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Amir Hassanpour KÜRDİSTAN'da MİLLİYETÇİLİK VE

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Amir Hassanpour KÜRDİSTAN'da MİLLİYETÇİLİK VE AMİR HASSANPOUR»Kürdistan’da Milliyetçilik ve Dil avesta | KÜRT ARAŞTIRMALARI: 193 I 3 Nationalism and Language in Kurdistan 1918-1985 (Kürdistan’da Milliyetçilik ve Dil 1918-1985) Amir Hassanpour (Mellen Research University Press, San Fransisco, 1992) İngilizceden Çevirenler İbrahim Bingöl, Cemil Gündoğan Editör: Abdullah Keskin Kapak: Ahmet Naci Fırat Tashih ve Mizanpaj: Avesta Birinci Baskı: 2003, İstanbul Baskı: Banş Matbaacılık © Avesta-Amir Hassanpour, 1997 Tanıtım amacıyla yapılacak alıntılar dışında yazannın ve yayınevinin izni olmadan çogaltılamaz AVESTA BASIN YAYIN REKLAM TANITIM MÜZİK DAĞITIM LTD. ŞT1. Evliya Çelebi Mahallesi Aybastı Sokak 48/4 BEYOĞLU / İSTANBUL Tel: (0212) 251 44 80 243 89 74 Fax: (0212) 243 89 75 Ekinciler Caddesi Nurlan Apt. Giriş Katı No: 2 OFİS / DİYARBAKIR Tel-Fax: (0412) 222 64 91 ISBN: 975-8637-96-7 Amir Hassanpour KÜRDİSTAN’DA MİLLİYETÇİLİK VE DİL ( 1918-1985) İngilizceden Çevirenler İbrahim Bingöl Cemil Gündogan avesta | KÜRT ARAŞTIRMALARI AMİR HASSANPOUR-I943 yılında Doğu Kürdistan'ın (Iran Kûrdistanı) Mahabad şehrinde doğdu. Tahran Üniversitesi, Ingiliz Dili ve Edebiyatı bölümünü bitirdikten sonra bir süre Mahabad’da öğretmenlik yaptı. 1983 yılında yurtdışma çıktı. Kanada, Toronto Üniversitesi, Yakın ve Or­ tadoğu Uygarlıktan Bölümünde öğretim vermektedir. Medya araştırma­ ları, dil, tarih ve kültür konusunda araştırmalar yapmaktadır. NOT: Bu kitabın 5. Bölümü “Kürt Diliyle İlgili Devlet Politikası: Statü Plan­ lama Politikası”, Cemil Gündogan tarafından çevrilmiş ve 1997 yılında Avesıa Yayınlan arasında “Kürt Diliyle İlgili Devlet Politikaları ve Dil Hak­ lan" adıyla yayımlanmıştır. Bu kitapta da aynı çeviri kullanılmıştır. İÇİNDEKİLER Tabloların listesi / 13 Şekillerin listesi / 16 Haritaların listesi / 19 Onsöz-Michael L. Chyet / 23 Önsöz / 27 Sunuş / Ladislav Zgusta DİL, ULUS VE AZINLIK STATÜSÜ / 37 Teşekkür / 53 BÖLÜM 1 KÜRTÇE KONUŞAN TOPLULUK KONUSUNDA GENEL ENFORMASYON / 57 1.0.0 Kürtçe konuşulan bölge / 57 1.1.1 Büyük Kürdistan / 57 1.1.2 Türkiye’de Kürtçe konuşulan bölgeler / 59 1.1.3 Irak’ta Kürtçe konuşulan bölgeler/59 1.1.4 İran'da Kürtçe konuşulan bölgeler/ 64 1.1.5 Suriye’de Kürtçe konuşulan bölgeler / 68 1.1.6 SSCB’de Kürtçe konuşulan bölgeler / 68 1.1.7 Kürdistan’ın dışında Kürtçe konuşulan