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Sea Squirt Symbionts! Or What I Did on My Summer Vacation… Leah Blasiak 2011 Microbial Diversity Course
Sea Squirt Symbionts! Or what I did on my summer vacation… Leah Blasiak 2011 Microbial Diversity Course Abstract Microbial symbionts of tunicates (sea squirts) have been recognized for their capacity to produce novel bioactive compounds. However, little is known about most tunicate-associated microbial communities, even in the embryology model organism Ciona intestinalis. In this project I explored 3 local tunicate species (Ciona intestinalis, Molgula manhattensis, and Didemnum vexillum) to identify potential symbiotic bacteria. Tunicate-specific bacterial communities were observed for all three species and their tissue specific location was determined by CARD-FISH. Introduction Tunicates and other marine invertebrates are prolific sources of novel natural products for drug discovery (reviewed in Blunt, 2010). Many of these compounds are biosynthesized by a microbial symbiont of the animal, rather than produced by the animal itself (Schmidt, 2010). For example, the anti-cancer drug patellamide, originally isolated from the colonial ascidian Lissoclinum patella, is now known to be produced by an obligate cyanobacterial symbiont, Prochloron didemni (Schmidt, 2005). Research on such microbial symbionts has focused on their potential for overcoming the “supply problem.” Chemical synthesis of natural products is often challenging and expensive, and isolation of sufficient quantities of drug for clinical trials from wild sources may be impossible or environmentally costly. Culture of the microbial symbiont or heterologous expression of the biosynthetic genes offers a relatively economical solution. Although the microbial origin of many tunicate compounds is now well established, relatively little is known about the extent of such symbiotic associations in tunicates and their biological function. Tunicates (or sea squirts) present an interesting system in which to study bacterial/eukaryotic symbiosis as they are deep-branching members of the Phylum Chordata (Passamaneck, 2005 and Buchsbaum, 1948). -
A Genomic View of Trophic and Metabolic Diversity in Clade-Specific Lamellodysidea Sponge Microbiomes
UC San Diego UC San Diego Previously Published Works Title A genomic view of trophic and metabolic diversity in clade-specific Lamellodysidea sponge microbiomes. Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6z2365ft Journal Microbiome, 8(1) ISSN 2049-2618 Authors Podell, Sheila Blanton, Jessica M Oliver, Aaron et al. Publication Date 2020-06-23 DOI 10.1186/s40168-020-00877-y Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Podell et al. Microbiome (2020) 8:97 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-020-00877-y RESEARCH Open Access A genomic view of trophic and metabolic diversity in clade-specific Lamellodysidea sponge microbiomes Sheila Podell1 , Jessica M. Blanton1, Aaron Oliver1, Michelle A. Schorn2, Vinayak Agarwal3, Jason S. Biggs4, Bradley S. Moore5,6,7 and Eric E. Allen1,5,7,8* Abstract Background: Marine sponges and their microbiomes contribute significantly to carbon and nutrient cycling in global reefs, processing and remineralizing dissolved and particulate organic matter. Lamellodysidea herbacea sponges obtain additional energy from abundant photosynthetic Hormoscilla cyanobacterial symbionts, which also produce polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) chemically similar to anthropogenic pollutants of environmental concern. Potential contributions of non-Hormoscilla bacteria to Lamellodysidea microbiome metabolism and the synthesis and degradation of additional secondary metabolites are currently unknown. Results: This study has determined relative abundance, taxonomic novelty, metabolic -
A Novel Species of the Marine Cyanobacterium Acaryochloris With
