Indian Empires

BUDDHISTS ON A MISSION

Greeks Bearing Gifts IN PARTNERSHIP WITH

Indian_Empires_FC.indd 1 3/10/17 9:33 AM 2 From Many States to One Empire Picture ancient India in the 500s BCE. It is a vast peninsula with steep moun- tains on three sides. To the north rise the Himalayas, the tallest mountains on Earth. From the northernmost foothills of the Himalayas to the southern tip of India is almost 2,000 miles. A person riding a horse (or an elephant!) would need weeks or months to travel from one end of ancient India to the other. The country is divided into many small kingdoms and city-states that are often at war. Their kings fight to control more land and trade routes that can bring wealth. Could one leader ever unite this huge area?

u AROUNDTHE r ANCIENT INDIA 500s BCE, most was a rich land, parts of India were with fertile farmland ruled by kings, and gold produced but some areas in the Indus Valley. were republics. This made foreign In a republic, conquerors inter- representatives ested in India. King of the people run Darius of Persia the government. (present-day Iran) In many ancient sent his armies to Indian republics, u THOSEWHORULED for control of the Magadha kings invade India begin- representatives of the lands along these lands. The conquered many ning around 518 important families the Ganges River Magadha kingdom, of their neighbors. BCE. The Persians were members of could become which arose along By the 300s BCE, ruled parts of the the assemblies that rich by controlling the Ganges River, they controlled an Indus Valley and made the laws. trade through was especially area of northern Punjab for nearly eastern India. powerful. In the India the size of 200 years. Many rulers fought 500s and 400s BCE, England.

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u ALEXANDERTHE Ganges because dom. From there, GREAT wanted to they were afraid he expanded his rule the whole of the Magadha power by attacking world, but he failed kingdom’s power- other kingdoms to conquer all of ful army. Alexander and republics. India. Alexander left India and Because Alexander led his army into returned to Persia. had defeated many India around 327 Some of his local Indian kings, BCE, after defeating generals stayed it was easier for the Persians. He behind to govern Chandragupta to conquered most the conquered take control of of the kingdoms lands. But after their lands. He in the Indus Valley. Alexander’s death u CHANDRAGUPTA quickly conquered Then, some his- in 323 BCE, Indian MAURYA was a many of the former torians believe, leaders, including young leader who Greek territories. In Alexander’s troops Chandragupta defeated the pow- 321 BCE, he united refused to march Maurya, drove out erful but unpopular the lands he had east toward the the Greek armies. ruler of the great conquered into the Magadha king- Maurya Empire.

Indian_Empires_2-3.indd 17 3/10/17 9:32 AM 4 It is 321 BCE in northern India. control of much of the Punjab Chandragupta Maurya has region in the far north. The Maurya conquered the great Magadha For the first time, a large kingdom and helped to drive area of India has been united the Greeks out of India. Now under one ruler. Chandragupta Empire that Alexander the Great has has founded the Maurya died, Chandragupta has taken Empire. He will go on to

CHANDRAGUPTA MAURYA was a strong and strict ruler. He needed a large army to con- trol and expand the empire. Ordinary people had to pay high taxes to support the army and the rest of the government. Chandragupta’s style of rule was hard on the poor and powerless. But Chandragupta also created a well-organized government that improved roads and drained land to cre- ate more farmland.

l CHANDRAGUPTA in a book called said that a ruler punishment as had an important the Arthashastra, should take deserved becomes adviser named or the Science of care of his people respectable.”* Kautilya who was Material Gain. In but should also *From Kautilya’s Arthashastra known for his ideas ruling his empire, keep order using (Science of Polity) by B. K. about the best way Chandragupta strict punishment. Chaturvedi. Diamond Pocket to rule a country. closely followed the According to Books Ltd., 2006. Kautilya wrote ideas in this book. the text, “Who- about his ideas The Arthashastra ever imposes

Indian_Empires_4-5_v3.indd 16 3/10/17 9:34 AM The Maurya Empire 5

expand his empire by conquering U K U S H N D N H I N other kingdoms and republics. AN TA r IS H W E H A N e PLATEAU AFG v I i M Chandragupta’s son and grand- i M OF TIBET R A L A CHINA son will continue to expand the Y S N A A S 0 500 mi. T NEPAL 0 500 mi. I S Mathura Maurya Empire until, by around K s Mathura A u P d Thar 0 500 km. n Desert G I Desert Ayodhya BCE a n Pataliputra 250 , it will cover nearly all of g e INDIA e s INDIA R i v e r the Indian subcontinent. Sanchi Ujjain Ajanta DECCAN Arabian Bay of Sea Bengal

