-Clay Mineral Relations in Soils and Sediments". J.-M. Jaquet Erie". J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 33, pp 413-429. Can. J. Earth Sci. 13, pp 717-736. R. L. Thomas

J. O. Nriagu "Emission of Sulfur from Lake Ontario Sediments". Limnol. R. D. Coker Oceonogr. 21, pp 485-489. Reports J. O. Nriagu "Preface and Index in Environmental Biogeochemistry". (J. O. Nriagu editor), Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, Michigan, N. M. Burns "Budget Studies in Lake Erie, 197 0" . Report requested by the Vol 1: pp 413-423, Vol 2: pp 791-797. Swiss-French International Commission for Lake Geneva -to be published in "NEWS" publication of the organization. J. O. Nriagu (Book Review). Chemical Oceanography, Vols 3 and 4 (J. P. Riley and G. Skirrow, Editors). Geochim. Cosrnochim. Acta J. A. Capobianco "Carbon Analysis of Lake Sediments using o Leco lit-12 40. (In press). Analyzer". Internal Report, 10 p.

J. O. Nriagu (Book Review). Soil Components, Vol 2: Inorganic Compo- J. A. Capobionco "A Method for the 'Cold Vapour' Determination of Mercury in nents (J. E. Gieseking, Editor), J. Geol. 84 (In press). Lake Sediments". Internal Report, 17 p.

J. O. Nriagu "Lead in Soils, Sediments and Terrestrial Rocks". In: Biogeo- E. C. Chen "Aging Characteristics of Crude Oil on Ice". Unpublished chemistry of Lead in the Environment, (J. O. Nriagu, Editor), . B. F. Scott Report, 10 p. Amsterdam, Elsevier. (In press). 110 p. P. S. Chomut "Non-persistent Toxic Substances: Organic Non-persistent J. O. Nriagu "Lead in the Atmosphere". In: Biogeochemistry of Lead in W .M.J. Strachan Pesticides". Water Quality Board Report (1975) to the 1JC: the Environment, 106 p. — Appendix A: Water Quality Objectives Subcommittee Report June 1976, 2 p. C. Nolewajko "Phosphorus Kinetics - Algol Growth Relationships in Batch D.R.S. Lean Cultures". Proc. Internat. Symp. (SIL) on the Experimental L. D. Delorme "Colour Measurements of Water Samples Collected from Use of Algal Cultures in Limnology, Sondeford, Norway. Northwestern Ontario", CCIW Unpublished Monuscript, 19 p.

B. G. Oliver "Acid Solubilization of Sewage Sludge and Ash Constituents L. D. Delorme "Trace Metals Determined from Water Samples Collected J. H. Carey for Possible Recovery". Water Research 10, 1077 p. from Northwestern Ontario". CC1W Unpublished Manuscript, 39p. B. G. Oliver "Ultraviolet Disinfection: An Alternative to Chlorination". J. J. H. Carey Water Pol lut. Control Fed. 48, 2619 p. - L. D. Delorme "Freshwater Ostrocoda from Northwestern Ontario". CCIW Unpublished Manuscript, 53 p. B. G. Oliver "Photochemical Production of Chlorinated Organics in Aque- J. H. Carey ous Solution Containing Chlorine". Environ. Sci. and Tech. L D. Delorme "Freshwater Ostrocoda from Southeastern and Eastern Onta- (In press). rio". CCIW Unpublished Manuscript, 99 p.

W. Pet ruk "Nontronite and Ferrugionous Opal from the Peace River Iron L. D. Delorme In: P. King. "Climate and the Environment". Proc. Internal D. M. Farrell Deposit in Alberta". Can. Mineral. (In press). Report No. APRB 43 D 4, AES, Toronto. E. E. Laufer R. J. Tremblay H.FJ-I. Dobson "Eutrophication Status of the Great Lakes". CCIW Unpub- P. G. Manning lished Manuscript, 124 p.

R. F. Plotford "Thermodynamics of the System H2 O .• NaH2PO4 - 113 PO. W. A. Glooschenko "Ecology of Salt Marsh Vegetation - Selected References". J. Chem. and Eng. Data, 21, pp 468-469. CC1W Unpublished Manuscript, 9 p.

R. F. Platford "Oil-Water Partition Coefficients from Solvent Activities". W. A. Glooschenko "Selected Reference on the Ecology of Subarctic Wetlands". J. Solution Chem. 5, pp 645-651. CCIW Unpublished Manuscript, 13 p. 54 W. A. Glooschenko "Coastal Vegetation of Hudsons and James Boy". CC1W K. Kaiser "Polyelectrolytes - Potential Chloroform Precursors". Sub- Unpublished Manuscript, 7 p. J. Lawrence mitted: Science.

W. A. Glooschenko "Pesticides and PCBs in Sediments of a James Bay' Salt D.R.S. Lean "Whiskers on Algae: their Significance in Limnology". Presen- Marsh". (R.C. Sampson co-author). CC1W Unpublished 13. K. Burnison ted: American Society of Limnology Oceanographs, Savon- Manuscript, 3 p. G. G. Leopard nah, Georgia.

W. A. Glooschenko "Nutrient Enrichrnent Studies on Lake Huron". CC1W Unpub- D.R.S. Lean "Secretion of a Solid Material by Algae". Presented: Can. J. E. Moore. lished Manuscript, 169. G. G. Leopard Bot. Assoc. Phycology Symp., Lennoxvi I le, P.Q. T. P. Murphy K.L.E. Kaiser et al "Background to the Regulations of PCBs in Canada". Report A. Massalski by the Task Force on PCBs to the Env. Contaminants Committee. Env. Can. and Health. Tech. Report 76-1, D. Liu "Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Digested Sewage Sludges". Ottawa, 169 p. Accepted: Jour. Water Pollut. Control Fed.

A.L.W. Kemp et al "The Distribution and the Geochemistry of the Sediments of E. S. Millard Presented: "Phytoplankton Biomass and Species Composition South Bay". Lake Huron, CCIW Unpublished Manuscript, 35 p. D.R.S. Leon in Nutrient-Enriched Enclosures in the Bay of Quinte. Pre- M. G. Johnson sented: Canadian Bot. Assoc. Phycology Symp., Lennoxville, J. Lawrence "Alum Recovery from some Water Treatrnent Plant Sludges in P.Q. Southern Ontario". CCIW Unpublished Manuscript, 17 p. C. Nalewajlco "Phosphorus Uptake and Excretion in Algoe". Presented: D. Liu "Rapid Biodegradation of PCBs" Internal Report, 12 p. D.R.S. Lean Conadian Bot. Assoc. Phycology Symp., Lennoxvil le, P.O.

A. Mudroch "Classification of a group of Lakes in Nova Scotia". CC1W E. D. Ongley "Sediment and Nutrient Loadings to Lake Ontario: Metho- Internal Report, 15 p. J. R. Ralston dological Arguments". Submitted: Canadian J. Earth Sci. R. L. Thomas J. O. Nriagu "Therrnochemical Data for Phosphate Minerals". 32 p. S. Rarnamoorthy "Fibrillar Pectin ond Contact Cation Exchange at the Root B. F. Scott Report on WorIcshop in Spill Technology Newsletter - EEB- G. G. Leppard Surface". Accepted: Jour. Theoret. Biol. EPS, 3 p. S. Ramamoorthy "A Discrete Physiological Role for Organic Colloidal Debris P. G. Sly "Energy Supply and Conservation". (Prepared on behalf of G. G. Leppard in Soils". Accepted: Naturwissenschoften. I. K. Hill IWD-Ontorio Region). CCIW Unpublished Manuscript, 26 p. S. Romomoorthy "The Redistribution of Bound Cations in the Soil - the P. G. Sly Report , on Marine Geoscience in Canada. (PrePored at G. G. Leppard Mechanism of Action of Rhizoplone Biopolymers". Accepted: request of Geological Association of Canada as a working Proc. Int. Symp. on Heavy Metals in the Environment, document and for submission to the Science Council), 10 p. Toronto.