bölgeler / 68 1.2.0 Kürtçe konuşan nüfusun boyutu / 69 1.2.1 Türkiye’de Kürtçe konuşan nüfus / 72 1.2.2 Irak’ta Kürtçe Konuşan Nüfus / 73 1.2.3 İran’da Kürtçe konuşan nüfus / 74 1.2.4 Suriye’de Kürtçe konuşan nüfus / 76 1.2.5 SSCB’de Kürtçe konuşan nüfus / 76 1.3.0 Lehçeler / 77 1.3.1 Lehçe adlan ve gruplandırma / 78 1.3.2 Lehçe nüfusu / 79 1.3.3 Sorani lehçe grubunun altlehçeleri / 80 1.3.4 Lehçelerin yerleşim alanı / 81 1.3.5 Kurmanci ile Sorani arasındaki temel dilbilimsel farklılıklar / 83 1.3.6 Karşılıklı anlaşılabilirlik / 85 1.3.7 Hewrami ve Dimili lehçeleri / 85 BÖLÜM 2 METODOLOJİ /87 2.1.0 Edebiyat eleştirisi / 87 2.1.1 Kürt dili ve milliyetçiliğiyle ilgili yapılan araştırmalar / 87 2.1.2 Dil standardizasyonu ile ilgili kuramlaT / 91 2.1.2.0 Kuramsallaşmanın bugünkü durum u/92 2.1.2.1 Haugen modeli/92 2.1.2.2 Kuram oluşturma ihtiyacı / 94 2.1.3 Seçilmiş kuramsal sorunlar / 94 2.1.4 Araştırma sorusu / 102 2.1.3 Bu çalışmanın kapsamı / 102 2.1.6 Araştırma tasarım tipi: Örnek olay incelenmesi / 102 2.1.7 Veri / 103 2.1.7.1 Belgeler/ 104 2.1.7.2 Mülakatlar / 105 2.1.7.3 Katılımcının gözlemi / 105 2.1.8 Veri analizleri / 106 2.1.9 Çalışmanın önemi ve amacı / 107 2.1.10 Araştırmanın önündeki engeller / 108 2.1.11 Latinleştirme / 109 2.1.12 Terimler: Tanım ve göndermeler / 112 2.1.13 Sözlük/114 BÖLÜM 3 STANDARDİZASYONUN TARİHSEL BAĞLAMI: KÜRT ULUSUNÜN ORTAYA ÇIKIŞI / 119 3.0.0 Kökenleri ve kadim tarihleri / 119 3.1.0 lslami fetihten sonra Kürdistan/ 120 3.1.1 Kürt politik iktidannın yükselişi: Beylikler, onbeşinci-onyedinci yüzyıllar / 122 3.1.2 Beylikler ve Osmanlı-Pers merkezileşme politikası / 124 3.1.3 Kürdistan'ın ilk bölünmesi, 1639 / 125 3.1.4 Onyedinci yüzyılda Kürt ulusal uyanışı Feodal "milliyetçilik” / 127 3.1.5 Beyliklerin yıkılması / 130 3.1.6 Ulusal harekette yeni eğilimler / 131 3.1.7 Birinci Dünya Savaşı yıllarında Kürdistan / 132 3.2.0 Kürdistan'ın ikinci bölünmesi, 1918/ 132 3.2.1 "Orta sınıf" milliyetçiliği / 133 3.2.2 Özet ve sonuçlar / 142 BÖLÜM 4 ÖN-STANDART AŞAMA: KÜRT EDEBİYAT LEHÇELERİ ONBEŞ1NC1 YÜZYILDAN 1917TE / 145 4.1.0 Edebiyat lehçeleriyle ilgili temel veriler / 145 4.1.0 Hevvrami edebiyat lehçesi / 148 4.2.0 Kurmanci edebiyat lehçesi / 149 4.2.1 Edebiyat üretimi ve "dil milliyetçiliği" / 150 4.2.2 Edebiyat lehçelerinin işlevleri: Edebiyat, eğitim ve din / 151 4.2.3 Şairler: Kısıtlanmış sosyal geçmişleri / 153 4.2.4 Okur kitlesinin olmayışı / 156 4.2.5 Edebiyat biçimleri: Düzyazı ve şiir / 159 4.2.6 Himaye / 162 4.3.0 