Maurya Empire, about 320 BCE

Maurya Empire, about 250 BCE SRI Present-day border SRI INDIAN OCEAN LANKA

u IN 297 BCE, Chandragupta gave the throne to his son Bindusara. He retired to follow a religious life. In about 25 years of rule, Bindusara strength- ened the empire and probably expanded it further south. Legend says that Bindusara had 101 sons. After he died around 272 BCE, his son Ashoka (also writ- ten as Asoka) took the throne. Ashoka would go on to be one of ancient India’s greatest rulers.

Alexander’s empire agreed to a peace in India and to treaty. Under this the northwest. His treaty, Seleucus u THE HELLENISTIC Maurya emperors countries sent lands were known gave up his lands (Greek-influenced) maintained strong ambassadors to the as the Seleucid in India, while countries to diplomatic connec- Maurya govern- u SELEUCUS WAS Empire. Around 305 Chandragupta gave the west were tions with these ment. Their leaders a Greek general BCE, Chandragupta Seleucus 500 war important trading states, including also exchanged who ruled over defeated Seleucus, elephants and mar- partners for the the Seleucid Empire gifts with the the remains of and the two leaders ried his daughter. Maurya Empire. The and Egypt. These Maurya emperors.

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The Beginning of Buddhism Many centuries ago, in a part of northern India that is now the country of Nepal, a prince was born. His name was Siddhartha Gautama. Prince Siddhartha was raised in luxury and wealth, kept apart from the rest of the world in royal palaces. At the age of 29, the prince left the palace for the first time. He was shocked to see sickness and poverty and to learn that people get old and die. After this, he rejected his life of comfort and set out to understand why people have to suffer in life. This was the beginning of Siddhartha’s journey to become a great moral teacher known as the Buddha, or “Enlightened One.” This led to the creation of Buddhism.

Indian_Empires_6-7_v2.indd 16 3/10/17 9:36 AM 7 l SIDDHARTHA spent years searching for the truth. He learned to meditate, or to concentrate so deeply that the mind becomes clear and calm. He studied with many spiritual teachers. He tried going without food and sleeping on a bed u THE BUDDHA, desires. Buddhists of thorns. Finally, like other Hindus, believe that if they he sat under the believed in rein- free themselves shade of a tree and carnation. He saw from all desire and meditated on the the world as an sense of self, they idea of suffering. endless cycle, or will reach nirvana, At the heart of the Buddha’s teachings are the After 49 days, he wheel, of suffering, the highest state of Four Noble Truths: reached enlighten- death, and rebirth. the human mind. 1. Suffering is part of human life. ment, or complete He taught that the Then they will 2. Wanting things is the root of all suffering. understanding way to escape escape from the of truth. from this cycle was cycle of death 3. The way out of suffering is to become wise enough to reject selfish and rebirth. to not want things. 4. The Noble Eightfold Path is the way to learn not to want things.

l THE BUDDHA’S l THECONCEPT early life was of ahimsa, or filled with riches. nonviolence, has Later, he suffered influenced many extreme hardship. Indian leaders. He learned that Mohandas Gandhi neither of these used nonviolent ways of life led action to help India to happiness. win independence Instead, he taught from British rule. people to follow ings, people can Gandhi wrote: a Middle Way come closer to “Non-violence . . . between these nirvana by follow- does not mean two extremes. ing the steps meek submission According to the of the Noble to the will of the Buddha’s teach- Eightfold Path. evil-doer, but it means putting of r AROUNDTHE all living beings one’s whole soul same time that the have souls. This against the will of Buddha was teach- means that plants the tyrant.”* Dr. ing, another great and animals should Martin Luther King teacher called be treated with Jr. later followed Mahavira, or “The respect and com- Gandhi’s example Great Hero,” taught passion, just like of nonviolence a different belief people. Jains are when he led the system called strict vegetarians struggle for civil Jainism. Jainism’s and take great rights in the U.S. central idea is non- care to avoid killing *From Unity, Volume 87, violence, or anything. The Jain edited by Francis Neilson and ahimsa, which in the lower center John Haynes Holmes. A. C. is important in of this picture is Clark, 1921. Hinduism and sweeping the path Buddhism, too. to avoid stepping Jains believe that on bugs.

