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University of London Thesis REFERENCE ONLY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON THESIS Degree Year Name of Author COPYRIGHT This is a thesis accepted for a Higher Degree of the University of London. It is an unpublished typescript and the copyright is held by the author. Alt persons consulting the^thesis must read and abide by the Copyright Declaration below. COPYRIGHT DECLARATION I recognise that the copyright of the above-described thesis rests with the author and that no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without the prior written consent of the author. LOAN Theses may not be lent to individuals, but the University Library may lend a copy to approved libraries within the United Kingdom, for consultation solely on the premises of those libraries. Application should be made to: The Theses Section, University of London Library, Senate House, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HU. 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Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 The Lost Tribes of Israel: Sources, Motifs, and Discourse in the Development of a Literary Myth Ingrid Sherlock-Taselaar Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of the Languages and Cultures of Near and Middle East Faculty of Languages and Cultures School of Oriental and Africa Studies University of London February 2009 1 Abstract of Thesis For centuries people from different nations have speculated about the ultimate fate and whereabouts of the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel. As a result it has become a myth with universal appeal that has been recruited for a variety of causes, and even a myth that has the power to persuade people to create a past which has little or no bearing on the objective reality. It has travelled effortless through time and transcended national, cultural, and religious boundaries. The myth originated in a terse report of seven repetitive biblical verses and soon grew into a vast literary corpus. Nevertheless, the structure of the myth is such that it can be moulded according to the needs and aspirations of the user. Through a three-pronged methodology it was established that the myth of the Lost Tribes is an essential feature of Jewish-Christian deliverance discourse from biblical times until the present day. Firstly a number of representative sources and groups ranging from biblical times until today were chosen. Each of these sources enhanced the myth in their own way. A number of them were exclusively Jewish in nature, others were wholly Christian, several were shared between the two, and a few were deemed to be neither Christian nor Jewish. The periodization of these sources has been in centuries rather than in decades. One chapter is devoted to each period and contains a number of sources or groups. Secondly, the development and the use of the motifs that support the discourse were charted to discover whether a change in discourse participants influenced not only the quantity of the motifs but also the motifs themselves. Thirdly, the growth of the myth was tracked and the role of any embellishments discussed. 3 Table Of Contents THE LOST TRIBES OF ISRAEL: SOURCES, MOTIFS, AND DISCOURSE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF A LITERARY MYTH.................................................................................. 1 DECLARATION OF OWN WORK.................................................................................................. 2 ABSTRACT OF THESIS..................................................................................................................... 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS...................................................................................................................... 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.................................................................................................................. 6 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................................7 CHAPTER 1: EARLIEST SOURCES.............................................................................................17 a . T h e B i b l e ..........................................................................................................................................................................17 b . T h e T a l m u d ....................................................................................................................................................................30 c . M i d r a s h ............................................................................................................................................................................37 d . T h e A p o c r y p h a a n d t h e P seudepigrapha ..................................................................................................44 e . F l a v iu s J o s e p h u s ......................................................................................................................................................... 51 f . T h e C h u r c h F a t h e r s .................................................................................................................................................55 g . C o n c l u s io n ..................................................................................................................................................................... 59 CHAPTER TWO: THE MIDDLE AGES AND THE RENAISSANCE.................................... 61 a . T h e S t o r y o f E l d a d t h e D a n i t e ......................................................................................................................68 b . T h e It in e r a r y o f B e n ja m in o f T u d e l a ...................................................................................................... 101 c . M a n d e v il l e ’s T r a v e l s ......................................................................................................................................... 114 d . P r e s t e r J o h n ............................................................................................................................................................... 122 C o n c l u s io n ........................................................................................................................................................................ 126 CHAPTER THREE: EARLY MODERN TIMES.......................................................................129 a . D a v id R e u v e n i ............................................................................................................................................................ 132 b . T h e H o p e o f I s r a e l ................................................................................................................................................. 145 c . C o n c l u s io n ...................................................................................................................................................................157 4 CHAPTER 4: MODERN TIMES 159 a . T h e B r it is h I s r a e l it e W o r l d F o u n d a t io n ............................................................................................. 161 b . T h e C h u r c h o f J e s u s C h r is t o f L a t t e r -d a y S a i n t s .........................................................................180 c . M o d e r n J u d a iz in g g r o u p s .................................................................................................................................228 d . C o n c l u s io n .................................................................................................................................................................. 23 4 CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................... 237 BIBLIOGRAPHY..............................................................................................................................251 5 Acknowledgements I owe an irredeemable debt to my husband Adam. Without his encouragement
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