P. G. Sly Report on geological activities ot CCIW (1975-6). Prepared S. Romamoorthy "Root Surfaces and Accretion of Lead, Part one - Physio- for "Quaternary Newsletter' published in association with G. G. Leopard chemical Analyses". Accepted: J. lnorg. Nucl. Chem. NRC, 3 p. S. Ramomoorthy "Root Surfaces and Accretion of Lead - Port two - A Struc- P. G. Sly In: "A Manual for Sediment Analysis". Prepared for G. G. Leppard tural Analysis of the Mechanism". Accepted: J. Inorg. Nucl. UNESCO. (Report documentation, and manuscript submitted Chem. October 1976). Approximately 15 p. D. B. Shindler "Cellular Ions of the Moderate Halophile, V. rosticola". W.M.J. Strachan Vanodian (2 pages); Parathion (3 pages); Guthion (3 pages). R. Wyctro Submitted: Jour. Bocteriol. Water Quality Objectives Subcommittee Report, June 1976. D. J. Kushner

R. L- Thomas "Contribution of Sediment to Lake Superior from Shoreline R. S. Tobin "Study of the Polyethoxylate Moiety of Nonionic Surfactants Erosion". DC Upper Lakes Report, Vol 3, Chapter 3.5. F. I. Onuska during Biodegradation". Presentee!: Concretion Federation of B. Brownlee Biological Societies Meeting, Halifax. (Abstract). J.D.H. Williams "A Lightweight Photoactivated Sphincter Piston Corer for D.H.J. Anthony A. Pashley Sampling Very Soft Se dirnents". CC1W Report.

Papers Presented or Submitted/Accepted for Publication

C. Breuil "A Possible Role of Lipase in Hydrocarbon Degradation by APPLIED RESEARCH DIVISION D. J. Kushner Acinetobacter iwof fi. Submittech Jour. Bocteriol. 31 p. B. K. Afghan "Analytical Applications of Spectroscopic Techniques at P. D. Goulden CCIW". Can J. Spectroscopy, Vol. 21 (2), 31 p, 1975. D. L. Brown "Fine Structure of Encystment of the Quodriflagellate alga. F. I. Onuska G. G. Leppord Polytomelli °gib". Accepted: Protoplasma. A. Massalski B. K. Afghan "Proposed Method for Determination of Adenosine Triphos- J. Ryon phate (ATP) in Natural Waters, Activated Sludge and Sedi- D. L. Brown "Fine Structure of Ex-cystment of Polytornella". Accepted; R. S. Tobin ments". Unpublished Report, Canada Centre for Inland A. Massalski Protoplasma. Waters, Burlington, Ontario, 1976. G. G. Leppard R. E. Borgmonn "Efficient Algorithms for Statistical Estimation in Compart- F. Capelli "Determination of the Adsorption Efficiency of the "Orgo- E. Halfon mental Analysis: Modelling "Co Kinetics in on Aquatic P. Goulden nics-Carbon Adsorbable" Standard Method by Dissolved Orga- Microcosm (Ecological Modelling), 1977. (In press). J. Lawrence nic Carbon Analysis". Submitted: Env. Health and Engineer- D. MacGregor ing. R. M. Baxter Book Review: "Chimie des eaux naturelles" by L. Legrand and G. Poirier. Hydrological Sciences Bulletin, 21 475 p, M.N. Charlton "Interpretations of Primary Production Measurements". Pre- 1976. sented: 1AGLR, Guelph, Ontorio. R. M. Baxter "Environmental Effects of Doms and Impoundments". Ann. E. C. Chen *Aging Characteristics of Crude Oil on Ice". Submitted: Rev. Ecology and Systematics, Vol. 8, 1977. (In press). B. F. Scott . Workshop - Impact of Oil on Freshwater Ecosystems - Conadian Research Priorities R. M. Baxter "The Seasonal Pattern of Thermal Charocteristics of Four of R. B. Wood the Bishoftu Crater Lakes, Ethiopia". Freshwat. Biol. 6, pp V. Domioni "Trace Metal Composition and Froctionation of MN, Fe, S, P, M. V. Prosser 519-530, 1976. (Based on work done before coming to CCIW). A. Ferrari° Be, and Silo the Boy on Quinte Freshwater Ferromanganese C. Govelli Concentrations, Lake Ontario". Submittech Con. J. Earth R. L. Thomas Sci. G. S. Beal "Interactive Graphics Techniques in the Display of Continuous Tone Imagery". Proceedings of the Digital Equipment A. R. David "The Application of Raman Spectroscopy to Water Pollutant Computer Users Society. B. G. Oliver Molecules. Accepted for publication. G. S. Beal "Implementation of the 'Virtual Graphics Terminal' on o POP- Dobson "A Trophic Scelle for the Great Lakes". Submitted: Journal 15". Proceedings of the Digital Equipment Computer Users of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada. Society.

R. Frank et al "Organochlorine Insecticides and Pollutonts in the Sediments T. Bistricki "An Introduction to X-ray Microanalysis". MSC-SMC Bul- of Lake St. Clair and Lake Erie", Submitted: Environ. Sci. letin, Vol. 4 (3), 4 p, 1976. and Technol. T. Bistricki "Chemical Dehydration with 2, 2-Dimethoxy Propane (DMP) W. A. Glooschenko "Above-Ground Biomass of Vascular Plants in a Subarctic B. A. Silverberg for the Study of Red Bloopl Cells by Scanning Electron James Bay Salt Marsh". Submitted: American Midland Microscopy". Microchemical Society of Canada, Vol. 3, 182 Naturalist. p, 1976.

55 A. G. Bobba "LANDSAT- I Identification of Groundwater Regimes in a E. Hal fon "System Identification of Radioisotope Flows in Aquatic on Radio- J. E. Bruton Great Lakes Basin". Proceedings of Workshop on the Remote R. E. Borgmann Microcosms". Proc. Fourth National Symposium R. P. Bukata Sensing of Soil Moisture and Groundwater, Toronto, Ontario, ecologY, Corvallis, Oregon, May 12-14, 1975, pp .184-193. 1976. E. Halfon "The Aggregation Problem in Ecology". Proc. 24th Internat. 28-30, 1977, A. G. Bobba "Application of LANDSAT- I Digital Data to Groundwater M. G. Reggiani Scientific Congress on Electronics, Rome, March R. P. Bukata Discharge in a Lake Basin". Paper presented at 19th Annual pp 179-183, 1977. J. l. Bruton Conference on Great Lakes Research, Guelph, May 4-6, 1976. D. J. Hallett "Mires, Chlordane, Dieldrin, DOT and PCB; Metabolites and Ed. G. W. lvie F. M. Boyce Proceedings of the Symposium on Modelling of Transport R. S. Norstrom Photo Isomers in Lake Ontario Herring Gulls". Metabolism in Large Animols, T. S. Murty Mechanisms in Oceans and Lakes. CCIW, October 6-8, 1975, F. I. Onuska and H. W. Dorougth, Pesticide (In press). T. J. Simons Marine Sci. Dir. Manuscript Report Series, No. 43, 400 p, • M. E. Combo Academic Press, December, 1976. 1976. B. Hanson "Editing Time Series Data Using on Interactive Graphics R. P. Bukata "Lake Patterns Observed at Satellite Altitudes". Lakes Approach". Proceedings of the Digital Equipment Computer Letter, International Association for Great Lakes Research, Users Society. May, 1976, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp 2-4. G. P. Harris "Satellite Observations of Water Quality". Transportation R. P. Bukata "Determination of Water Quality by Means of Remotely- R. P. Bukata Engineering Journal, ASCE, Vol. 102, No. TE3, Proc. Paper J. E. Bruton Sensed and Locally-Acquired Optical Data". Proceedings of J. E. Bruton 12300, August, 1976, pp 537-554. J. H. Jerome 3rd Annual Meeting, Federation of Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy Societies,Philadelphia, 1976. (In press). W. S. Haras "Methods for Recording Great Lakes Shoreline Change". P. Bukata Canada, August, 1976, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp 174-184. Geoscience R. P. Bukata "The Application of LANDSAT-I Digital Data to a Study of K. K. Tsui J. E. Bruton Coastal Hydrography". Proceedings 3rd Canadian Symposium J. H. Jerome on Remote Sensing, Edmonton, September 22-24, 1975, pp S. R. Joshi "Determination of Pb, Pb, I 37Cs in Sediments". Chem- A. G. Bobba 331-348. R. W. Durham ical Geology, Vol. 18, pp 155-160, 1976. J. A. Bull et al "Coastal Zone Limnological Observations in Lake Huron at "Physio-Chemical Surveillance Data Obtained from Lake Bruce Nuclear Power Development May-Nov. 1974". Joint R. E. Kwiatkowski Ontario, 1974 and their Relationship to Chlorophyll a". CCIW-Ontario Hydro Study. (Ontario Hydro: R. Farooqui, A. A. H. El-Shaarawi Accepted for pub. the J. of Great Lakes. A. Arass, and R. P. Metcalfe). CCIW Report No. 17, 1976.

