DOCSLIB.ORG

Language Monographs, Survey of Konkani in Karnataka, Goa And

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Language Monographs, Survey of Konkani in Karnataka, Goa And CENSUS OF INDIA SERIES I LANGUAGE\ MONOGRAPH MONOGRAPH NO.3 FOREWORD R.B.CHARI . OFTHE INDIAN ADMINISTRA..,lYE SERVICE REGISTRAR GENERAL AND CENSUS COMMISSIONER, INDIA. - SURVEY OF KONKANI GENERAL SUPERVISION· • ~ AND GUIDANCE IN B.P. MAHApATRA KARNATAKA, GOA NOTE . B, P. MAHAPATRA AND MAHARASHTRA I!(VEST/GATtON AND REPORT LANGUAGE DIVISION J. RAJATHI OFFICE 'OF THE REGISTRAR A. KULSnRESHTHA GENERAL, INDIA FOREWORD Konkani·is spoken in Kerala, Karnataka, Goa and Maha­ rashtra. ' The survey project on Konkani started in 1965. The first survey report on Konkani in KeraUl was published in 1976. This is the second part consisting of reports on Karnataka and Goa by K umari J. Rajathi arid on Maharashtra by Dr. A. Kulshreshtha. The main feature of the survey is the thorough investigation of linguistic and' soCiological factors which bring to the fore the problems of Konkani as a language. , K onkani seems to be in need of unification towards developing a norm. Developing linguistic communication channels ~between various geographical regions has been stressed· This might help Konkani in establishing itself as a, homogeneous language. I take this opportunity of placing on record my appreciation of the efforts put in by Kumari Rajathi and Dr' Kulashreshtha and the' guidance given by Sbri R.C. Nigam and Dr. B.P. Mahapatra. New Delhi R. B. CHAR.I 23rd December, 1977 Registrar General, India. CON TlNTS fORlwORD-'Shri R. B. Chari NOTE ON KONItAJ'lI-Dr. B. P. Mahapatra . i-iv PAlI.T I Introduction to the survey of Konkani 1-47 -Miss. J. Rajathi Pat II Konkani in Karnataka 48-65 -:-Miss. J. Rajathi PAllT III Konkani in Goa . \ 66·-86 -Miss. 1. Rajathi PAllT IV Konkani in Maharashtra 87-181 -Dr. A. Kulshreshtha NOTE ON KONKANI With 1,522,684 speakers, as per 1971 census, Konkani occupies the twenty-second place among the mother-tongues of India, area of its major concentration beihg Karnataka (572,828), Goa (556,223), Maharashtra (272,970) and Kerala (73,24S)~ The main contribution of the reports lies in exposing what actually is.the problem of Konkani. Varieties of Konkani .or its regional differentiations are not as alarming as it was supposed. Had it had a centre to start with, varieties would have been accepted as something natural. It is the lack of this centre which is responsible for focussing one's attention .on the varieties. The reality of the situation is forcibly brought home when investigators are to be sent to remote rural areas, face the actual speakers, collect language data and submit reports which have practical worth in solving the common man's prQblemoflanguage. The linguist is reminded 'at every step· that, his theories are only tools to produce a practical solution. The reliability of his tools is his own problem, it is the applicability which gains paramount importance. The solution that a linguist offers, however reasonable it may be, is going to be accepted if, and only if, the language situation is thoroughly understood by the linguist in terms of feasibility. But feasibility cannot be a criterion for deciding standar­ disation. StandardiSation will have to be done in a productive manner so that once the codification is over, the process of elaboration is automatic. In the case of Konani, codification as w-ell as elaboration is necessary. The main points 01 which standardisation hinges are (i) the universal use of a particular script, (ii) the type cf standardisation, (iii) the structural frame work of the standard variety, (iv) sources of borrowing, (v) linguistic communication between zones. The criteria for standardisation are to be strictly linguistic so that change of extra-linguistic factors does not adversily affect standardi~ation. .. Wben we talk about what Konkani is today 'we are going to delimit