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d DURINGHIS The Spread of Buddhism life, the Buddha traveled around After his enlightenment, Buddha spent his life traveling around northern India spreading his India and sharing his teachings. By the time of his death, around 483 BCE, message. After his death, his follow- he had many followers. Some of his followers became monks and nuns, ers continued to men and women who devote their lives to studying and teaching religious spread his teach- beliefs. At first the monks and nuns wandered around the countryside. ings. Over time, traders, monks, Later, they settled down into communities called monasteries. and others intro- Today, there are Buddhist monasteries in many countries around the duced Buddhism world. What is life like for the monks and nuns there? to Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), China, Monks live in separate monasteries from nuns. In a typical monastery, Korea, central Asia, the monks or nuns shave their heads and wear robes. They eat simple Japan, and south- east Asia. Today, food and own very few things. They vow to follow a strict code of disci- around 500 million pline. Monks and nuns spend much of their time in meditation and study. people all over They may also work in the monastery, teach, or the world follow perform religious services for other Buddhists. Buddhist teachings.

The Spread of Buddhism, 400 BCE –600 CE

Tun-huang Beijing Caspian Sea KOREA

JAPAN Kyoto AFGHANISTAN CHINA H East I TIBET China IRAN M Lhasa PAKISTAN A NEPAL Sea L A Y A S Varanasi Sarnath Karachi Sanchi Kolkata PACIFIC (Calcutta) OCEAN Mumbai INDIA Arabian Bay of South (Bombay) Sukhothai Sea Bengal China Yangon THAILAND (Rangoon) Sea

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Buddhist heartland INDONESIA Buddhist city 0 500 mi. Routes along which Buddhism spread 0 500 km. Borobudur

Indian_Empires_8-9_v2.indd 16 3/10/17 9:38 AM 9 r INTHE 200S BCE, early Buddhist missionaries trav- eled to Ceylon, Burma (now Myanmar), and northwestern India (now Pakistan and Afghanistan). A missionary is someone who teaches other people about his or her religion. Traders also u OVERTIME, followers in south and Tantra schools spread Buddhism Buddhism split into and southeast are together along the trade different types, or Asia, is most like called Mahayana routes through “schools,” with early Buddhism. Buddhism. central Asia. By different views The Vajrayana Mahayana the middle of the of the Buddha’s school is most Buddhism teaches first century CE, teachings. Of the popular in Tibet, social concern and Buddhism had schools that exist Nepal, Bhutan, compassion for reached China. today, Theravada, and Mongolia. The others. which has many Pure Land, Zen, The Spread of Buddhism, 400 BCE –600 CE d BEGINNINGAROUND 1000 CE. However, 500 CE, the popu- Buddhism still larity of Buddhism exists across the Beijing Tun-huang began to decline Indian subconti- Caspian in India. Some nent, and it is the Sea KOREA people returned to majority religion in JAPAN Hinduism. Around countries like Sri Kyoto this time, Hinduism Lanka and Bhutan. AFGHANISTAN CHINA embraced some Outside of the H Buddhist ideas. Buddhist communi- East I Buddhism con- ty, the influence of TIBET China IRAN M Lhasa tinued to decline Buddhism can still PAKISTAN A NEPAL Sea after Islam was be seen in Indian L A Y A S introduced to India culture and in some Varanasi Sarnath beginning around Hindu practices. Karachi Sanchi Kolkata PACIFIC (Calcutta) OCEAN Mumbai INDIA Arabian Bay of South (Bombay) Sukhothai Sea Bengal China Yangon THAILAND (Rangoon) Sea

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u Buddhist heartland INDONESIA FORHUNDREDS word. The first biography of the of years after the written versions Buddha, called the Buddhist city Buddha’s death, of his teachings Buddhacarita, was 0 500 mi. his teachings appeared between written by the poet Routes along which Buddhism spread were passed from 200 BCE and 100 Ashvaghosa. 0 500 km. Borobudur person to person BCE. Around 100 through the spoken CE, the first written

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The Ajanta Caves These beautiful frescoes (paintings created on wet plaster) are in the Ajanta Caves, an ancient temple in central India. They tell the story of the Buddha’s life.