J. A. Bull "Time Series Isotherm Displays of Four Fixed Temperature D.C.L. Lam "Comparison of Finite-Element and Finite-Difference W. B, Taylor Profiler Stations off Douglas Point, Lake Huron". May 1974 Methods for Nearshore Advection-Diffusion Transport to Nov. 1974, 1976. Models". Proc. Int. Conf. on Finite Elements in Water Resources, Princeton Unie., N. J., July, 1976. (In press). Y. K. Chou "Gas Chromatography, Atomic Absorption Spectrometry for P. T. S. Wang the Determination of Tetraolkylleod Compounds". Anal. D.C.L. Lam "An Expanding Grid Technique for Nearshore Advection- P. D. Goulden Chim. Acta., Vol. 85, 421 p, 1976. C. R. Murthy Diffusion Models". Paper presented at 2nd Midwest Regional Meeting, AGU, Ann Arbor, Mich., 15 p, November, 1976. R. W. Durham "Asbestiform Fibre Levels in Lakes Superior and Huron". T. Pang Scientific Series Na. 67, Inland Waters Directorate, Canada D.C.L. Lam "Centred Differencing and the Box Scheme for Dif fusion- Centre for Inland Waters, Burlington, Ontario, 1976. R. B. Simpson Convection Problems". J. Comp. Physics, Vol. 22, pp 486- 500, 1976. B. J. Dutka "Microbiological Examination of Waters and Effluents". Standardization News, 4, pp 19-21, 1976. ASTM W. R. McNeil "The Application of Remote Spectral Measurernents to Water K.P.B. Thomson Quality Monitoring". Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, B. J. Dutka "Bacteriological Standard Procedures as seen by the ASTM, J. Jerome Vol. 2, No. 1, May, 1976, pp 48-58. ISO and WHO". Proceedings 9th National Shellfish Sanitation Workshop, Charleston, South Carolina, pp 88-91, 1976 C. R. Murthy Characteristics of Receiving Media-Lakes in IHP/WHO/UNE- SCO Monograph. "Hydrodynamical Processes". Lakes. B. J. Dutka "Confirmation of the Single-Step Membrane Filtration Proce- K. K. Kwan dure for Estimating Pseudomonas aeruginosa Densities in C. R. Murthy "Horizontal Diffusion Characteristics in Lake Ontario". J. Water". J. of Applied and Environ. Microbiol. 33, pp 240-245. 1977. Phys. Oceanogr. Vol. 6, No. 1, 1976.

B. J. Dutka "Study on the Efficiency of Four Procedures for Enumerating C. R. Murthy "Characteristics of Receiving Media-Lakes". In IHP/WHO/- Coliforms in Water". Can. J. Micro. 22, pp 630-635, 1976. UNESCO Monograph. "Transport, Dispersion -and Self-Purifi- cation Processes in Rivers, Lakes, Reservoirs and Estuaries", A. H. El-Shaarawi "Marginal Likelihood Solution to Some Problems Connected 1976. with Regression Analysis". Accepted for pub. in J. Royal Statist. Soc. Sei. B. C. R. Murthy "Coastal Zone Climatological Studies of the Lourention Great J. O. Blanton Lakes". Proc. Second World Congress, IWRA, Vol. V, pp 431- 448, 1975. A. H. El-Shaarawi "A Statistical Model for Studying Regional Differences in W. H. Cherry Observed Mortality Rates, and Its Application to Ontario W. F. Forbes during 1964-1968". J. Chro. Dis., Vol. 29, pp 311-330, 1976. C. R. Murthy • "Interpretation of Diffusion Characteristics of Oceans and R. L. Prentice A. Okubo Lakes Appropriate for Numbericol Modelling". No. 43, Depart- ment of Fisheries and Environment, Ottawa, 1977. A. H. El-Shaarawi "Temporal and Spatial Variability of Chlorophyll a and R. E. Kwiatkowski Related Edaphic Parameters in Lake Ontario". Submitie-d for C. R. Murthy "Diffusion from a Line Source in a Coastal Boundary Loyer". publication IAGLR, 1974. T. E. Unny Proc. CWPRS Diamond Jubilee Sympsium, Vol. 11, 1976.

A. H. El-Shaarawi "Probahility Distribution of Concentrations Measured in the F. I. Onuska - "Gas Chromatographic Identification of some Organochlorine Wake...bf a C8ntinuous POint Source in Coastal Currents". J. C. RSMurthy M. E. Combo Pesticides and their Photalteration Products by means of Physical 0C-e-iinography, Vol. 6, No. 5, 1976. Kovats' Retention Indices", J. Chromatogr., Vol. 119, 385 p, 1976. A. H. El-Shaarawi "Statistieal Procedures for Classification of a Lake". K. R. Shah "Preparation & Application of Surface Modified High Resolu- P. D. Goulden "Automated Determination of Ccirbon in Natural Waters". F. I. Onuska - E. Combo tion Columns". Water Research, Vol. 10, 487 p, 1976. M. WCOT J. Chromatog., Vol. 126, pp 133-145, 1976. P. D. Goulden "Modified éurcumin and Dianthrimide Methods for the Deter- Y. P. Kakor mination of Boron in the Presence of High Levels of Nitrate F. I. Onusko et al "Mass Spectral Confirmation and Analysis by the Hall and Organics". Water Research, Vol. 10, 441 p, 1976. Detector of Mirex and Photomirex in Herring Gulls from Lake Ontario". Agricul. Food Chem., Vol. 24, (6), 1189 p, 1976. E. Halfon "Analytical Solution of the System Sensitivity Equation Associated with a Linear Model". Ecological Modelling, 1977. F. I. Onuska "Mass Spectra of Sodium N-Alkyl and N, N-Dialkyl Dithiocar- (In press). M. E. Combo bamates and some Related Compounds". JAOAC, Vol. 59, 662p, 1976. E. Hal fon "The System Identification Problem and the Development of Ecosystem Models". Simulation, 38, pp 149-152, 1976. F. I. Onuska "Chemical Ionization and Electron Impact Mass Spectra of 5, H. G. Harrison 6-Dihydro-2-Methy1-1, 4-Oxathiin-3-Carboxonilide and its E. Hal fon "Relative Stability of Ecosystem Linear Models". Ecological M. E. Combo Metabolites". Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Vol. 3, 248 p, Modelling, 2, 17760. pp 279-286, 1976. E. HalfOn "Identification and Ecological Modelling". Fourth IFAC Symposium on Identification and System Parameter Estima- F. I. Onuska et al "Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Polynuclear Aromatic tion, September 21-27, 1976, Tbilisi, Georgian SSR, USSR, Hydrocarbons in Shellfish on Short WCOT Glass Capillary paper 4.5, 1976 b. Columns". Anal. Letters, Vol. 9 (5), 451 p, 1976. 56 A. A. Qureshi "Comparison of Various Brands of Membrane Filters for their W. M. Schertzer "Preliminary Energy Budget and Monthly Evaporation Esti- B. J. Dutka Ability to Recover Fungi from Water". J. of Applied and mates for Lake Superior 1973". Presented at International Environ. Mcrobiol. 32, pp 445-447. Association for Great Lakes Research, 1976 - to be submitted to Journal of Great Lakes Research. 1977. fi _ G. D. Raithby "Prediction of Dispersion by Surface Discharge". CCIW contract report, 109 p, 1976. W. M. Schertzer "Measurements of Vertical Extinction and Photic Depth in Lake Superior 1973, and Lake Huron and Georgion Bay 1974". S. S. Roo "Observations on Bacteriological Conditions in the Upper Presented at International Association for Great Lakes Great Lakes, 1968-1974". Environment Canada, IWD Scienti- Research, 1976 - to be submitted to Journal of Great Lakes fic Series No. 64, 1976. Research. 1977.

5.5. Roo "Delineation of a Point Source Plume by the Study of Unpublished Reports R. P. Bukata Bacterial Populations". Jour. Appl. Bocteriol., 1977. (In press). C. R. Murthy "Nearshore Diffusion Studies". IFYGL Project, 1977. K. C. Miners S. S. Rao "Bacterial Distributions in Lake Erie (1967, 1970)". Jour.Fish. B. K. Burnison Res. Board Canada, 33 No. 3, pp 574-580, 1976.