our'enquily strictly to the lingUIstic ,facts available to us. This excludes the literary contribLltioliS avai13ble In Konkani. That part will have to corr,e from the ,speakers and tbeir representatives 'Who take up Konkani seriously. / ( ii ) Konkani is written in four different scripts-in. Malayalam script in Kerala, in Kanada script in the southern parts of Karnataka, in Devanagari in the northern 'palt of Karnataka and by the Goan' Hindu" and in Roman script by the Goan Christians. But textbooks fot Goan students are in Deva­ nagari. Spoken Konkani can be broadly divided into Hindu Konkani and Christian "Konkani. Both have regional variations. The main centres of Christian Konkani are Mangalore' \n Soo.th Kanara district and Belgaum of' Karnataka and Mapuca and Margao in Goa. The Hindu variety has wider disll·jbu-tioJ). with centres in Corhin and Kasargod in Kerala, MangalOle, Karwar and Belgaum in Karnataka and Panaji and its suburbs in Goa .. These centres are linguistically relevant in· the sense ~itelary contributions also come out from the speakers settl~d In these places. Of th.ese centres, Mangalore and Goa stand. foremost in volume of literary outpuL The Christians use Konkani more for writing while Hindus . use Konkani more for informal inter-communication. Communication between the various centres is patchy and irregular. All the speakers are bi-and tri-linguals. Mutual intelligibility between regions is not hundred per. cent; geographically contiguous places have. nb cummunication barrier owing to lack of intelligibility., Mutual intelligibility, or the lack of it, to be precise~ is the main problem facing Konkani ~peakers today and it needs' urgent solution. The mutuahntelhglbihty zones are-(i) Cochin belt, (ii) Kasargod and South Kanara, (iii) Nortti Kanara., Belgaum and Goa. The factors affecting mutual intelligibility are lack of continuous communication and .code switching to some other language if comr,nuuic" tion in Konkani is not smooth. In a way this is due to a lack of consciousness on the p(irt of ,he speakers as regards the necessity to communicate. in Konkam. , . Coming to the lingui$tic side of the question, Cnristian Konkani differs from Hindu Konkani on two points. In; ChIistian Konkani, the.second perwn singular is grammatically marked in finite verbs, in !:ill tenses and th¢ usage of Portuguese borrowings is rather profuse. Noticeably in Salcet~ area of Goa, the Christian Korikani of the Brahmin Christians who use Portuguese for comml,mic'lti6n between them~dves abounds in POltugue~'e borrowings. In Mapuca and Salccte areas, there is a three-way contrast of word endings as-vowel ending, consonant ending and vowel; release-;rall three phonemic2111y. contrasting. In Hindu ·Konkani, the second person singular ( iii) bas no such special significance'; and word endings have on1Y a two way contrast-vowel ending and consonant ending. The regional differences found in Konkani in terms of the mutual intelligibility zones can be summarised as follows 1. Retention of final vowels in words as against their loss. 2. Rhonological differences in the case of the' following ph~­ nemes - / t, :>, 0 I and / c, j, ts, dz, Z, ph, f / -zones con­ trasting in terms of occurrence or non-occurrence of particul?r phonemes and the combinations, 3. :Nasalisation playing a significant grammatical role as against the lack of it. 4., Frequency difference in the occurrence of geminated con­ sonants. 5. Canonical form of vocables. 6. Vocabulary differences-two types--use of different native vocables-borrowings from different zonal languages. 7. Use of participial constructions as against relative clause usage. 8. ,Use or non-use of relative particles. The interplay of the above features is different in different zones and overlapping is found in geographically contiguous zones, giving rise to a dialect continuum. ' Language planning f(!)r Konkani will have to take into account the following factors as a preliminary st~p towards standardisation. ! 