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Indian_Empires_10-11.indd 17 3/10/17 9:39 AM 12 The Reign of Ashoka Can people change who they are? Are there good people and bad people in the world, or just good and bad actions? The story of the emperor Ashoka suggests that even someone who has done very bad things can change for the better. Ashoka, the grandson of Chandragupta, led the Maurya Empire from around 270 to 232 BCE. At first, he ruled the way his father and grandfather had. He used the threat of punishment to control his people. To expand the empire, he waged wars in which many people died. But around ten years after he took the throne, Ashoka reached a turn- ing point in his life. This means that his life changed in a big way. The emperor led his army into battle His government and conquered Kalinga, a encouraged people to treat each other kingdom in eastern India. with kindness and Ashoka later said that more fairness. He helped than 100,000 people died his people by building hospitals u ASHOKAHADMANY stand today as a in the war. Even though and rest houses of his edicts, or reminder of Ashoka he won the battle, the for the poor. He commands, carved and his philosophy. u AFTERHIS also had trees on stone pillars One example said: emperor felt that his vic- conversion to planted and wells posted across “There is no better tory wasn’t worth so much Buddhism, Emperor dug along roads so his empire. He work than promot- death. After that, Ashoka Ashoka became thirsty people and wanted his people ing the welfare of a leader like no animals could have to understand his all the people.”* converted to Buddhism other of his time. water. Ashoka even ideas about govern- *From The Wisdom of and practiced peace. He adopted national appointed officials to ment, which were Tolerance: A Philosophy of policies based on promote the welfare based on Buddhist Generosity and Peace by Abdurrahman Wahid and Buddhist principles and fair treatment of teachings. Some Daisaku Ikeda. I. B. Tauris and like nonviolence. the people. of the pillars still Co., Ltd., 2015.

Indian_Empires_12-13.indd 16 3/10/17 9:40 AM Ashoka had an experience that changed how he saw the world. Has something ever happened in your Hinduism life that made you change the way you think or act?

Buddhism

Jainism

ALTHOUGH ASHOKA’S ideas about the right way to live were based on Buddhist principles like peace and kindness, he did not try to force his people to become Buddhists. He allowed people of all religious faiths to live and worship freely. He also encouraged every- one to respect the religious beliefs of others.

r ASHOKA’S d ASHOKA WAS A monasteries and policies reflected strong promoter of sent missionaries Buddhist ideals Buddhism. He con- to parts of India, about respect for structed Buddhist Sri Lanka, and all life. He created monuments and central Asia. These nature preserves efforts helped and banned the the spread of hunting of certain Buddhism to con- u THE BEAUTIFUL wild animals. He tinue after his rule. Ashoka tree is also limited when Ashoka sent his considered sacred and how animals son and daughter by many Indians. could be killed. to teach Buddhism The name of the Ashoka’s gov- to the royal family emperor and ernment offered and people of Sri the tree means free medical care, Lanka. His daugh- “without sorrow.” places of rest, and animal hospitals ter, Sangamitta, The emperor watering places for Ashoka had built started an order Ashoka liked that animals, as well were probably the of Buddhist nuns he shared a name as for people. The first in the world. in Sri Lanka. with the holy tree.

Indian_Empires_12-13.indd 17 3/10/17 9:39 AM 14 India’s Golden Age The year is 350 CE. It has been more than five centuries since the rule of the great emperor Ashoka. After his death, the Maurya Empire fell apart. Since then, India has been divided into many small kingdoms. Your village in the Indus Valley has been claimed by many different kings and emperors over the past few hundred years. Now, the emperor Samudragupta has defeated the local king and laid claim to your area. You wonder if this emper- or will finally end the constant fighting and unify India again? UZBEKISTAN Bishkek Korla Hami KYRGYZSTAN AZERBAIJAN Tashkent Yumen TURKMENISTAN Kashi Ashgabat EmpiresTAJIKISTAN of India Qiemo Hotan Golmud Xining Tehran U K U S H KabulD Lanzhou Bakhtaran N H II N N Esfahan A rr H CHINA W E AFGHANISTAN T IslamabadIslamabadee PLATEAU IS vv II N ii M OF TIBET A RR A Basra IRAN H L FG A CHINA A Y Chengdu S N A AMultan New Delhi Shiraz T S NEPAL 0 500 mi. I S NEPAL K ss Mathura PPAKISTANA u Agra P dd TharJaipur BHUTAN 0 500 km. nn Desert G II a Ayodhya Pataliputra QATAR n g INDIAAllahabade s INDIA R ii v e r Dhaka Sanchi U. A. E. Muscat AhmadabadUjjain Calcutta Surat SAUDI ARABIA Ajanta Nagpur MYANMAR UlhasnagarDECCAN BANGLADESH Arabian Bombay OMAN Pune VaranasiBay of Rangoon Vientiane YEMEN Sea Bengal THAILAND Sanaa INDIA Bangkok Madras