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN A novel species of the marine cyanobacterium Acaryochloris with a unique pigment content and Received: 12 February 2018 Accepted: 1 June 2018 lifestyle Published: xx xx xxxx Frédéric Partensky 1, Christophe Six1, Morgane Ratin1, Laurence Garczarek1, Daniel Vaulot1, Ian Probert2, Alexandra Calteau 3, Priscillia Gourvil2, Dominique Marie1, Théophile Grébert1, Christiane Bouchier 4, Sophie Le Panse2, Martin Gachenot2, Francisco Rodríguez5 & José L. Garrido6 All characterized members of the ubiquitous genus Acaryochloris share the unique property of containing large amounts of chlorophyll (Chl) d, a pigment exhibiting a red absorption maximum strongly shifted towards infrared compared to Chl a. Chl d is the major pigment in these organisms and is notably bound to antenna proteins structurally similar to those of Prochloron, Prochlorothrix and Prochlorococcus, the only three cyanobacteria known so far to contain mono- or divinyl-Chl a and b as major pigments and to lack phycobilisomes. Here, we describe RCC1774, a strain isolated from the foreshore near Roscof (France). It is phylogenetically related to members of the Acaryochloris genus but completely lacks Chl d. Instead, it possesses monovinyl-Chl a and b at a b/a molar ratio of 0.16, similar to that in Prochloron and Prochlorothrix. It difers from the latter by the presence of phycocyanin and a vestigial allophycocyanin energetically coupled to photosystems. Genome sequencing confrmed the presence of phycobiliprotein and Chl b synthesis genes. Based on its phylogeny, ultrastructural characteristics and unique pigment suite, we describe RCC1774 as a novel species that we name Acaryochloris thomasi. Its very unusual pigment content compared to other Acaryochloris spp. -
Prochlorophyta: a Sub-Class of Chlorophyta
PROCHLOROPHYTA: A SUB-CLASS OF CHLOROPHYTA Prochlorophyta are a photosynthetic prokaryote members of the phytoplankton group Picoplankton. These oligotrophic organisms are abundant in nutrient-poor tropical waters and use a unique photosynthetic pigment, divinyl-chlorophyll, to absorb light and acquire energy. These organisms lack red and blue Phycobilin pigments and have staked thylakoids, both of which make them different from Cyanophyta. Prochlorophyta were initially discovered in 1975 near the Great Barrier Reef and off the coast of Mexico. The following year, Ralph A. Lewin, of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, assigned them as a new algal sub-class. Prochlorophytes are very small microbes generally between 0.2 and 2 µm (Photosynthetic picoplankton). They morphologically resemble Cyanobacteria, Members of Prochlorophyta have been found as coccoid (spherical) shapes, like Prochlorococcus, and as filaments, like Prochlorothrix. In addition to Prochlorophyta, other phytoplankton that lack Phycobilin pigments were later found in freshwater lakes in the Netherlands, by Tineke Burger-Wiersma. These organisms were termed Prochlorothrix. Prochloron (a marine symbiont) and Prochlorothrix (from freshwater plankton) contain chlorophylls a and b; Prochlorococcus (common in marine picoplankton) contains divinyl-chlorophylls a and b. In 1986, Prochlorococcus was discovered by Sallie W. Chisholm and his colleagues. These organisms might be responsible for a significant portion of the global primary production. Like cyanophytes they are all clearly photosynthetic prokaryotes, but since they contain no blue or red bilin pigment they were assigned to a new algal sub- class, the Prochlorophyta. However, since their possible phylogenetic relationships to ancestral green-plant chloroplasts have not received support from molecular biology, it now seems expedient to consider them as aberrant cyanophytes. -
"Phycology". In: Encyclopedia of Life Science
Phycology Introductory article Ralph A Lewin, University of California, La Jolla, California, USA Article Contents Michael A Borowitzka, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia . General Features . Uses The study of algae is generally called ‘phycology’, from the Greek word phykos meaning . Noxious Algae ‘seaweed’. Just what algae are is difficult to define, because they belong to many different . Classification and unrelated classes including both prokaryotic and eukaryotic representatives. Broadly . Evolution speaking, the algae comprise all, mainly aquatic, plants that can use light energy to fix carbon from atmospheric CO2 and evolve oxygen, but which are not specialized land doi: 10.1038/npg.els.0004234 plants like mosses, ferns, coniferous trees and flowering plants. This is a negative definition, but it serves its purpose. General Features Algae range in size from microscopic unicells less than 1 mm several species are also of economic importance. Some in diameter to kelps as long as 60 m. They can be found in kinds are consumed