Onyedinci yüzyılda edebi Kurmanci lehçelerinin gelişmesi / 165 4.3.1 Kürt dilinin statüsü / 165 4.3.1.1 Kürtçenin düşük statüsü / 166 4.3.1.2 Tali konumda bulunan bir dilin statü planlaması / 167 4.3.2 Kürt dili koleksiyonu / 169 4.3.2.1 Bünyesel planlamanın sapkınlığı / 169 4.3.2.2 Anadilde eğitime doğru / 172 4.3.3 Kürtçenin geliştirilmesine muhalefet / 174 4.4.0 Edebi Sorani lehçesi / 175 4.5.0 Edebi Sorani lehçesinin geliştirilmesi: Had Qadiri Koyf (1817-1897) / 176 4.5.1 Kürtçenin statüsü / 176 4.5.2 Azgelişmişliğin nedenleri / 177 4.5.3 Kürt dilinin geliştirilmesi / 178 4.6.0 Dil planlamada "kılıç11 ve "kalem" / 181 4.7.0 Tartışma: Ûn-standart edebiyat dilleri / 182 4.8.0 Özet ve sonuç / 184 BÖLÜM 5 KÜRT DİLİYLE İLGİLİ DEVLET POLİTİKASI: STATÜ PLANLAMA POLİTİKASI /187 5.1.0 Irak’uı politikası, 1918-1985/ 189 5.1.1 İngiliz işgali ve Manda dönemi, 1918-1932 / 190 5.1.2 Kürt dilini teşvik politikası, 1918-1926/ 190 5.1.3 Kürt dilini kısıtlama politikası, 1926-1932/ 195 5.1.4 Kürt dilinin statüsüyle ilgili yasalar / 196 5.1.5 Yerel diller yasası metni / 205 5.1.6 Yerel diller yasasının Kürt eleştirisi / 207 5.1.7 Ingiliz Manda politikasının sonuçları / 209 5.1.8 Monarşi, 1932-1958/210 5.1.9 Cumhuriyet Irak’ı / 211 5.2.0 İran’ın politikası / 220 5.2.1 Pehlevi Hanedanlığı, 1925-1979/ 220 5.2.2 Iran İslam Cumhuriyeti / 226 5.3.0 Türkiye’nin politikası / 229 5.4.0 Suriye’nin dil politikası / 237 5.5.0 SSCB’nin politikası / 243 5.6.0 Dil hakları ve "dilkırım" / 248 5.7.0 Sonuç / 253 BÖLÜM 6 BİR LEHÇE TABANI SEÇİMİ / 255 6.1.0 Kurdistan 1898’den 1918’e/ 255 6.2.0 Irak: Britanya işgali ve Mandası, 1918-32 / 256 6.2.1 İrak Monarşisi, 1932-58/ 260 6,2.2 Irak Cumhuriyeti, 1958-85 / 260 6.3.0 İran'da lehçe tabanı, 1921-85 / 266 6.4.0 Suriye’de lehçe tabanı / 267 6.5.0 SSCB’de lehçe tabam / 268 6.6.0 Kürt diasporasında lehçe tabanı / 268 6.7.0 Lehçelerin birleşmesi / 269 6.8.0. Sonuç / 271 BÖLÜM 7 İŞLEVİN GELİŞTİRİLMESİ / 273 ALTBÛLÜM 7.1 MATBAA: DİLİN KİTLE İLETİŞİM ARACI OLARAK KULLANIMI / 275 7.1.1 Osmanlı İmparatorluğumda basım / 276 7.1.2 Irak’ta basım /277 7.1.3 İran’da Kürtçe basım / 288 7.1.4 Türkiye’de matbaacılık / 290 7.1.5 Modern teknoloji ve politik engeller / 291 7.1.6 Basımın örgütlenmesi / 292 7.1.7 Basım ve standardizasyon / 293 ALTBÖLÜM 7.2 KİTAP YAYINCILIĞI / 297 7.2.1 Başlangıç: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu / 297 7.2.2 Irak’ta kitap yayıncılığı / 301 7.2.2.1 Başlık sayısı / 302 7.2.2.2 Nüsha sayısı / 302 7.2 2.3 Sayfa sayısı: Broşür ve kitaplar/306 7.2.2.4 Kitap ve dil standardizasyonu / 307 7.22.5 Kürtçe kitap yayınının önündeki sosyal ve ekonomik engeller / 312 7.2.2.