S. S. Roo "Influence of o Point Source Pulpmill Effluent Discharge on HYDRAULICS RESEARCH DIVISION D. A. Rokosh the Nearshore Bocterial Communities in Lake Superior". A. A. Jurkovic Proceedings of the Second Federal Conference on the Great F. M. Boyce "Ileat Contents of Lake Ontario and Estimates of Average 375-408, 1976. Lakes, 1975, pp W. J. Moody Surface Heat Flux during IFYGL". February, 1977, IWD B. L Killins Scientific Series. (In press). G. K. Rodgers "The 1975 International Joint Commission Surveillance Plan: Its Content, Rationale, Strategy and Adequacy". F. M. Boyce "Response of the Coastal Boundary Layer on the North Shore Proceedings of a Workshop on Great Lakes Surveillance and of Lake Ontario to a Fall Storm". September 1976, Journal of Monitoring, IJC, 1976. Physical Oceanography. (In press).

I. Sekerka "Simultaneous Determination of Total, Non-Carbonate and F. M. Boyce "IFYGL Temperature Transects: Temperature Distributions J. F. Lechner Carbonate Water Hardness by Direct Potentiometry". Talon- C. H. Mortimer Across Three Sections of Lake Ontario Continuously Tro- to, Vol. 22, 459 p, 1975. versed Over Four-Day Intervals in July, August and October, 1972". February 1977, IWD Scientific Series. (In press). I. Sekerka "Autornatic Direct Potentiometry". American Laboratory, J. F. Lechner February. 1976. R. K. Carson "Cold Environmental Hydraulics Research Facilities at G. Tsang Canada Centre for Inland Waters". January 1977, Accepted I. Sekerko "Potentiometric Determination of Low Levels of Simple and for presentation and publication 3rd National Hydrotechncial J. F. Lechner Total Cyanides". Water Research, Vol. 10, 479 p, 1976. Conference, May 1977, Quebec City.

I. Sekerka "Preparation and Evaluation of Halide Ion-Selective Elect- E. C. Chen "Surface Tension Spreading of Crude Oil on Ice". Marine J. F. Lechner rodes Based on HO Matrices". J. Electroanal. Chem., Vol. D. K. Charles Science Communications, Vol 2, pp 1-1 I, 1976. 69, 339 p, 1976. E. C. Chers "Behaviour of Crude Oil under Fresh Water Ice" , Journ. Con. I. Sekerka "Behaviour of Ion Selective Electrodes Based on Silver or B. E. Keevil Petrol. Tech. Vol 15, pp 79-832, 1976. J. F. Lechner Mercuric Sulfide Selenide and Telluride Matrices". Analytical R. O. Ramseier Letters, Vol. 9 (12), 1099 p, 1976. E. C. Chers "Behaviour of Oil Spilled in Ice-Covered Rivers". IWD Scien- B. A. Silverberg et al "Methylation of Selenium in the Aquatic Environment". B. E. Keevil tific Series No. 61, 1976. Science, Vol. 192, 1130 p, 1976. R. O. Rornseier

B. A. Silverberg "Selenium Localization in Bacterial Cells using TEM and E. C. Chers "Aging Characteristics of Crude Oil on Ice". CCIW Unpub- P.T.S. Wong Energy Dispersive X-ray Microanalysis". Arch. Microbiology, B. F. Scott lished Report, December 1976. Y. K. Chou Vol. 107, pp 1-6, 1976. J. P. Cookley "Review of 'University of Waterloo Study of Shore Erosion, B. A. Silverberg "Ultrostructure of Aerornonas Cultured in the Presence of A. J. Zeman Shoreline Geotechnics, Hydrodynamic Processes and Shore P.T.S. Wang Trimethyl Lead Acetate". Appl. and Environ. Microbiol., Vol. M. G. Skafel Protection Along the Shore of Western Lake Ontario' ". (Four Y. K. Chou 32, 723 p, 1976. reports submitted in 1976), Hydraulics Research Division Technical Note No. 76-5, July 1976. T. J. Simons "Verification of Numerical Models of Lake Ontario, Ill. Long- term Heot Transports". J. Phys. Oceonogr. 6, pp 372-378, J. P. Coakley "The Formation and Evolution of Point Pelee, Western Lake 1976. Erie". Can. Journ. Earth Sciences, Vol 13, #1 pp 136-144, 1976. T. J. Simons "Analysis and Simulation of Spatial Variations of Physical and Biochemical Processes in Lake Ontario". J. Great Lakes J. P. Coakley "Distribution of Tar Balls on Bahamian Beaches". Submitted Res., Vol. 2, No. 2, 1976. for publication in FIORE AND BEACH (American Shore ond Beach Preservation Association), August 1976. T. J. Si1110f1S "Topographic and Barocline Circulations in the Southwest in Sediment Deposition and Shoreline Baltic". Institute for Meereskunde, Kiel, W. Germany, J. P. Coakley "A Study of Processes Bericht, 25, 60 p, 1976. Changes in the Point Pelee Area, Ontario". Submitted for publication, IWD Scientific Series, October 1976. T. J. Simon: "Application of a Numerical Model to Lake Vanern". Swedish Bay". Hydraulics Funkquist L. Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Norrkoping, T. M. Dick "Shore Erosion Protection - Burlington 1976. J. Svensson #RHO-9, 28 p, 1977. M. G. Skafel Research Division Technical Note No. 76-4, August Hydroulics Research R. S. Tobin et al "Nonionic Surfactants: Conventional Biodegradation Test T. M. Dick "Model Study of Wheatley Harbour". Methods do not Detect Persistent Polyglycol Products". Division Technicol Note No. 76-7, November 1976. Ambio, Vol. 5, 30 p, 1976. T. M. Dick "Oil Recovery from Ice-Covered Rivers". Hydraulics Re- R. S. Tobin et al "The Application of on Ether Cleavage Technique to a Study G. Tsang search Division Technical Note No. 77-1, Janoury 1977. of the Biodegrodation of a Linear Alcohol Ethoxylate Nonion- Y. L. Lou ic Surfactant". Water Research, Vol. 10, 529 p, 1976. M. A. Donelan "A Method for the Automatic Measurement of Wave Frequen- R. S. Tobin "Study of the Polyethoxylate Moiety of Nonionic Surfoctonts cy". Jour. Fisheries & Res. Board of Canada, Vol 33, No. 10, F. I. Onuska During Biodegradation". Proc. Con. Fed. Biol. Soc., Vol. 19, Februory 1976, pp 2318-2322. B. Brownlee 345 p, 1976. D.H.J. Anthony P. Engel "A Universal Calibration Equation for Price Meters and Similar Instruments". September 1975, IWD Scientific Series R. R. Weiler "Geochemistry of Natural Waters". Geoscience Canada, 3, pp No. 65, May 1976. 40-41, 1976 B. G. Krishnappan "Interaction of Waves with the Pelee Shoal Sediments". Presentations M. G. Skofel CCIW Unpublished Report, July 1976.

R. P. Bukota "LANDSAT-1 Observation of on Internal Standing Wove B. G. Krishnoppon "Simulation of Sediment Entrainment in Open Channel E. B. Bennett Pattern in Lake Superior". Paper presented at 19th Annual Flows". Proceedings 2nd International Symposium on Sto- J. E. Bruton Conference on Great Lakes Research, Guelph, May 4-6, 1976. chastic Hydraulics, Lund Sweden, September 1976.

J. H. Jerome "Determination of Organic and Inorganic Particle Concen- B. G. Krishnappon "Mathematical Modelling of Sediment-Loden Flows in Natural R. P. Bukoto trations from Simultaneous Measurements of the Optical N. Snider Streams". IWD Scientific Series. (In press). November 1976. J. E. Bruton Transmission and Volume Reflectance in Lake Water". Paper E. B. Bennett presented ot 19th Annual Conference on Great Lokes Y. L. Lou "Transverse Dispersion in Meandering Chonnels". IWD Scien- Research, Guelph, May 4-6, 1976. B. G. Krishnappan tific Series No, 75, July 1976. 57 Y. L. Lou "Tracer Measurement of River Evaporation: - Laboratory A. J. Zeman "Identification of Mineral Particles in Fine-Grained Locust- • Study". IWD Scientific Series No. 73, August 1976. A. Mudroch rine Sediments with Transmission Electron Microscope and X- R. Sandilands Ray Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy". Journal of Sedimen- Y. L. Lou "Effect of Friction Factor and Aspect Ratio on Transverse tary Petrology, Vol 47, March 1977. B. G. Krishnappan Dispersion in Rectangular Channels". Submitted to Journal Hydraulics Division, ASCE, September 1976.