as food by humans. These include almost all aqueous or moist habitats; in marine and fresh- the red alga Porphyra (also known as nori or laver), an water environments they are the main photosynthetic or- important ingredient of Japanese foods such as sushi. ganisms. They are also common in soils, salt lakes and hot Other algae commonly eaten in the Orient are the brown springs, and some can grow in snow and on rocks and the algae Laminaria and Undaria and the green algae Caulerpa bark of trees. Most algae normally require light, but some and Monostroma. The new science of molecular biology species can also grow in the dark if a suitable organic carbon has depended largely on the use of algal polysaccharides, source is available for nutrition. -
Species Specificity of Symbiosis and Secondary Metabolism in Ascidians
The ISME Journal (2015) 9, 615–628 & 2015 International Society for Microbial Ecology All rights reserved 1751-7362/15 www.nature.com/ismej ORIGINAL ARTICLE Species specificity of symbiosis and secondary metabolism in ascidians Ma Diarey B Tianero1, Jason C Kwan1,2, Thomas P Wyche2, Angela P Presson3, Michael Koch4, Louis R Barrows4, Tim S Bugni2 and Eric W Schmidt1 1Department of Medicinal Chemistry, L.S. Skaggs Pharmacy Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; 2School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; 3Study Design and Biostatistics Center, Division of Epidemiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA and 4Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, L.S. Skaggs Pharmacy Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA Ascidians contain abundant, diverse secondary metabolites, which are thought to serve a defensive role and which have been applied to drug discovery. It is known that bacteria in symbiosis with ascidians produce several of these metabolites, but very little is known about factors governing these ‘chemical symbioses’. To examine this phenomenon across a wide geographical and species scale, we performed bacterial and chemical analyses of 32 different ascidians, mostly from the didemnid family from Florida, Southern California and a broad expanse of the tropical Pacific Ocean. Bacterial diversity analysis showed that ascidian microbiomes are highly diverse, and this diversity does not correlate with geographical location or latitude. Within a subset of species, ascidian microbiomes are also stable over time (R ¼À0.037, P-value ¼ 0.499). Ascidian microbiomes and metabolomes contain species-specific and location-specific components. Location-specific bacteria are found in low abundance in the ascidians and mostly represent strains that are widespread. -
And Transcriptomic-Profiling of the Host-Associated Cyanobacteria Prochloron and Acaryochloris Marina
The ISME Journal (2018) 12, 556–567 © 2018 International Society for Microbial Ecology All rights reserved 1751-7362/18 www.nature.com/ismej ORIGINAL ARTICLE In situ metabolomic- and transcriptomic-profiling of the host-associated cyanobacteria Prochloron and Acaryochloris marina Lars Behrendt1,2,3, Jean-Baptiste Raina4, Adrian Lutz5, Witold Kot6, Mads Albertsen7, Per Halkjær-Nielsen7, Søren J Sørensen3, Anthony WD Larkum4 and Michael Kühl2,4 1Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich, Switzerland; 2Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Helsingør, Denmark; 3Microbiology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; 4Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; 5Metabolomics Australia, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; 6Department of Environmental Science—Enviromental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark and 7Center for Microbial Communities, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark The tropical ascidian Lissoclinum patella hosts two enigmatic cyanobacteria: (1) the photoendo- symbiont Prochloron spp., a producer of valuable bioactive compounds and (2) the chlorophyll-d containing Acaryochloris spp., residing in the near-infrared enriched underside of the animal. Despite numerous efforts, Prochloron remains uncultivable, -
Characteristics of Prochloron / Ascidian Symbioses II
