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Ethnicity, Race and Inequality in the UK

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“This is simply a must-read book for all those who want to understand the UK in and Inequality Race Ethnicity, racial inequalities in British society. It provides an up-to-date and convincing case that we have a long way to go in terms of achieving racial justice.” John Solomos, University of Warwick Available Open Access under CC-BY-NC licence. Fifty years after the establishment of the Runnymede Trust and the Race Relations Act of 1968, which sought to end discrimination in public life, this accessible book provides commentary by some of the UK’s foremost scholars of race and ethnicity on data relating to a wide range of sectors of society, including employment, health, education, criminal justice, housing and representation in the arts and media. It explores what progress has been made, identifies those areas where inequalities remain stubbornly resistant to change and asks how our thinking around race and ethnicity has changed in an era of Islamophobia, Brexit and an increasingly diverse population. Bridget Byrne is Professor of Sociology at The University of Manchester and Director of Khan, Nazroo and Shankley Byrne, Alexander, the ESRC research Centre on Dynamics of Ethnicity (CoDE). Claire Alexander is Professor of Sociology at The University of Manchester and Deputy Director of the ESRC research Centre on Dynamics of Ethnicity (CoDE). BRIDGET Omar Khan is Director of the Runnymede Trust, the UK’s leading independent race equality think tank. BYRNE ––– James Nazroo is Professor of Sociology at The University of Manchester, Deputy Director of the ESRC research Centre on Dynamics of Ethnicity (CoDE) and co-director CLAIRE of the Manchester Institute for Collaborative Research on Ageing. ALEXANDER William Shankley is Research Associate at the Cathie Marsh Institute, The University ––– of Manchester. OMAR KHAN ––– JAMES NAZROO ––– WILLIAM ISBN 978-1-4473-5125-2 SHANKLEY @policypress@policypress PolicyPress policy.bristoluniversitypress.co.uk 9 781447 351252 ETHNICITY, RACE AND INEQUALITY IN THE UK State of the Nation Edited by Bridget Byrne, Claire Alexander, Omar Khan, James Nazroo and William Shankley First published in Great Britain in 2020 by Policy Press North America offi ce: University of Bristol Policy Press 1-9 Old Park Hill c/o The University of Chicago Press Bristol 1427 East 60th Street BS2 8BB Chicago, IL 60637, USA UK t: +1 773 702 7700 t: +44 (0)117 954 5940 f: +1 773-702-9756 [email protected] [email protected] www.policypress.co.uk www.press.uchicago.edu © Policy Press 2020 The digital PDF version of this title is available Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 license (http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits adaptation, alteration, reproduction and distribution for non-commercial use, without further permission provided the original work is attributed. The derivative works do not need to be licensed on the same terms. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested ISBN 978-1-4473-5125-2 (paperback) ISBN 978-1-4473-5126-9 (OA pdf) ISBN 978-1-4473-3632-7 (epub) The right of Bridget Byrne, Claire Alexander, Omar Khan, James Nazroo and William Shankley to be identifi ed as editors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved: no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission of Policy Press. The statements and opinions contained within this publication are solely those of the editors and contributors and not of the University of Bristol or Policy Press. The University of Bristol and Policy Press disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any material published in this publication. Policy Press works to counter discrimination on grounds of gender, race, disability, age and sexuality. Cover design by Andrew Corbett Printed and bound in Great Britain by Cambrian Printers, Aberystwyth Policy Press uses environmentally responsible print partners Contents List of figures, tables and boxes v Notes on contributors ix Acknowledgements xv Introduction 1 Claire Alexander and Bridget Byrne 1 The demography of ethnic minorities in Britain 15 William Shankley, Tina Hannemann and Ludi Simpson 2 Citizen rights and immigration 35 William Shankley and Bridget Byrne 3 Minority ethnic groups, policing and the criminal justice 51 system in Britain William Shankley and Patrick Williams 4 Health inequalities 73 Karen Chouhan and James Nazroo 5 Ethnic inequalities in the state education system in England 93 Claire Alexander and William Shankley 6 