1. Decision as regards the script~nly one script can be used in place of four-for the-standardised variety. 2. The particular spoken vat iety which is least complex for the other speech groups is to be selected as a frame of reference. , 3. The standard structure of Konkani to be formulated in 'accordance with its most predominant structuf<tl chalac- teristics. ' 4. Borrowing ~rules have to regularised: 5. Innovations or in other words, bulk coinage of words­ SOUlce as well as rules have to be decided. We are not forwarding any concrete suggestion as it needs a thorough fea5"ibility study. Further a dialect dictionary and lexicon are a priori nece,ssities for standardisation. A con­ scientious and responsible participation of at least ten resprr sentatives of the speakers is ntcessary to mal(e the people (iv ) realise what amount of continuous effort goes into the nroject from the government's side. The part to be played by the linguist will have to be spelt out. In Indian conditipns; most of the languages are in need . of standaFdisation so that teaching in the mother-tongue is made feasible. Though details of standardisation differ from lanugage to language, the problems are more or less universal. PiQneering efforts in the sphere of standardisation never go waste as guidelines are formed only on experimentation.· . Finally, I want to express my deep gratitude to Dr. Miss. J. Rajathi, and Sbri Madhu Sudan Ghosh, for the assistance they rendered in the preparation and printing of this report respectively. We also note the assistance given by S/Shri Amitava Ray, F anjit Kumar Chakravorty and Smt. Mira Rani Roy of the Office of the Deputy Registrar General (Languages) in typing the press copy. Language Division, B. P. MAHAPATRA, Calcutta-14, Deputy Registrar General l3rd December, 1982. (Language~). PART I INTRODUCTION TO THE SURVEY OF KONKANI Whether Konkani is an independent language akin to Marathi or it is only a dialectofMarathiisa question as old as records keep track ofit. There have been two streams of opinion-one maintaining that Konkani is Marathi and the other maintaining that Konkani is not Marathi.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Pray for India Pray for Rulers of Our Nation Praise God for The
    Pray for India “I have posted watchmen on your walls, Jerusalem; they will never be silent day or night. You who call on the Lord, give yourselves no rest, and give him no rest till he establishes Jerusalem and makes her the praise of the earth” (Isaiah 62:6-7) Population : 127.08 crores Christians 6 crores approx. (More than 5% - assumed) States : 29 Union Territories : 7 Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Members : 780 MLA’s : 4,120 Approx. 30% of them have criminal backgrounds Villages : 7 lakh approx. (No Churches in 5 lakh villages) Towns : 31 (More than 10 lakh population) 400 approx. (More than 1 lakh population) People Groups : 4,692 Languages : 460 (Official languages - 22) Living in slums : 6,50,00,000 approx. Pray for Rulers of our Nation President of India : Mr. Ram Nath Kovind Prime Minister : Mr. Narendra Modi Lok Sabha Sepeaker : Mrs. Sumitra Mahajan Central Cabinet, Ministers of state, Deputy ministers, Opposition leaders and members to serve with uprightness. Governors of the states, Chief Ministers, Assembly leaders, Ministers, Members of Legislative Assembly, Leaders and Members of the Corporations, Municipalities and Panchayats to serve truthfully. General of Army, Admirals of Navy and Air Marshals of Air force. Planning Commission Chairman and Secretaries. Chief Secretaries, Secretaries, IAS, IPS, IFS Officials. District collectors, Tahsildars, Officials and Staff of the departments of Revenue, Education, Public works, Health, Commerce, Agriculture, Housing, Industry, Electricity, Judiciary, etc. Heads, Officials and Staff of Private sectors and Industries. The progress of farmers, businessmen, fisher folks, self-employed, weavers, construction workers, computer operators, sanitary workers, road workers, etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of Social and Economic Development