DJIBOUTI Maurya Empire, about 250 BCE SOMALIA Gupta Empire, about 400 CE Cochin Present-day border SRI INDIAN OCEAN LANKA SRI LANKA Colombo

r AROUND 320 CE, ried a princess a king named named Kumaradevi Chandragupta I from the powerful inherited several Licchavi clan (or small kingdoms tribe). Along with in Magadha (in the support of the northeastern India) Licchavis, this and began build- marriage gave more Chandragupta ing an empire. land and iron mines. conquer more lands Chandragupta I Iron was important until his empire was not related for building weap- extended over a to Chandragupta ons for the army. large area of north- Maurya. He mar- All of this helped eastern India.

Indian_Empires_14-15.indd 16 3/10/17 9:43 AM 15 d SAMUDRAGUPTA orphanages, and related to beauty. Jewels, lived at and Chandragupta hospitals. They also He paid to support Chandragupta II’s II spent money supported the arts. artists, writers, court. Their works on works that Chandragupta II and scholars. A are still known helped their especially encour- group of nine great today. people, includ- aged traditions that scholars called the ing education, were aesthetic, or Navaratna, or Nine

u AFTER to the southeast Chandragupta I along the coast. died in 335 CE, Chandragupta the empire was II expanded the ruled by his son empire west to Samudragupta, and the shores of the then his grandson Arabian Sea. Both Chandragupta II. Samudragupta and Samudragupta Chandragupta II was a brilliant were kind, skilled, military leader who and wise rulers, conquered the as well as talented rest of northern military leaders. India and lands

l THE GUPTA to spread the get along with Jainism all emperors were religion. But they each other. Many grew during Hindus who were also respected Buddhist pilgrims the Golden Age. devoted to the Buddhists and came to India god Vishnu. They Jains and encour- during the Gupta supported Hindu aged people of Empire. Hinduism, art and helped all religions to Buddhism, and

l THETIMEOFTHE l UNDERTHE Gupta Empire has Gupta Empire, become known as India traded more India’s Golden Age. with the outside That’s because of world. Arab traders the great advanc- brought goods es in art, culture, from Africa and the literature, and Middle East. They science that took traded these for place then. These Indian products like achievements were spices, cotton cloth, possible because gems, medicine, the empire was and steel. Along mostly peaceful with these goods, and people lived the traders carried in comfort. People news of Indian could spend time achievements along on art and science. the Mediterranean and to Europe and Africa.

Indian_Empires_14-15.indd 17 3/10/17 9:43 AM 16 ARCHITECTSOFTHE Golden Age cre- ated beautiful Achievements During temples and other buildings deco- rated with stone carvings, golden the Golden Age staircases, and pillars. The famous Ajanta Caves, The people of the Gupta nized government allowed which are Buddhist Empire lived in an age of the people to live well and temples carved amazing progress and dis- feel secure. out of rock, were created during covery. The wonders of the The Chinese Buddhist this time. Parts of Golden Age included great scholar and traveler Faxian, the Ellora Caves, which include art and architecture, along who visited India during Hindu, Buddhist, with great ideas. In most the time of Chandragupta and Jain temples, other places during this II, wrote about the free- may also date from the Golden time, leaders spent their dom and good government Age. Painters and energy and money waging enjoyed by the people sculptors also pro- wars with other countries there. Taxes were low, and duced great works under the Gupta to gain riches and land. punishment for crime was emperors. The Gupta emperors were mild. The people seemed different. They supported happy. The emperor paid great artists, writers, and his workers and provid- thinkers. Their well-orga- ed hospitals and support for the poor. Faxian also admired that Buddhism was respected, even though the emperor was a Hindu.