Ethnic minorities in the labour market in Britain 127 Ken Clark and William Shankley 7 Ethnic minorities and housing in Britain 149 William Shankley and Nissa Finney 8 Arts, media and ethnic inequalities 167 Sarita Malik and William Shankley 9 Politics and representation 189 Maria Sobolewska and William Shankley 10 Racisms in contemporary Britain 203 William Shankley and James Rhodes Conclusion 229 Omar Khan, Runnymede Trust Recommendations 237 Omar Khan, Runnymede Trust Bibliography 243 Index 289 iii List of figures, tables and boxes Note: All figures are Open Access under Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc/4.0/). They are available to be downloaded and shared. We encourage their use in teaching resources or to support further research and reports. Please visit www.ethnicity.ac.uk/research/publications/ethnicity-and-race- in-the-uk/ to download the figures Figures 1.1 Ethnic minority groups in England and Wales, 2011 Census 20 1.2 Ethnic minority groups in Scotland, 2011 Census 23 1.3 Ethnic minority groups in Northern Ireland, 2011 Census 24 1.4 Age profile of ethnic groups in England and Wales 26 1.5 Total fertility rate by migrant group, 1989– 2008 27 1.6 Infant mortality rate by ethnicity in England and Wales 28 for the birth cohort, 2014 2.1 Emigration, immigration, asylum and net migration in the 39 UK, 1991– 2017 2.2 Net migration by citizenship, 1991– 2017 41 3.1 The ethnicity of police officers in the police force in 55 England and Wales, 2017 3.2 Rates of stop- and- search per 1,000 members of the 57 population by ethnic group, England and Wales, 2010/ 11 to 2017/ 18 3.3 Top Five areas for stop- and- search (per 1,000) by 58 ethnic group 3.4 People aged 16 years and over who said they were victims 59 of crime, by ethnic group over time 3.5 Percentage of people aged 16 years and over who said 60 they were victims of crime, by ethnicity and gender 3.6 Percentage of arrests for terrorism- related offences 62 between 2001 and 2017, by ethnic group 3.7 Percentage of youth cautions by ethnic group, England 63 and Wales, 2005/ 06– 2017/ 18 3.8 Percentage of children in custody by ethnicity, youth 64 secure estate in England and Wales, year ends March 2008– 2018 v Ethnicity, Race and Inequality in the UK 3.9 Percentage of adults in custody in England and Wales by 65 their ethnicity over time, between 2009 and 2017 3.10 Conviction ratios of offenders in England and Wales by 68 ethnicity, between 2009 and 2017 4.1 Age- adjusted odds ratio to report fair or bad health 77 compared with White English people 4.2 Reported fair or bad health by ethnic group and age 77 4.3 Rating of the experience of respect and dignity while in 84 hospital for patients with cancer, percentage of people answering ‘good’ or ‘better’ 4.4 Experience of overall care for patients with cancer, 84 average score 4.5 Rating of GP care and concern: proportion reporting an 85 overall positive experience 5.1 School population (England) and 2011 Census of 100 population (England) by ethnicity 5.2 Percentage of pupils attaining English and maths grades 103 (A*– C) by ethnicity, 2016/ 17 5.3 Percentage achieving attainment 8 scores by ethnic group 104 and gender 5.4 Attainment 8 scores by eligibility for free school meals 106 across ethnic groups 5.5 Percentage of students achieving at least three A grades 108 at A level by ethnicity 5.6 Ethnic composition of state school exclusions in England 110 5.7 Destinations of school leavers Key Stage 5 (16– 18) by 114 ethnic group, 2017 5.8 Ethnic composition of apprenticeships from 2002/ 03 to 115 2017/ 18, England and Wales 5.9 Ethnic composition of UK- domiciled higher education 118 student enrolment by university type (Russell Group versus New University) and ethnicity 5.10 Proportion of students from each ethnic group who 119 obtained a ‘good degree’ split by Russell Group and New Universities (2016/ 17) 5.11 Ethnic composition of UK academic staff by gender, 122 professorial category 6.1 Employment rates for men, 16– 64, 2001–18 134 6.2 Employment rates for women, 16– 64, 2001–18 134 7.1 Type of housing tenure (private renting, social renting, 158 ownership) by ethnic group and variation between the 2001 and 2011 Censuses (England and Wales) vi List of figures, tables and boxes 7.2 Percentage of households (HRP), by ethnic group, in 162 under- occupied, required size and overcrowded accommodation, and change between 2001 and 2011 Censuses (England and Wales) 8.1 The proportion of ethnic minority workers in sectors in 170 the creative industries over time, 2011– 15 8.2 Employees across
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