    Journal of Social and Economic Development Vol. 4 No.2 July-December 2002 Spatial Poverty Traps in Rural India: An Exploratory Analysis of the Nature of the Causes Time and Cost Overruns of the Power Projects in Kerala Economic and Environmental Status of Drinking Water Provision in Rural India The Politics of Minority Languages: Some Reflections on the Maithili Language Movement Primary Education and Language in Goa: Colonial Legacy and Post-Colonial Conflicts Inequality and Relative Poverty Book Reviews INSTITUTE FOR SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CHANGE BANGALORE JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT (Published biannually in January and July) Institute for Social and Economic Change Bangalore–560 072, India Editor: M. Govinda Rao Managing Editor: G. K. Karanth Associate Editor: Anil Mascarenhas Editorial Advisory Board Isher Judge Ahluwalia (Delhi) J. B. Opschoor (The Hague) Abdul Aziz (Bangalore) Narendar Pani (Bangalore) P. R. Brahmananda (Bangalore) B. Surendra Rao (Mangalore) Simon R. Charsley (Glasgow) V. M. Rao (Bangalore) Dipankar Gupta (Delhi) U. Sankar (Chennai) G. Haragopal (Hyderabad) A. S. Seetharamu (Bangalore) Yujiro Hayami (Tokyo) Gita Sen (Bangalore) James Manor (Brighton) K. K. Subrahmanian Joan Mencher (New York) (Thiruvananthapuram) M. R. Narayana (Bangalore) A. Vaidyanathan (Thiruvananthapuram) DTP: B. Akila Aims and Scope The Journal provides a forum for in-depth analysis of problems of social, economic, political, institutional, cultural and environmental transformation taking place in the world today, particularly in developing countries. It welcomes articles with rigorous reasoning, supported by proper documentation. Articles, including field-based ones, are expected to have a theoretical and/or historical perspective. The Journal would particularly encourage inter-disciplinary articles that are accessible to a wider group of social scientists and policy makers, in addition to articles specific to particular social sciences.
    [Show full text]
  • Page 1 of 17 List of Literary Associations Recognized by Sahitya
    List of Literary Associations recognized by Sahitya Akademi (Updated on 10 May 2021) ASSAMESE 1) The General Secretary Asam Sahitya Sabha Chandrakanta Handique Bhavan, Jorhat 785 001 Assam 2) The President Sadou Asom Lekhika Samaroh Samity Sahid Chariali, Padum Pukhuripar, Tezpur – 784 001, Assam BENGALI 1) The Secretary Rabindra Bharati Society 5, Dwarakanath Tagore Lane Kolkata-700 007 Bengal 2) The Secretary Bangiya Sahitya Parishad 243/1, Acharya Parafullachandra Road Kolkata-700 006 Bengal BODO 1) The General Secretary Bodo Sahitya Sabha R.N. Brahma Hall Kokrajhar BATD-783 370 Assam 2) The President Bodo Writers’ Academy H.O. & P.O. Kajalgaon Dist. Chirang : Bodoland Assam-783385 Page 1 of 17 DOGRI 1) The General Secretary Dogri Sanstha (Regd.) Dogri Bhawan Karan Nagar Jammu Union Territory of Jammu & Kashmir 2) The Secretary Kavi Dattu Sahitya Sansthan (Vill. & P.O. Bhadoo, Tehsil: Bilawar Dist: Kathua, Jammu Union Territory of Jammu & Kashmir 3) The General Secretary Dogri Sahitya Sabha, Marh P.O. Halqa Dist: Jammu – 181206 Union Territory of Jammu & Kashmir 4) The General Secretary Duggar Manch 124, Dogra Hall Jammu-180 001 Union Territory of Jammu & Kashmir 5) The General Secretary Nami Dogri Sanstha 22-D, Lane No. 1 Tavi Vihar Sidra, Jammu-181 019 Union Territory of Jammu & Kashmir ENGLISH-No Literary Association GUJARATI 1) The Secretary Gujarati Sahitya Parishad Govardhan Bhavan, Gujarati Sahitya Parishad Marg, River Front, Ashram Road, P.B. No.4060, Ahmedabad-380 009 Page 2 of 17 2) The Secretary Gujarat Vidya Sabha H.K. Arts College Ashram Road Near Times of India Ahmedabad-380 009 3) The Secretary Gujarat Sahitya Sabha Room No.