Symbiosis, 4 (1987) 147-170 147 Balaban Publishers, Philadelphia/Rehovot Characteristics of Prochloron / Ascidian Symbioses II. Photosynthesis-Irradiance Relationships and Carbon Balance of Associations from Palau, Micronesia RANDALL S. ALBERTE1, LANNA CHENG2 and RALPH A. LEWIN2 1 Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology The University of Chicago, 5630 S. Ingleside Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, U.S.A. Tel. 312-702-8626 Telex 687-1133 and 2 Scrip ps Institution of Oceanography, A-002 University of California - San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, U.S.A. Tel. 619-534-4836 Received February 13, 1987; Accepted April 5, 1987 Abstract Photosynthesis-irradiance (P-I) relationships, respiration, and photosyn• thesis/respiration ratios (P:R) are compared for six species of Prochloron/ ascidian symbioses in Palau, West Caroline Islands: Lissoclinum patella, Lissoclinum punctatum, Lissoclinum voeltzkowi, Diplosoma similis, Diplosoma virens, and 'Ihdidemnum cyclops. The colonies were collected in a shallow coral lagoon in fully exposed, high photon-flux environments and in shaded environments, For the L. patella symbiosis, we determined the Q10 values for photosynthesis and respiration between 15 and 45 °C and the fractional contribution of Prochloron carbon production to ascidian respiration demand. The P-I relationships of the colonies demonstrated photo-adaptation features similar to that of the freshly isolated symbiont and reflected adaptation to the photosynthetic quantum fluxes inside the ariimal rather than total quantum fluxes incident on the colonies. All of the colonies except L. voeltzkowi showed daily Pnet :Rcolony ratios greater than 1.0 when determined by using daily peri• ods of saturating and compensating light. When the daily Pnet:Ranimal ratios and the contribution of symbiont carbon to host respiration were determined for high- and low-light colonies of L. -
(Cyanobacterial Genera) 2014, Using a Polyphasic Approach
Preslia 86: 295–335, 2014 295 Taxonomic classification of cyanoprokaryotes (cyanobacterial genera) 2014, using a polyphasic approach Taxonomické hodnocení cyanoprokaryot (cyanobakteriální rody) v roce 2014 podle polyfázického přístupu Jiří K o m á r e k1,2,JanKaštovský2, Jan M a r e š1,2 & Jeffrey R. J o h a n s e n2,3 1Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dukelská 135, CZ-37982 Třeboň, Czech Republic, e-mail: [email protected]; 2Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, CZ-370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; 3Department of Biology, John Carroll University, University Heights, Cleveland, OH 44118, USA Komárek J., Kaštovský J., Mareš J. & Johansen J. R. (2014): Taxonomic classification of cyanoprokaryotes (cyanobacterial genera) 2014, using a polyphasic approach. – Preslia 86: 295–335. The whole classification of cyanobacteria (species, genera, families, orders) has undergone exten- sive restructuring and revision in recent years with the advent of phylogenetic analyses based on molecular sequence data. Several recent revisionary and monographic works initiated a revision and it is anticipated there will be further changes in the future. However, with the completion of the monographic series on the Cyanobacteria in Süsswasserflora von Mitteleuropa, and the recent flurry of taxonomic papers describing new genera, it seems expedient that a summary of the modern taxonomic system for cyanobacteria should be published. In this review, we present the status of all currently used families of cyanobacteria, review the results of molecular taxonomic studies, descriptions and characteristics of new orders and new families and the elevation of a few subfamilies to family level. -
Ascidiacea Ascidiacea
ASCIDIACEA ASCIDIACEA The Ascidiacea, the largest class of the Tunicata, are fixed, filter feeding organisms found in most marine habitats from intertidal to hadal depths. The class contains two orders, the Enterogona in which the atrial cavity (atrium) develops from paired dorsal invaginations, and the Pleurogona in which it develops from a single median invagination. These ordinal characters are not present in adult organisms. Accordingly, the subordinal groupings, Aplousobranchia and Phlebobranchia (Enterogona) and Stolidobranchia (Pleurogona), are of more practical use at the higher taxon level. In the earliest classification (Savigny 1816; Milne-Edwards 1841) ascidians-including the known salps, doliolids and later (Huxley 1851), appendicularians-were subdivided according to their social organisation, namely, solitary and