Y. L. Lao "Transverse Mixing in Meandering Channels with Varying SCIENTIFIC SUPPORT DIVISION B. G. Krishnappan Bottom Topography". Submitted to Journal of Hydraulic • Research, IAHR, November 1976. Published Reports for Data Acquisition and Control J. Marsalek "Testing of the Storm Water Management Model of U.S. K. N. Birch "A Computer Based System Remote Platforms". Pro- EPA". Proceedings Conference on Environmental Modeling E. J. Harrison of Scientific Experiments on Publication 076CH I 118-90EC, and Simulation, Cincinnati, Ohio, April 1976, pp 558-562. S. Beal ceedings of OCEANS '76, IEEE 1976. J. Marsalek "Urban Hydrologic Modeling and Catchment Research in Canada". ASCE Urban Water Resources Research Program, T. J. Carew "Surveillance Methodology - 1974". Technical Bulletin No. Technical Memorandum No. IHP-3, ASCE, New York, June D. J. Williams 92, Information Canada, Ottawa, 1975. 1976, 52 p. Reprinted as Technical Bulletin No. 98, IWO, t CCIW, 1976. W. H. Gibson "A Dynamic Analysis of Wave Forces on Guyed Instrument Y. C. Chang Towers". Proceedings of OCEANS '76, IEEE Publication No. J. Marsalek "Simulation of Quality of Urban Drainage Effluents" in 76, pp 22C-1-8. "Environmental Aspects of Irrigation and Drainage". Pro- ceedings 1976 Irrigation and Drainage Specialty Conference, M. Ronald Thompson "Procedure for Examination of Water and Sediment Samples Ottawa, July 1976. Published by ASCE, New York, 1976, pp for Total Asbestos Fibre Count by Electron Microscopy". 564-579. Technical Bulletin No. 94, Minister of Supply and Services Canada, 197G., J. Marsalek Canada-Ontario Agree- "Malvern Test Catchment (Vol 11". P. M. Ward-Whate "Active Towed Body Development". Proceedings of OCEANS ment Research Report Series, 1976. (In press). '76, IEEE Publication No. 76, pp 19C-I-3.

J. Marsalek "Dimensionless Inlet Hydrograph: Discussion". Journal of B. F. White A Transportable Acoustic Fish Census System for Lake and Hydraulics Division, Proceedings of the ASCE, Vol 102, No. River Studies". Proceedings of OCEANS '76, IEEE Publico- HY 12, December 1976, pp 1773-1776. tion No. 76, pp 13E-1-6.

J. Marsalek "Data Collection, Instrumentation and Verification of Mo- Unpublished Reports dels". Proceedings of the Conference on Modern Concepts for Urban Drainage, Toronto, March 1977. R. Chapil Annual Summary of Radiation Data

W. Moody "Venturi Meter Calibration". Hydraulics Research Division C. Y. Der Sensor Engineering Project. "Evaluation Data on Solid-State W. Stage Technical Note. No. 76-6, July 1976. B. F. White 2-Axis Water Velocity Sensors".

G. A. Maclnnis "A Method for Fossil Pollen Extraction From Sand-Rich J. S. Ford "A Resume of Environmental Measuring Systems Recently N. A. Rukavina Sediments". Hydraulics Research Division Technical Note Prototyped by CCIW": No. 77-2, March 1977. E. J. Harrison "Design and Development of a .C.A.T.S. - A Nearshore N. A. Rukavina "Nearshore Sedimetits of Lakes Ontario and Erie". Proceed- Current and Temperature Staff Systern for Long Term ings Great Lakes Symposium, May 1975. GEOSCIENCE Monitoring of Thermal Plume Dynamics". CANADA, 3: 185-190, Published August 1976. H. B. Macdonald "Annual Activity Summary 1976 - Technical Operations N. A. Rukavina "Lake Erie Nearshore Sediments, Port Burwell to Point Pelee, Section". D. A. St. Jacques Ontario". CC1W Unpublished Report, August 1976. A. S. Watson "A Standard Packaging Configuration for Housing Diverse N. A. Rukavina "Proceedings: Workshop of Great Lakes Coastal Erosion and Electronic-Instrumentation Used for Water Science and En- (Editor) Sedimentation". CCIW, November 1976. Published February vironmental Reiearch Applications". 1977.

M. G. Skafel "Longshore Sediment Transport at Point Pelee". 1976, Paper presented at 19th Conference on Great Lakes Research, CCIW BRANCH - PACIFIC & YUKON REGION Guelph, Ontario. E. Cormack "Water Characteristics of the Southern Ocean South of the M. G. Skafel "Reflection Coefficients of the Wind/Wave Flume". CC1W Polar Front". Deep-Sea Research, Sir George Deacon Unpublished Report, July 1976. Volume. (In press). 1977. - N. Snider "Complete Report on Mathematical Modelling of a River". P. Hamblin "River-induced Currents in o Fjord Lake". J. of Geophys. CCIW Unpublished Report, Prepared for DOE under contract, E. Carmack Res. (In press). 1977. June 1976. B. E. St. John et al . "The Limnology of Kamloops Lake, B. C.". IWD Report, 1976. D. A. St. Jacques "Lake Erie Nearshore Sediments, Port Burwell to Point Pelee, S. R. Brown "Composition and Stratigraphy of the Fossil Phorbin Deriva- N. A. Rukavina Ontario". CC1W Unpublished Report, August 1976. R. J. Daley tives of Little Round Lake, Ontario. Limnol. Oceonogr. R. N. McNeely pp 356-368. D. A. St. Jacques "Coastal Research Activities, CC1W Hydraulics Research Division". Proceedings Workshop on Great Lakes Coastal R. J. Daley "Chrornatographic and SCDP Measurements of Fossil Phorbins Erosion and Sedimentation, CCIW, November 1976, pp 15-17. S. E. Brown and the Post Glacial History of Little Round Lake, Ontario. R. N. McNeely Limnol. Oceonogr. 22, pp 349-360. R. Toni "Procedure for Calculating Proper Hydraulic Conditions for - Transverse Diffusion Experiments". CCIW Unpublished Re- D. W. Stanley "Environmental Control of Primary Productivity in Alaskan port, September 1976. R. J. Daley Tundra Ponds". Ecology 57, pp 1025-1033, 1976.

G. Tsang "Frazil Ice and Anchor Ice in Rivers and Future Research -A J. E. Hobbie "A Method for Counting Bacteria on Nuclepore Filters". App. Progress Report". A Progress Report to the Working Group, R. J. Daley Environ. Microbiol. (In press). 1977. on Hydraulics of Ice-Covered Rivers, Associate Committee on Geotechnical Research, NRC, May 1976. M. Jordan "Improved Filtration Procedures for Freshwater "6- SO, R. J. Daley Uptake Studies". Limnol. Oceonogr. (In press). 1977. G. Tsang "Development and Evaluation of a Frazil Ice Measurement K. Lee Instrument". IWD Scientific Series. (In press). September 1976. C. H. Pharo "Distribution of Surficial Sediments of the Central and Southern Strait of Georgia, B. C." Con. J. Earth. Sci. Il, G. Tsang "Development of an Expeiimental Frazil Instrument". 1976. December 1976. For presentation at the 3rd National Hydrotechnical Conference, May 1977, Quebec City. CCIW BRANCH - WESTERN & NORTHERN REGION A. J. Zeman "Failure Mechanisms in Rapidly Eroding Bluffs near Port Burwell, Ontario". Abstracts, 19th Annual Meeting, Associa- R. J. Allan "Natural Versus Unnatural Heavy Metal Concentrations in tion of Engineering Geologists, Cherry Hills, New Jersey, Lake Sediments in Canada". Proc. Internat. Conf. on • pp 37, October 1976. Heavy Metals in the Environment (invited poper), 1975. (In press). A. J. Zeman "Coastal Research 'Activities, CCIW Hydraulics Research Division". Proceedings Workshop on Great Lakes Coastal T. A. Jackson "Humic Matter in Natural Waters and Sediments". (Invited Erosion and Sedimentation, CCIW, November 1976, pp 1922. paper), Soil Sci., V. 119, pp 56-64, 1975. 58 T. A. Jackson "The Biogeochemistry of Phosphorus in an Experimental R. J. Allan "Trophic Status Related to Sediment Chemistry of Lake Environment: Evidence for the Formation of Humic- J.D.H. Williams Canadian Prairie Lakes". Agronomy Abstracts, p 19, 1976. Metal-Phosphate Complexes". Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol., 19, pp 221-221, 1975. , Staff, CCIW-WNR Report of Research Activities. Internal Report, 68 p, 1976. Staff-CCIW-WNR Report of Research Activities. Internal Report, 32 p, 1975.