    [Show full text]
  • Some Principles of the Use of Macro-Areas Language Dynamics &A
    Online Appendix for Harald Hammarstr¨om& Mark Donohue (2014) Some Principles of the Use of Macro-Areas Language Dynamics & Change Harald Hammarstr¨om& Mark Donohue The following document lists the languages of the world and their as- signment to the macro-areas described in the main body of the paper as well as the WALS macro-area for languages featured in the WALS 2005 edi- tion. 7160 languages are included, which represent all languages for which we had coordinates available1. Every language is given with its ISO-639-3 code (if it has one) for proper identification. The mapping between WALS languages and ISO-codes was done by using the mapping downloadable from the 2011 online WALS edition2 (because a number of errors in the mapping were corrected for the 2011 edition). 38 WALS languages are not given an ISO-code in the 2011 mapping, 36 of these have been assigned their appropri- ate iso-code based on the sources the WALS lists for the respective language. This was not possible for Tasmanian (WALS-code: tsm) because the WALS mixes data from very different Tasmanian languages and for Kualan (WALS- code: kua) because no source is given. 17 WALS-languages were assigned ISO-codes which have subsequently been retired { these have been assigned their appropriate updated ISO-code. In many cases, a WALS-language is mapped to several ISO-codes. As this has no bearing for the assignment to macro-areas, multiple mappings have been retained. 1There are another couple of hundred languages which are attested but for which our database currently lacks coordinates.
    [Show full text]
  • Nidān, Volume 4, No. 2, December 2019, Pp. 151-155 ISSN 2414-8636 151 Book Review Dandekar, Deepra
    Nidān, Volume 4, No. 2, December 2019, pp. 151-155 ISSN 2414-8636 Book Review Dandekar, Deepra. (2019) The Subhedar’s Son. A Narrative of Brahmin-Christian Conversion from Nineteenth-century Mahrashtra. New York: Oxford University Press. [ISBN 978-0-19091-405-9] Hard Copy. Pages i-xliv+222. Deepra Dandekar’s annotated translation of The Subhedar's Son, a novel published in 1895 by the Reverend Dinkar Shankar Sawarkar in Marathi as Subhedārachā Putra, is an outstanding contribution to the literature on Hindu conversion to Christianity. The book relates the story of the 1849 conversion of Sawarkar’s father, Shankar Nana (1819-1884), a Brahmin Hindu, at the Church Missionary Society (CMS) in Nasik in northern Maharashtra. The Reverend Nana was an early Brahmin convert of the CMS and served the mission and the Anglican Church for over four decades as a priest, catechist, evangelist and Marathi teacher. His conversion took place at a key historical moment, when power was being transferred from the Maratha Empire to the British administration, and the novel reveals the profound social, cultural and religious changes taking place in Maharashtra around this time. This is a story of an individual conversion but it provides insight more generally into the journey of a Brahmin to conversion, and the experiences of those who were a product of different faiths, caste, and (Marathi) identity, trying to live a Christian life. I could not help but approach this review of Dandekar’s fascinating and insightful study from a South African perspective as so much of it resonates with research being done on Hindu conversions to Christianity (of the Pentecostal variety) in South Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • The Problem of Maratha Totemism 137
    The Indian Journal of Social Work, Vol. XXV, No. 2 (July 1964). THE PROBLEM OF JOHN V FERREIRA MARATHA TOTEMISM In the Marathi-speaking areas of Western India, there are several castes and tribes which exhibit the phenomenon of the devak. Many interpreters of the phenomenon, which is found at its strongest among the Marathas and the occupational castes related to or influenced by them, and less strongly among the primitive tribes of the. region, have characterized it as a form of totemism. A few interpreters, however, have called the totemic" character of the devak into question. The object of this article is, therefore, to re-examine the factual evidence and the more prominent of its interpretations in order to arrive 'at the Origin, the true nature " and the significance of the phenomenon. - - "Mr. Ferreira is Reader in Sociology, University of Bombay. An early observer, James Campbell, noted The most detailed accounts of the that the Marathas of the Bombay Presidency Maratha devaks, however, have been given were divided into families, each with its to us by R. E. Enthoven. Referring to the devak or sacred symbol The devaks were Marathas. proper, to the Maratha Kunbis, patrilineally inherited, and worshipped at and to the Maratha occupational castes (the marriages and other important occassions. Bhandari, the Chitrakathi, the Gavandi,, the Persons with the same devak were not Kumbhar, the Lohar, the Mali, the Nhavi, permitted to marry. Of the devak listed, the Parit, the Sutar, the Taru., the Teli and 18 are trees and their products and 9 are so on), he says that their exogamous groups inanimate objects.