r INDIABECAME famous for its achievements in metallurgy, the u THE GOLDEN AGE science and tech- began to decline in nology of metals. the 400s CE, as the Indians developed Hunas, invaders the earliest-known from the northwest, techniques for began to conquer working with the parts of the empire. metal zinc. Zinc is The last great more difficult to Gupta emperor, smelt than other Skandagupta, metals used in died in 467 CE. ancient times. The Gupta Empire Indian metalwork- finally came to an ers also learned to end by the mid- create steel, which 500s CE. was known around the ancient world for its strength and quality. Iron pillars from the Golden Age still stand in Indian cities today.

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r INDIAN MATHE- MATICIANS were the first to use a base- 10 number system, including zero. This made arithmetic much easier. They also developed Hindu-Arabic numerals, which developed into the numbers we use today. The Golden Age mathematician and astronomer u INDIANDOCTORS gives someone Aryabhata was one developed many of a mild case of a of the first people the ideas and treat- disease to prevent to understand how ments that led to a more serious the Earth moves modern medicine. case. Ancient Indian around the sun, Indian doctors knew doctors even per- and why eclipses how to set broken formed many types happen. bones and use of surgery that inoculation to pre- were unknown to vent the spread of European doctors disease. Inoculation until modern times.

Indian_Empires_16-17_v2.indd 17 3/10/17 9:47 AM 18 Activities WRITE A RESEARCH REPORT Review the information in this magazine about the leaders of the Indian empires. Choose a leader you’d like to learn more about. Write questions about the person that you’d like answered. Your questions could be about many topics, including the person’s beliefs, the person’s achieve- ments, the way the person governed, or how the person interacted with others. Use the questions to guide your research. When your report is complete, work with a classmate who researched the same leader. Compare the questions you asked and the information you discovered.

WRITE A TRAVEL NARRATIVE Imagine there were travel magazines during India’s Golden Age, and you worked for one of them. Your editor has asked you to write a travel narrative about India. A travel narra- tive, usually written in the first person, is a series of anecdotes or stories about a place. Use a map of India during the Golden Age to plan your route. Then, have fun making the journey in your mind and writing about the sights you see, the ideas you hear about, and the people you meet along the way.

Indian_Empires_18-19.indd 18 3/10/17 9:49 AM 19 MAKE CONNECTIONS WITH THESE RELATED TITLES

Ancient India Ancient Persia Ancient China The story of ancient India is filled with Although the Persian Empire lasted less Noodles, fireworks, silk, and kites – mystery and fascination. Much of than 250 years, during that short time where would we be without these much- what we know comes from two major it was the largest empire in the ancient loved inventions? We have ancient China cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. world and a powerhouse of creativity to thank for these and many more innova- These ancient trading hubs were carefully and invention. Learn about the four tions that we may take for granted. Read planned, with advanced plumbing sys- kings who built and defended the about the major dynasties of the Chinese tems and graceful public buildings. empire, and explore Persian society, Empire, and find out what life was like You’ll also discover the roots of Hinduism with its rigid class system. for everyone on the ladder of Chinese and learn about the caste system. society, from royals to peasants.

CALIFORNIA STANDARDS

HSS 6.5 Students analyze the geographic, political, econom- ic, religious, and social struc- tures of the early civilizations of India. 6.5.5 Know the life and moral teachings of Buddha and how Buddhism spread in India, Ceylon, LEARN and Central Asia. 6.5.6 Describe the growth of the Maurya empire MORE and the political and moral achievements of the emperor ONLINE! Asoka. 6.5.7 Discuss important aesthetic and intellectual tradi- tions (e.g., Sanskrit literature, including the Bhagavad Gita; • Steep mountain • In the Maurya • The popularity of • Ashoka is medicine; metallurgy; and math- ranges called Empire under Buddhism has sometimes ematics, including Hindu-Arabic the Eastern and Chandragupta, declined in India called the first numerals and the zero). Western Ghats the ruling class over the past environmentalist form barriers lived well. They 2,000 years. because he Historical and Social between the enjoyed the Even so, it is still made laws Sciences Analysis Skills: Indian Ocean riches taken the dominant protecting and the middle from conquered religion in places animals and Historical Interpretation 1. Students explain the central of the Indian lands and like southeast nature. issues and problems from the peninsula. improvements Asia, Bhutan, past, placing people and events in The towering such as better and Sri Lanka. a matrix of time and place. Himalayas sep- roads. arate India from the rest of Asia.