W. F. Warwick "The Impact of Man on the Bay of Quinte, Lake Ontario as shown by the Subfossil Chironomic Succession (Chirono- B. C. Kenney "Response Characteristics Affecting the Design and Use of midae) Diptera. Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol., 19, pp Current Direction Vanes". Deep Sea Research, 24, pp 289- 3134-3141. 300, 1977

R. J. Allan "Relative Atomic Variation (RAV) of Elements in Lake G. J. Brunskill Sediments: Lake Winnipeg and Other Canadian Lakes". B. C. Kenney "The Scaling Velocity Fluctuations in the Surface Mixed Proc. SIL-UNESCO Conf. on Sediment-Freshwater Inter- S. F. Jones in Layer". Oceans and Atmospheres, Jour. Geophys. Res. 82, actions, (invited paper), 1976. (In press). B. C. KenneF pp 1392-1396, t977.

COMMITTEES, SOCIETIES, AND BOARDS

Dr. A. R. LeFeuvre Chairman (Canadian Section), Research Dr. R.A. Vol lenweider Chairman, Technical Bureau, OECD Co- Advisory Board operative Programme on Eutrophication

Member, Inland Waters Directors Corn- Chairman, OECD North American mittee Project on Eutrophication

Member, Ontario Environmental Manage- Member, OECD Expert Group on ment Service Management Committee Thermal Discharges

Member, Ontario Environmental Manage- Member, Subcommittee on Water, ment Service Program Committee National Research Counci I Associate Committee on Scientific Criteria for Member, Hamilton Region Conservation Environmental Research Authority Water Management Advisory Board Member, International Limnology Society -

Member, Interdepartmental Committee Member, International Association Great on Water Subcommittee on Great Lakes Lakes Research Water Quality Agreement Member, Editorial Board of the Member, Research Advisory Committee, "Memorie dell' Istituto Italian° di Idro- Ottawa biologia", Verbania-Pallanza, Italy

Member, Ontario Regional Board Dr. S. Barabas Member, Chemical Institute of Canada Member, American Society of Civil En- gineers Member, Spectroscopy Society of Canada Member, Association of Professional Member, American Chemical Society Engineers Ontario Member, Executive Committee, Analyti- cal Chemistry Division, Chemical Insti- tute of Canada Dr. G. K. Rodgers Member, Inland Waters Directors Editor-in-Chief, Water Quality Bulletin Committee Member, Editorial Board, Spectroscopy Member, Ontario Environmental Manage- in Canada ment Service Management Committee Member, Faculty Advisory Board Member, Ontario Environmental Manage-. Ryerson Polytechnical Institute ment Service Program Committee

Canadian Co-Chairman, IJC Reference Dr. Mary E. Thompson General Secretary, International Com- Group on Pollution in the Upper Great mission on Water Quality Lakes Member, IUGG (International Union of Member, IJC Surveillance Subcommittee Geodesy & Geophysics) Committee on Geochemistry Associate, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Member, Editorial Board, Hydrological Sciences Bulletin Canadian Co-Chairman, Energy Balance Panel, International Field Year for the Member, Upper Lakes Reference Group, Great Lakes Editorial Committee

59 Dr. W. E. Lowe Member, Land Disposal of Sewage Sludge nal laboratories include: the Cell Bio- Subcommittee (Canada-Ontario Agree- physics Group at the NRC under ment) Dr. J. R. Colvin, the Cell Physiology Group of Dr. D. L. Brown at the Univer- Member, Ecological Effects of Non-phos- sity of Ottawa, the Ottawa River Project phate Detergent Builders (1JC Task Microbiology Group under Dr. D. J. Force) Kushner, the Bacteriology Group of Dr. R.G.E. Murray at the University of Wes- Member, Mercury in the Environment tern Ontario, and the Microbial Structure (DFE Task Force) Group of Dr. J. W. Casterton at the University of Calgary. N. W. Burns Chairman of session on Chemical Limno- logy at the Great Lakes Conference, May J. 0. Nriagu Member, Environmental Geochemistry 1976. Committee of the Geochemical Society.

B. K. Burnison Co-Chairman for Heterotrophic Activi- Member, International Program Commit- ties of the "Native Aquatic Bacteria" tee of Symposia on Environ. Biogeoche- Task Group for ASTM. mistry.

Y. K. Chau Elected member of Canadian Advisory B. G. Oliver Program Chairman for the 23rd Canadian Committee of the International Stan- Spectroscopy Symposium, London, dards Organization, Technical Commit- Ontario. tee 147 on Water Quality. National Membership Chairman of the Member of ASTM (Amer. Soc. Testing Spectroscopy Society of Canada. Materials) Task Group on Chemical Tes- ting of Sediments, D-19, 07,03, 03, R. F. Platford Member of NRD Committee on Marine Analytical Chemistry. C. 1. Dell Adjunct Professor, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Waterloo. B. F. Scott Member of International Standards Organization, Technical Committee 147, Member, Publications Committee, Inter- Working Group 15 (Petroleum and Petro- national Association for Great Lakes leum Products). Research. IWD-EMS representative on Advisory Chairman, Search Committee for new Group on Research and_ Development editor, Journal of Great Lakes Research. (EE13-EPS).

Member, Editorial Review Board, Journal Member of Working Group on Fate and of Great Lakes Research. Effect of Oil-a subgroup of AGRAD.

Member of Upper Lakes Multidisciplinary Member of Departmental Environmental Discussion Group. Emergency Team (EPS) for CCIW.

L. D. Delorme Organizer, SIL-Working Group Seminar. P. G. Sly Canadian Research and Development, Scientific Editor. W. A. Glooschenko Invited member of PLUARG panel on pesticides. IFYGL Steering and Management Com- mittees. Member Hudson Bay Lowlands Study Working Group Great Lakes Working Group on Dredging.

K.L.E. Kaiser IWD-CCIW representative to the Interde- .Climatological studies (with O&AS and partmental Task Force on Mirex. AES) working group.

Marine Technology Advisory Committee, Lawrence Program Committee of Canadian Water J. Seneca College. Resources Associates. Hamilton-Scourge Steering Committee Vice Chairman of Ontario/Quebec Sec- (with ROM, OMCR, DINA). tion of Electrochemical Society. Member UNESCO Working Group on . Chairman of Lash Miller Electrochemist- Sediment Sampling Procedures etc. ry Award Committee.

Member of CCIW Toxic Substances W.M.J. Strachan Member, Scientific Basis for Water Qua- Group. lity Criteria Committee/Task Force of the IJC-Research Advisory Board. D.R.S. Lean Member of Science Advisory Committee - CCIW Member, Environmental Contaminants Act Advisory Committee. Member of CCIW Modelling Group Member, CCIW Toxic Substances Group. G. Leppard Promotion of collaboration between selected external laboratories of 'excel- Member, CCIW Branch Research Prog- lence and PRD laboratories. The exter- ram Committee.