    [Show full text]
  • Folk Theatre in Goa: a Critical Study of Select Forms Thesis
    FOLK THEATRE IN GOA: A CRITICAL STUDY OF SELECT FORMS THESIS Submitted to GOA UNIVERSITY For the Award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in English by Ms. Tanvi Shridhar Kamat Bambolkar Under the Guidance of Dr. (Mrs.) K. J. Budkuley Professor of English (Retd.), Goa University. January 2018 CERTIFICATE As required under the University Ordinance, OA-19.8 (viii), I hereby certify that the thesis entitled, Folk Theatre in Goa: A Critical Study of Select Forms, submitted by Ms. Tanvi Shridhar Kamat Bambolkar for the Award of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in English has been completed under my guidance. The thesis is the record of the research work conducted by the candidate during the period of her study and has not previously formed the basis for the award of any Degree, Diploma, Associateship, Fellowship or other similar titles to her by this or any other University. Dr. (Mrs.) K.J.Budkuley Professor of English (Retd.), Goa University. Date: i DECLARATION As required under the University Ordinance OA-19.8 (v), I hereby declare that the thesis entitled, Folk Theatre in Goa: A Critical Study of Select Forms, is the outcome of my own research undertaken under the guidance of Dr. (Mrs.) K.J.Budkuley, Professor of English (Retd.),Goa University. All the sources used in the course of this work have been duly acknowledged in the thesis. This work has not previously formed the basis of any award of Degree, Diploma, Associateship, Fellowship or other similar titles to me, by this or any other University. Ms.
    [Show full text]
  • Diachrony of Ergative Future
    • THE EVOLUTION OF THE TENSE-ASPECT SYSTEM IN HINDI/URDU: THE STATUS OF THE ERGATIVE ALGNMENT Annie Montaut INALCO, Paris Proceedings of the LFG06 Conference Universität Konstanz Miriam Butt and Tracy Holloway King (Editors) 2006 CSLI Publications http://csli-publications.stanford.edu/ Abstract The paper deals with the diachrony of the past and perfect system in Indo-Aryan with special reference to Hindi/Urdu. Starting from the acknowledgement of ergativity as a typologically atypical feature among the family of Indo-European languages and as specific to the Western group of Indo-Aryan dialects, I first show that such an evolution has been central to the Romance languages too and that non ergative Indo-Aryan languages have not ignored the structure but at a certain point went further along the same historical logic as have Roman languages. I will then propose an analysis of the structure as a predication of localization similar to other stative predications (mainly with “dative” subjects) in Indo-Aryan, supporting this claim by an attempt of etymologic inquiry into the markers for “ergative” case in Indo- Aryan. Introduction When George Grierson, in the full rise of language classification at the turn of the last century, 1 classified the languages of India, he defined for Indo-Aryan an inner circle supposedly closer to the original Aryan stock, characterized by the lack of conjugation in the past. This inner circle included Hindi/Urdu and Eastern Panjabi, which indeed exhibit no personal endings in the definite past, but only gender-number agreement, therefore pertaining more to the adjectival/nominal class for their morphology (calâ, go-MSG “went”, kiyâ, do- MSG “did”, bola, speak-MSG “spoke”).