colonial forms, the latter with zooids either embedded (compound) or joined by basal stolons (social). Recognising the anomalies this classification created, Lahille (1886) used the branchial sacs to divide the group (now known as Tunicata) into three orders: Aplousobranchia (pharynx lacking both internal longitudinal vessels and folds), Phlebobranchia (pharynx with internal longitudinal vessels but lacking folds), and Stolidobranchia (pharynx with both internal longitudinal vessels and folds). Subsequently, with thaliaceans and appendicularians in their own separate classes, Lahille's suborders came to refer only to the Class Ascidiacea, and his definitions were amplified by consideration of the position of the gut and gonads relative to the branchial sac (Harant 1929). Kott (1969) recognised that the position of the gut and gonads are linked with the condition and function of the epicardium. These are significant characters and are informative of phylogenetic relationships. However, although generally conforming with Lahille's orders, the new phylogeny cannot be reconciled with a too rigid adherence to his definitions based solely on the branchial sac. -
Downloaded And
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02.04.429686; this version posted March 9, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Prevalence, complete genome and metabolic potentials of a phylogenetically novel 2 cyanobacterial symbiont in the coral-killing sponge, Terpios hoshinota 3 Running title: Dominant cyanobiont in Terpios hoshinota 4 Yu-Hsiang Chen1,2,3, Hsing-Ju Chen3, Cheng-Yu Yang3, Jia-Ho Shiu3, Daphne Z. Hoh3,4,5, 5 Pei-Wen Chiang3, Wenhua Savanna Chow3,4,5, Chaolun Allen Chen3,4, Tin-Han Shih3, Szu- 6 Hsien Lin3, Chi-Ming Yang3, James Davis Reimer6,7, Euichi Hirose6, Budhi Hascaryo 7 Iskandar8, Hui Huang9, Peter J. Schupp10, Chun Hong James Tan11,12, Hideyuki Yamashiro7, 8 Ming-Hui Liao3, Sen-Lin Tang2,3,4,5# 9 10 1Bioinformatics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, National Taiwan 11 University, Taipei, Taiwan 12 2Bioinformatics Program, Institute of Information Science, Taiwan International Graduate 13 Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 14 3Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 15 4Biodiversity Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and 16 National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan 17 5Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan 18 6Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, Faculty of Science, University of 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02.04.429686; this version posted March 9, 2021. -
CORAL REEF ASCIDIANS of NEW CALEDONIA Fabrication Et Coordination: Catherine Guedj, 8Evislon Du Texre Anglats Liz Ct Todd Newberrv
CORAL REEF ASCIDIANS OF NEW CALEDONIA Fabrication et coordination: Catherine Guedj, 8evislon du texre anglats Liz ct Todd Newberrv. La 10; du 11 mars 1957 n'outonsont. aux termes des ouneos 2 et 3 de I'article 41, d'une part, que les " copies ou reproductions strictement reservees Cl I'usage prlve du copiste et non destinees Cl une utilisation collective" et, d'outre part, que les analyses et les courtes cita tions dans un but d'exemple et d'illustration, " toute representation ou reproduction inte grale, ou partielle, faite sansle consentement de I'auteur ou de sesayants droit ou ayants cause, est illicite" (alinea 1er de I'article 40) Cette representation ou reproduction, par quelque precede que ce sort. constituerait done une conrrerocon sanction nee par les articles 425 et sulvonts du Code penal. ©ORSTOM ISSN : 0152-674-X ISBN: 2-7099-1050-0 CORAL REEF ASCIDIANS OF NEW CALEDONIA Claude Monniot Fran<;oise Monniot Pierre Laboute Editions de I'ORSTOM INSTITUT FRAN9AIS DE RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE POUR LEDEVELOPPEMENT EN COOPERATION Collection Faune tropicale noXXX Paris 1991 We gratefully acknowledge Orstom facilities and the "Vauban" and "Dawa" 's crew for their help in collecting the animals. We are also grateful to G. Bargiban, J. L. Menou and A. J. Bruce who graciously gave us some pictures in addition to P. Laboute's illustration. Special thanks also go to A. Crosnier whose continuing interest in our book has largely contributed to its production. We are much indebted to Liz and Todd Newberry for their skillfull and creative revlsion of the engllsh.