60 R. L. Thomas Member, Pollution from Land Use Acti- Participated on "Program and Abstract" vities Reference Group, IJC. Committee of 19th Conference on Great • Lakes Research Member PLUARG, Canadian Task D Technical Committee Acted as Chairman of Session 4D "Micro- biology - Oxygen Relationships" at the Member PLUARG, Editorial Committee 19th Conference on Great Lakes Research Member Steering Committee for a Work- shop, on the transport of sediment asso- B. K. Afghan Chairman, ASTM's working group on ciated nutrients and contaminants in standardization of methods for nutrients fluvial systems. in sediments

J.D.H. Williams Advisor to the Sedimentology Group of Member of ISO's working group on esti- Dr. J. P. Vernet, University of 'Geneva, mation of biomass in aquatic environ- on analysis of lake sediments. ment

Member ASTM Task Group on Chemical Chairman of Subcommittee SC2 of the Testing of Sediments. Canadian Advisory Committee of Stan- dard Council of Canada B. J. Dut ka American Water Works Association (AWWA) - Microbiology Problems Com- mittee R. W. Durham Chairman, IJC Water Quality Board's Radioactivity Subcommittee International Joint Commission (IJC) - Chlorine Objectives Task Force Dr. T. M. Dick Chairman, Membership Committee, Canadian Society for Civil Engineering Organized Microbiology Seminar with three European speakers on Water Qua- Member, Technical Operations Commit- lity Indicators and Sanitary Microbiology tee, Engineering Institute of Canada

Organized- and Co-Chaired the ASTM Canadian Member, Committee on Mari- International Symposium on Bacterial In- time Hydraulics, International Associ- dicators of Potential Health Hazards ation for Hydraulic Research Associated with Water Member, Executive Committee, Hydro- American Public Health Association technical Division, Canadian Society for (APHA) - APHA Standard Methods Com- Civil Engineering mittee to review and rewrite the 14th Edition of APHA Standard Methods Chairman, Keefer Medal Award Commit- tee, Canadian Society for Civil Editorial Review Board for Journal of Engineering Great Lakes Research Dr. M. A. Donelan Chairman, "Van Wagner's Beach Tower Review of EPA Recreational Water Qua- Management Committee" lity Criteria Program On Ph. D. Advisory Committee of Mr. DFE and NH&W Chlorination Committee M. A. Al-Zanaidi (Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Waterloo) Peer Review of Ministry of Housing Lakeshore Capacity Study Dr. Y. L. Lao Member, Ph. D. Supervisory Committee at McMaster University, Department of Canadian Chairman of International Civil Engineering Standards Organization (ISO) Subcommit- . tees SC4 Microbiology J. Marsalek Member, Urban Drainage Subcommittee, SCS Biological Methods Canada-Ontario Agreement SC6 Sampling Methods Member, Urban Drainage Manual/Policy Chairman, ASTM Microbiology Subcom- Committee, Canada-Ontario Agreement mittee DI9:24 Dr. N. A. Rukavina 1976 - Associate Editor - GEOSCIENCE Referee for Symposium "Water Pollution CANADA, Geological Association of Research in Canada" Canada IJC Standing Committee on Health 1976-77 - Associate Editor - Journal of Aspects Great Lakes Research, International Association for Great Lakes Research Consultant and Participant to EPS Grey Water Study 1977 - Member, Ad Hoc Committee on CCIW/NHRI Interaction (T. M. Dick, S. S. Rao CC IW Surveillance Task Group Chairman)

Participated in Workshop "Environmental Member, Unnamed committee of shore- Mapping of the Great Lakes", organized line geomorphologists advising EPS on by the IJC oi lspi I I countermeasures

61 Member, Ad Hoc Committee on Dr. G. Tsang Working group on Ice Covered Rivers: A. J. Zeman 1977 - Dick, Associate Committee- on Geotechnical CCIW/NHRI Interaction (T. M. Research, NRC Chairman)

Prairie Region Oil Spill Contaminant and Recovery Advisory Committee

STAFF LISTS

DIRECTOR'S OFFICE Dr. B. F. Scott - oil spills effects on ecosystems, climatic regimes Director - Dr. A. R. LeFeuvre Dr. K.L.E. Kaiser - persistent and volatile organics Associate Director - Research - Dr. G. K. Rodgers Dr. E. Nagy - water-soluble components of oil, Coordinator - Dr. W. E. Lowe persistence, significance Secretary - Mrs. C. J. McMunn Dr. D. Liu - persistent toxic organics, degradability, Receptionist - Mrs. A. White metabolites Senior Scientist - Dr. R. A. Vollenweider Dr. R. J. Maguire - selected toxic organics, distribution, Secretary - Mrs. S. Home transformation

Information Unit Technicians: Mr. G. A. Bengert, Mr. H. Huneault, Mr. J. Hart, Mrs. K. Kwasniewska, Mrs. E. Hale Head - Mr. A. R. Kirby Secretary - Mrs. I. Powell Water Chemistry Section World Health Organization Head - Dr. J. Lawrence - treatment of potable water Coordinator - Dr. S. Barabas Dr. M. E. Thompson Researchers: Secretary - Mrs. N. J. Semenuk Dr. B. G. Oliver - effects of chlorination on receiving waters, photochemical processes Dr. R. E. Platford - Partition coefficients of solutes between water and petroléum products

Technicians: Mr. E. G. Cosgrove, Mr. H. H. Dobson PROCESS RESEARCH DIVISION Mrs. H. Tosine

Chief - Dr. P. G. Sly - lake sediments Secretaries- Mrs. J. E. Cunningham Paleoenvironment Research Section - Mrs. E. Kerr Administrative Officer - Mr. F. Boyd Head - Dr. L. D. Delorme - quantitative techniques, autecology of shelled invertebrates' Nutrient Dynamics Section Researchers: Head - Dr. D.R.S. Lean - nutrients and algae growth Dr. L. L. Kolas - autecology of land snails Researchers: Technicians: Mr. M. Denford Dr. P. G. Manning phosphorus & iron in sediments Dr. B. Brown lee nitrogen metabolism, forms of Support Staff: Mr. V. Hanson dissolved organic nitrogen Dr. B. K. Burnison - microbial ecology Mr. M. N. Charlton biomass and productivity response of Geology Section nutrients Dr. D. B. Schindler microbial ecology Head - Dr. A.L.W. Kemp - geochemical budgets, Dr. N. M. Burns nutrient cycles, organic flocs large lake systems Dr. G. G. Leppard algol ultrastructures; filaments and nutrient uptakes Researchers:

Technicians: Mr. D. Nuttley, Miss S. E. Jackman, Mr. H.K.T. Wong - geochemistry of sediments Mr. K. Edmondson (term), Mr. T. Murphy, Mrs. A. Mudroch - wetland areas - release/retention Mr. F. Rosa of nutrients and toxics Dr. W. A. Glooschenko - ecology and geochemistry of Hudson Toxic Substances Section Bay, James Bay lowlands Dr. C. I. Dell - Mineralogy of lake sediments Head - Dr. W.M.J. Strachan - persistent organics, Dr. J. O. Nriagu - geochemistry of lake metals, sulfur cycles, and distribution isotope studies Dr. J.D.H. Williams - phosphorus geochemistry (developmental Researchers: leave, October 1976 - October 1977) Mr. R. K. McMillan - suspended sediments in tributaries Dr. Y. K. Chau - trace metals, methylation, complexation Mr. M. E. Fox - persistent and semi-persistent organics Technicians: Mrs. N. Harper, Mr. J. Capobianco, Mr. W. G. Booth, Mr. H. Saitoh - Mercury, methylation, etc. Mr. R. D. Coker, Mrs. T. Mayer, Mr. T. W. Morton, Mr. K. Lum Shue Chan - education leave Mr. R. G. Sandilands

62 APPLIED RESEARCH DIVISION HYDRAULICS RESEARCH DIVISION

Chief - Vacant Chief - Dr. T. M. Dick Secretary - Ms. S. M. Tapping Secretary - Mrs. A. Mueller Adrninstrative Officer - Mr. A. W. Mayes Administrative Officer - Mrs. E. Eidsforth

Analytical Methods Research Hydraulics Section

Hebd - Dr. B. K. Afghan - High pressure liquid chromatography, Head - Dr. Y. L. Lou - River Dynamics polarography, molecular fluorescence spectrometry Researchers: - Secretary - vacant Mr. R. K. Carson - ice studies Researchers: Dr. E. C. Chen - oil and ice Mr. P. Engel - river engineering Mr. T. Bistricki - electron microscopist Dr. B. G. Krishnappan - river models D. Goulden - automation & atomic spectroscopy Dr. P. Mr. J. Marsalek - urban hydrology Dr. I. Sekerka - electroanalytical Dr. M. G. Skafel - coastal engineering F. I. Onuska - Gas chromatography & GC/MS Dr. Dr. G. Tsang - ice studies S. Tobin - Analytical biochemistry Dr. R. Dr. M.A. Donelan - wind-wave generation Dr. R. W. Durham - radiochemistry Technicians: Mr. J. F. Ryan, Mr. J. R. Lechner, Technicians: Mr. F. Dunnett, Mr. J. Heidt, Mr. K. Hill, Mr. K. Salisbury, Mr. D. H. Anthony, Mr. M. E. Combo, Mr. R. Gobie Mr. W. Stage, Miss R. Toni Basin Investigation & Modelling Section Physical Sedimentology Section Head - Mr. F. C. Elder (Acting) Secretary - Miss J..Fleet Head - Dr. N. A. Rukavina - Coastal Geomorphology