    [Show full text]
  • Phonology of Marathi-Hindi Contact in Eastern Vidarbha
    Volume II, Issue VII, November 2014 - ISSN 2321-7065 Change in Progress: Phonology of Marathi-Hindi contact in (astern Vidarbha Rahul N. Mhaiskar Assistant Professor Department of Linguistics, Deccan Collage Post Graduate and Research Institute, Yerwada Pune Abstract Language contact studies the multilingualism and bilingualism in particular language society. There are two division of vidarbha, Nagpur (eastern) and Amaravati (western). It occupied 21.3% of area of the state of Maharashtra. This Area is connected to Hindi speaking states, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. When speakers of different languages interact closely, naturally their languages influence each other. There is a close interaction between the speakers of Hindi and local Marathi and they are influencing each other’s languages. A majority of Vidarbhians speak Varhadi, a dialect of Marathi. The present paper aims to look into the phonological nature of Marathi-Hindi contact in eastern Vidarbha. Standard Marathi is used as a medium of instruction for education and Hindi is used for informal communication in this area. This situation creates phonological variation in Marathi for instance: the standard Marathi ‘c’ is pronounced like Hindi ‘þ’. Eg. Marathi Local Variety Hindi pac paþ panþ ‘five’ cor þor þor ‘thief’ Thus, this paper will be an attempt to examine the phonological changes occurs due to influence of Hindi. Keywords: Marathi-Hindi, Language Contact, Phonology, Vidarbha. http://www.ijellh.com 63 Volume II, Issue VII, November 2014 - ISSN 2321-7065 Introduction: Multilingualism and bilingualism is likely to be common phenomenon throughout the world. There are so many languages spoken in the world where there is much variation in language over short distances.
    [Show full text]
  • CASTE and ETHNICITY in SOUTH INDIA: a CASE STUDY of the KONKANI PEOPLE in KOCHI This Article Attempts to Present the Problem Of
    „Etnografia Polska”, t. LXIV, 2020, z. 1–2 PL ISSN 0071-1861 DOI: 10.23858/EP64.2020.009 ALINA KACZMAREK-SUBRAMANIAN Institute of Archeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw CASTE AND ETHNICITY IN SOUTH INDIA: A CASE STUDY OF THE KONKANI PEOPLE IN KOCHI INTRODUCTION This article attempts to present the problem of caste in the 2010s as a part of contemporary transformations and related issues based on the findings of impor- tant sociological and anthropological studies (ethnic awareness of caste, Barnett 1975; ethnicization of caste, Fuller 1996; caste as social group and social practice, Natrajan 2005, 2012a, 2012b; performative and changing phenomenon, Reddy 2005). It focuses on a case study of the Konkani people who inhabit the city of Kochi in southern India1. Kochi lies within the district of Ernakulam in the state of Kerala. Cochin2 is the post-British name of the city, while the current official name is Kochi. The source of information herein presented on the Konkani in Kochi3 is that of fifty in-depth ethnographic interviews, field notes, and other materials – along with experiences from participant observations arising from field research I was con- ducting in 2014–2018. My interlocutors had Konkani origin and spoke more or less Konkani language. I conducted interviews in the homes of the respondents, with a few exceptions, as when they were conducted at the interlocutor’s workplace, at school, in a shop, or institution. My friend, a member of the caste named Goud Saraswat (who will be described further), often helped me find interlocutors. I found some of them also by accident, while talking to the inhabitants of Kochi and find- ing out who knows the Konkani language, although the language we spoke was the language of education and administration in Kerala, which is English.