Ö Yazarlar/318 7.2.2.7 Dağıtım/320 72.2.8 Finansal engeller / 322 722.9 Politik engeller / 324 7.2.2.10 Kitap piyasası, kaçakçılık ve kopyalama / 326 7.2.2.11 Kütüphaneler / 327 7.2.3 İran’da Kürt kitap yayıncılığı / 330 7.2.4 Türkiye’de kitap yayıncılığı / 334 7.2.5 Suriye’de kitap yayıncılığı / 335 7.2.6 Sovyetler Birligi’nde kitap yayıncılığı / 335 7.2.7 Diasporada yayıncılık / 341 7.2.8 Kürt kitap üretimine karşılaştırmalı bir bakış / 342 ALTBÖLÜM 7.3 GAZETECİLİK/345 7.3.1 Basın: Kürt milliyetçiliğinin organı / 345 7.3.2 Kürt gazeteciliğinin ana özellikleri / 366 7.3.2.1 Ticarileşme sorunu / 366 7.3.2.2 Dağıtım sorunu / 369 7.3.2.3 Üretim sorunları / 370 7.3.2.4 Yayımlanma sıklığı: Günlük gazetelerin yokluğu / 370 7.3.2.5 Dolaşım/373 7.3.2.6 Yayın yeri/ 374 7.3.2.7 Süre ve sayı adedi /'376 7.3.2.8 Profesyonelleşme ve uzmanlaşma / 382 7.3.2.9 Sansür, yasaklama ve basın özgürlüğü / 385 7.3.2.10 Sahiplik/388 7.3.3 Irak ve İran’da gizli basın / 393 7.3.4 Siyasi göçmen basın / 401 7.3.5 Gazetecililik ve Kürtçe standardizasyonu / 403 7.3.5.1 Lehçeler: Soraninin egemenliği / 404 7.3.5.2 İkidilli ve tekdilli gazetecilik / 406 7.3.5.3 Alfabe: Arap yazısının egemenliği / 407 7.3.5.4 İçerik: Uzmanlaşma ve farklılaşma / 409 7.3.5.5 Gazetecilik ve düzyazı/409 7.3.5.6 Sonuç/409 ALTBÛLÜM 7.4 RADYO YAYINCILIĞI / 411 7.4.1 Kürtçe radyo yayıncılığı Kökenleri: İkinci Dünya Savaşı, 1939-45 / 412 7.4.2 1945-85'te Irak’ta Kürtçe radyo yayını / 414 7.4.3 İran’da Kürtçe radyo yayını / 416 7.4.3.1 1950’lerin radyo savaşları / 418 7.4.3.2 İslam Cumhuriyeti / 425 7.4.4 Türkiye’nin yayın politikası / 427 7.4.5 SSCB’de Kürtçe yayın / 427 7.4.6 Gizli yayınlar / 429 7.4.7 Kürt diasporası / 432 7.4.8 1983’te Kürtçe radyo yayınlan / 433 7.4.9 Televizyon yayınlan / 433 7.4.10 Radyo yayıncılığı ve standardizasyon / 434 7.4.10.1 Bakım ve itibar işlevleri/ 435 7.4.10.2 Radyo ve tv yayıncılığında lehçe kullanımı / 438 7.4.10.3 Sözlük geliştirme / 439 7.4.10.4 Arıtma/440 7.4.10.5 Halkın anlayacağı hale getirme ve birleşme / 441 ALTBÖLÜM 7.5 eğitim / 443 7.5.1 Irak’ta Kürt dilinde eğitim / 444 7.5.1.0 Manda Dönemi 1920-32 / 444 7.5.1.1 Konuşma dili olarak Kürtçe / 444 7.5.1.2 Milliyetçilik ve anadilde eğilim / 447 7.5.1.3 Kürtçe eğitimin Araplaştırılması / 452 7.5.1.4.
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