Researchers: Researchers: Dr. A. H. El-Shaarawi - applied statistics - coastal processes Dr. E. Ha!fan - systems ecology Mr. J. P. Coakley - geotechnical studies Dr. R. M. Baxter - reservoirs, man made lakes Mr. A. J. Zeman Dr. R. R. Weiler - gas-water interactions Mr. G. Duncan, Mr. G. LaHaie, Mr. A. S. Fraser - large lake surveillance Technicians: Mrs. L. Oelze,Mr. D. St. Jacques Mr. W. M. Schertzer - lake energy budgets Dr. E. B. Bennett - lake circulation Technical Services Section Mr. F. Penicka - lake dynamics Dr. T. M. Simons - hydrodynamic models Mr. C. DeZeeuw Dr. D. C. Lam - transport & dispersion models Head - Dr. C. R. Murthy - diffusion & lake mixing Laboratory Services . Dr. P. F. Hamblin - lake dynamics Technicians: Mr. F. Chiocchio, Mr. M. F. Kerman, Mr. D. Fekyt Mr. D. G. Robertson, Mr. L. N. Allen, Mr. G. Voros Mr. K. C. Miners, Mr. J. A. Bull, Mr.D. S. Dunbar Mr. W. Welmers

Data Management Section National Calibration Service Mr. J. Rogalsky Head - Mr. C. Bit Mr. B. Leaney Data Archiving: Mr. W. Nagel, Mr. J. R. Byron, Ms. M. G. Smith, Ms. E. Thomson Torture Tests

Special Projects: Mr. W. Moody Mr. R. Gottinger, Ms. D. E. Jordan, Mr. A. Zingaro . Wind/Wave Flume

Computer Applications: Mr. T. Nudds Ms. H. E. Combo, Mr. B. Hanson, Mr. G. S. Beal, Ms. J. Dowell, Mr. R. Duffield, Ms. K. Beal, Ms. K. Miles, Ms. A. Liu PACIFIC & YUKON REGION Microbiology Laboratories Chief - Dr. R. J. Daley - lake microbiology Head - Mr. B. J. Dutka Secretary - Ms. S. I. Austin Researchers:

Researchers: Dr. E. C. Carmac - lake physics Dr. S. S. Rao - microbiology Dr. C. H. Pharo - sedimentology and geochemistry Mr. C.B.J. Gray - lake chemistry A. K. Kwan, Technicians: Mr. A. A. Jurkovic, Mr. Mr. R. Weigan - lake physics fer, Ms. K. Switzer-Howse, Ms. D. E. Doerf Mr. S. Jasper - production microbiology Mr. S. R. Kuchma, Mr. R. McInnis Technicians: Mr. P. Futer, Mr. V. Chamberlain, Remote Sensing Section Mr. R. Kirkland, Mr. B. Nones Head - Dr. R. P. Bukata - satellite & spectro-optical studies Support Staff: Mr. A. G. Bobba - hydrogeological studies Mr. J. E. Bruton - pattern recognition & special projects Mr. S. Flynn - technical cartographic illustrator Mr. J. H. Jerome - lake optics & airborne remote sensing Mr. D. Gay - coxswain - boat-operator 63 WESTERN & NORTHF_RN REGION Surveillance: Mr. P. M. Healey, Mr. B. L. Killins, Mr. V. 1. Golini (term), Mr. D. F. Moore (term), Chief - Dr. R. J. Allan - nutrient and toxic metal loading Mr. G. D. Bruce (term)

Researchers: Limnos: Mr. B. H. Moore, Mr. S. B. Smith Dr. T. A. Jackson - biogeochemical pathways - nutrients and toxic metals Dive Unit Mr. B. C. Kenney - wind generated mixing and circulation processes Mr. J. T. Roe - senior diving officer Mr. W. F. Warwick - benthic analysis, paleoecology Mr. F. J. deVree - diver Technicians: Mr. J. C. Mol I ison, Mr. M. Roy, Mr. F. H. Don - diver Mr. R. Woychuk Rigging Shop

SCIENTIFIC SUPPORT DIVISION Mr. L. J. Lomas - foreman Mr. H. E. Greencorn - rigger Chief - Mr. A. S. Atkinson Mr. G. M. Perigo - rigger Secretary - Mrs. E. A. Marshall Administrative Officer - Mr. S. C. Smith Scientific Services Section Engineering Services Section Instrumentation Research & Development Head - Mr. J. S. Ford Mr. K. N. Birch research engineer Secretary - Mrs. S. McVey Electronic Engineering Unit Library Services Head - Mr. A. S. Watson Mrs. E.A.C. Fosdick - head librarian Ms. N. Logan - technical services librarian Mr. B. F. White electro-acoustic design Ms. A. Stephenson - technical services clerk Mr. P. Dupuis digital systems/logic design Ms. J. Culp - cataloguing clerk Mr. E. Harrison (term) Ms. L. J. Watson - reference & circulation clerk Mr. R. Desrosiers - electro-optical design Mr. C. Der - environmental sensor design Computer Services Technologists: Mr. M. Larocgue, Mr. M. Pedrosa, Mr. J. Dolanjski (term) Head - Mr. H. C. Pulley shift supervisor Electronic Maintenance Unit Ms. M. Kinder - Mr. B. Malseed - computer console operator Head - Mr. J. Valdmanis Ms. U. Hamilton - computer console operato- rs Ms. J. Foley - keypunch & peripheral operator Technologists: Mr. J. Diaz, Mr. K. Mollon, Mr. E. G. Smith, Mr. J. A. Tyler, Mr. A. Fletcher STAFF SERVICES DIVISION Mechanical Engineering Unit Chief - Mr. A. W. Appleby Hecd - Mr. A. E. Poshley Secretary - Miss J.Major Administrative Services - Mr. J. C. Stewart Mechanical Engineers: Mr. P. M. Ward-Whate, Mr. F. Roy, Mr. W. Gibson Financial Services Boucher, Mr. W. Gibson Technologists: Mr. H. Savile, Mr. R. Head - Mr. N. G. Lapointe Mr. J. Bidinost, Mr. R. Chumley, Tradesmen: Mr. D. White, Support Staff: Mr. E. Mulvaney, Mr. D. Jefferson, Mrs. Y. Hutton, (term) Mr. K. Ka!ter, Mr. R. Gaskin Mrs. M. Eadie, Mrs. E. Snead (term) Drafting and Illustrating Unit Central Registry Supervisor - Mr. W. D. Finn Supervisor - Mrs. E. Rae Draftsmen: Mr. J. Bodnaruk, Mr. M. Donnelly, Mr. A. Gris Technical Operations Section Support Staff: Mrs. M. T. Solvason, Mrs. J. A. Sims, Mrs. H. Green (term) - duplicating machine operator Head - Mr. H. B. Macdonald Secretary - Mrs. A. Stern Materiel Management Shore Unit Head - Mr. C. F. Hicks Mr. D. H. Hanington - senior operations officer Mr. L. E. Benner - Kootenay Lake (Pacific) Support Staff: Ms. J. Doerr, Mr. J. P. Mellon, Mr. D. M. Niles, Mr. R. G. Chapil - instrument systems and data Mr. R. J. Haswell, Mr. T. A. Williams, Mr. J. R. Compton- Mr. R. D. Legg (term) Smith - Georgian Bay physical studies Mr. G. J. Koteles - waste heat studies, GLBL Building & Property Services Mr. M. R. Mawhinney - national lakes survey Mr. H. K. Nicholson - microbiological studies & others Head - Mr. D. F. Stewart Mr. M. R. Thompson - erosion studies, HRD Safety Officer - Mr. A. D. Stephenson Mr. E. H. Walker - persistent contaminants, GLBL Nurse - Mrs. Ann Mitton Mr. P. R. Youakim - Lake St. George studies Mr. P. Scott (term) Support Staff: Mr. G. Clim, Mr. D. J. Smit, Mr. C. K. Platt, Mr. K. Taylor, Mr. J. R. Riddell, Mr. F. Adams, Ship Unit Mr. A. K. Allaby, Mr. M. Connors, Mr. W. B. Taylor - a/senior operations officer Mr. D. W. Clewley, Mr. J. P. Denomme, Mr. T. J. Carew • - WAVES'76 and REX Mr. W. A. Johnson, Mr. T. Comiskey