    [Show full text]
  • A Discourse on the Deconstruction of Spirit Worship of Tulunadu
    A Peer-Reviewed Refereed e-Journal Legend of Koragajja: A Discourse on the Deconstruction of Spirit Worship of Tulunadu Mridul C Mrinal MA in English and Comparative Literature Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod. The Social stratification in a community is often complex and ambiguous in nature. Upon the rise of each nation states and civilization, there were several parameters, which determined the social stratification. In ancient Greece, the word used to denote the divisions are genos. The ancient Greek society was divided into citizens, metics and slaves. In ancient Rome, the social stratification was identified with mainly two groups, Patricians and Plebeians. The chief resource for the social stratification parameters are economical in nature. Other factors such as tradition and beliefs are often can be said to have rooted in the wider economic subject. The term class is often associated with economics. There are usually hegemonial and subdued elements in social stratifications. In ancient Greece, the hegemonial element is found associated with the citizens, who are free and members of the assembly whereas slaves were the subdued element who were brought into slavery. In ancient Rome, the hegemonial element were the patricians whereas the plebeians were the subdued. These ideas can often be observed with Class struggle and historical materialism. The division of history into stages based on the relation of the classes is an important aspect of Historical materialism. In India, the main social stratification parameter is the caste.it could be claimed as ceremonial as well as economic in nature. BR Ambedkar observes Endogamy as a product of ceremonial caste.
    [Show full text]
  • The Maharashtra State Coop Bank Ltd Mumbai Voters List Ledger Member Registration Consti- Default Sr
    THE MAHARASHTRA STATE COOP BANK LTD MUMBAI VOTERS LIST LEDGER MEMBER REGISTRATION CONSTI- DEFAULT SR. NO. NAME ADDRESS REMARK NO. NO. NUMBER / DATE TUENCY ER (Y/N) NAME OF THE CONSTITUNCEY-50F------OTHERS SHETKARI SAH. KHARDI VIKRI & PROCESSING STY 1 I/6/26 906 TAL. - PATUR, DIST. AKOLA, PIN 444501 DR-1283 DT. 7/2/1961 50 (F) N F LTD, PATUR. HIWARKHED KRISHI PRAKRIYA SAH. SANSTHA AT/POST - HIWARKHED (RUPRAO), TAL. AKL/PRG/A/113 DT. 2 F/4/11 655 50 (F) N F HIWARKHED AKOT, DIST. AKOLA, PIN 444001 15/02/1973 THE COOPERATIVE GINNING & PRESSING FACTORY MANA(C.R.), TAL. - MURTIZAPUR, DIST. - AKL/PRG/(A)/114 DT. 3 F/3/42 658 50 (F) N F LTD. MANA AKOLA, PIN - 444107 24/09/1974 MURTIZAPUR CO-OP. GINNING & PRESSING FACTORY AT POST - MURTIZAPUR, TAL. - AKL/PRG/(A)106 DT. 4 F/3/67 872 50 (F) N F LTD. MURTIZAPUR, DIST. AKOLA, PIN 444107 15/03/1965 A.P.M.C. YARD, POPAT KHED ROAD, NARNALA PARISAR BIJ UTPADAK VA PRAKRIYA AKL/PRG/A/957 DT. 5 F/4/23 907 AKOLA, TAL. - AKOLA, DIST. - AKOLA, PIN 50 (F) N SANSTHA LTD. AKOLA 1/9/1982 F - 444001 TELHARA TALUKA SAHAKARI GINNING & PRESSING AT POST - TELHARA, TAL. - AKOT, DIST. AKL/PRG/(A)/104 DT. 6 F/3/88 2304 50 (F) N F STY. LTD. TELHARA AKOLA, PIN 444108 8/2/1964 AKOLA GINNING & PRESSING CO-OP FACTORY LTD. NEAR MAHATMA MILLS, AT POST - DR/1277 OF 1960 DT. 7 F/3/46 2308 50 (F) N F AKOLA, AKOLA, TAL.-AKOLA, PIN 444001 1/2/1960 GRAM VIKAS SAH.
    [Show full text]