Indian_Empires_18-19.indd 19 3/10/17 9:49 AM hmhco.com

EDITOR: Jennifer Dixon FACT-CHECKER: David Stienecker ART DIRECTION: Brobel Design DESIGNERS: Ian Brown, Ed Gabel, AUTHOR: Colleen Ryan David Ricculli, Jeremy Rech AUTHOR TEAM LEAD: Barak Zimmerman PHOTO RESEARCH: Ted Levine, Elisabeth Morgan PRESIDENT AND CEO: Ted Levine ACTIVITIES WRITER: Marjorie Frank CHAIRMAN AND FOUNDER: Mark Levine PROOFREADER: Carolyn Jackson

GRADE 6 TITLES Archivo: pp.2–3 top (Battle of Alexander at Issus). Bridgeman Images: British Library, London, UK: p.7 top right (Buddha’s first sermon); De Agostini Picture Library: G. World’s Early People Ancient India Nimatallah: p.14 right (statue, Gupta Empire); Look and Learn: pp.2–3 bottom (King Darius); National Museum of India, New Delhi, India: p.12 bottom right (Ashoka edict); Mesopotamia Indian Empires Pictures from History: p.13 bottom center (Sanghamitta), p.15 bottom center (Arab Ancient Egypt Ancient China caravan); R.B. Ogle: p.3 bottom right (Chandragupta Maurya); William Douglas: p.16 middle left (Kalidasa). Getty Images: Byheaven: p.17 top center (Ellora Caves); CHAPUT Archaeology Early Romans Franck: Hemis.fr: p.9 top center (Aukana Buddha); DEA/G. DAGLI ORTI: p.15 middle Language Roman Empire left (head of Buddha); DEA / L. Oedicini: p.9 bottom left (Buddha ninth incarnation of Lord Vishnu); DEA Picture Library: G. Nimatallah: p.19 top left (Great Stupa); Dethan Ancient Hebrews Christianity and Rome’s Legacies Punalur: p.13 bottom right (Asoka tree); f9photos: p.16 bottom right (iron pillar, Dehli, Early Greeks Olmec and Maya India); IndiaPictures: p.13 bottom left (Ashoka pillar); Omikron Omikron: p.7 middle right (Mohandas Gandhi); Print Collector: p.15 top right (Samudragupta); steba2: p.19 Greece’s Golden Age Civil Rights top center (Persepolis); Thierry Falise: p.9 bottom right (nun and guru reading). Granger Ancient Persia Collection, NYC: p.16 center middle (Skandagupta coin). HMH/HIP: p.17 bottom (Aryabhata). Shutterstock: BeeBright: p.19 top right (chinese lantern); deepak bishnoi: p.15 top right (Udayagiri Caves); Gruits2508: p.18 top (notebook); WAYHOME studio: p.9 top right (prayer flags).

ON THE COVER: Buddha’s first sermon.Bridgeman Images: British Library, London, UK / ORIGINAL ILLUSTRATIONS: © British Library Board. Brobel Design: Maurya Empire Map, p.5; The Spread of Buddhism, p.8; Empires of India Map, p.14. PICTURE CREDITS: Alamy: ephotocorp: pp.10-11 (ajanta cave painting); FotoFlirt: p.17 top right (Susrutha, hindu surgeon); imageBROKER: p.19 bottom (stone carving Michael Kline Illustration: Cartoons, cover; Kautilya, p.4; For Me?, p.5; Bindusara, p.5; of peacocks); Mary Evans Picture Library: p.2 bottom center (Ganges), p.6 (Buddha The Noble Eightfold Path, p.7; Emperor Ashoka, p.12; Write a Travel Narrative, p.18. enlightened), p.7 bottom right (Jainism); MCLA Collection: p.14 bottom center (dinar of Chandragupta); Old Paper Studios: p.5 bottom left (Seleucus); Pep Roig: p.7 top Wood Ronsaville Harlin, Inc.: Rob Wood: Road Building, pp.4–5; Ron Spears: Battle of center (wheel of life); PhotosIndia.com RM 13: p.2 middle left (king on horse); Prisma Kalinga, pp.12–13.

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