PALGRAVE STUDIES IN THE HISTORY OF EXPERIENCE Lived Nation as the History of Experiences and Emotions in Finland, – Edited by Ville Kivimäki Sami Suodenjoki · Tanja Vahtikari Palgrave Studies in the History of Experience Series Editors Pirjo Markkola Faculty of Social Sciences Tampere University Tampere, Finland Raisa Maria Toivo Faculty of Social Sciences Tampere University Tampere, Finland Ville Kivimäki Faculty of Social Sciences Tampere University Tampere, Finland This series, a collaboration between Palgrave Macmillan and the Academy of Finland Centre of Excellence in the History of Experience (HEX) at Tampere University, will publish works on the histories of experience across historical time and global space. History of experience means, for the series, individual, social, and collective experiences as historically conditioned phenomena. ‘Experience’ refers here to a theoretically and methodologically conceptualized study of human experiences in the past, not to any study of ‘authentic’ or ‘essentialist’ experiences. More precisely, the series will offer a forum for the historical study of human experiencing, i.e. of the varying preconditions, factors, and possibilities shaping past experiences. Furthermore, the series will study the human institutions, communities, and the systems of belief, knowledge, and meaning as based on accumulated (and often conficting) experiences. The aim of the series is to deepen the methodology and conceptualiza- tion of the history of lived experiences, going beyond essentialism. As the series editors see it, the history of experience can provide a bridge between structures, ideology, and individual agency, which has been a diffcult gap to close for historians and sociologists. The approach opens doors to see, study, and explain historical experiences as a social fact, which again offers new insights on society. Subjective experiences are seen as objectifed into knowledge regimes, social order and divisions, institutions, and other structures, which, in turn, shape the experiences. The principle idea is to present a new approach, the history of experiences, as a way to establish the necessary connection between big and small history. Editorial board: Benno Gammerl, Goldsmiths, University of London, UK Bettina Hitzer, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Germany Christabelle Sethna, University of Ottawa, Canada Jacqueline van Gent, University of Western Australia Johanna Sköld, University of Linköping, Sweden Julian Goodare, University of Edinburgh, UK Klaus Petersen, University of Southern Denmark, Odense Laura Ackerman Smoller, University of Rochester, USA Maarten van Ginderachter, Antwerp University, Belgium. More information about this series at http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/16255 Ville Kivimäki • Sami Suodenjoki Tanja Vahtikari Editors Lived Nation as the History of Experiences and Emotions in Finland, 1800–2000 Editors Ville Kivimäki Sami Suodenjoki Tampere University Tampere University Tampere, Finland Tampere, Finland Tanja Vahtikari Tampere University Tampere, Finland ISSN 2524-8960 ISSN 2524-8979 (electronic) Palgrave Studies in the History of Experience ISBN 978-3-030-69881-2 ISBN 978-3-030-69882-9 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69882-9 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2021. This book is an open access publication. Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this book are included in the book’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the book’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifc statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affliations. Cover illustration: Library of Congress / Contributor This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG. The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland ACKNOWLEDGMENTS As the editors of the book, we are indebted to a number of people for their work and support. In a workshop in Hämeenlinna in January of 2020, Josephine Hoegaerts, Andrew Newby and Stephanie Olsen offered invalu- able comments that were a major help to the book’s authors and editors alike. Reetta Eiranen took care of the workshop’s practical arrangements. Carl Wieck has done a marvelous job of improving our English language, and Sonja Kalliomäki has been a fantastic copyeditor. At Palgrave, it has been a joy to work with Emily Russell and Joseph Johnson, both of whom have made the publication process smooth and pleasant. Our anonymous peer-reviewers provided us with good advice as well as encouraging com- ments, while the Finnish archives and memory organizations, whose col- lections are utilized in the book, have been as helpful and professional as ever. Finally, the Academy of Finland Centre of Excellence in the History of Experiences (HEX) at Tampere University, led by Professor Pertti Haapala, has supported and fnanced our work—and our colleagues at HEX have also made most useful comments on the book’s introduction. Our sincere thanks go to everyone else who has supported our book, in addition to our authors, who have shown great commitment to the joint project. Ville Kivimäki Sami Suodenjoki Tanja Vahtikari v CONTENTS 1 Lived Nation: Histories of Experience and Emotion in Understanding Nationalism 1 Ville Kivimäki, Sami Suodenjoki, and Tanja Vahtikari Today’s Nationalisms and Their Challenge to Historians 1 New Perspectives in Nationalism Studies 6 The Nation and the History of Experiences and Emotions 10 The Case of Finland: Context and Timeline 17 Current Volume 23 2 Lived Historiography: National History as a Script to the Past 29 Pertti Haapala Living Text 29 Inventing the Nation and Its Story 33 History as Living Politics 38 Nation Divided 43 National Reconstruction 48 Deconstruction and Recomposition 52 Conclusion 55 vii viii Contents Part I Feeling and Conceptualizing the Nation 59 3 National Sentiment: Nation Building and Emotional Language in Nineteenth-­Century Finland 61 Jani Marjanen Introduction 61 National Sentiment and Newspapers 65 An Individualist Notion of National Sentiment 72 From an Aspirational National Sentiment to National Awakening 76 National Sentiment and Ethnic Tensions in the Russian Empire 79 Conclusion 81 4 Personal Nationalism in a Marital Relationship: Emotive and Gendering Construction of National Experience in Romantic Correspondence 85 Reetta Eiranen Introduction 85 The “National Couple” Complementing Each Other 89 Emotionally Dependent Genius 96 National Science and Shared Sacrifce 101 Conclusion 106 5 Temporalization of Experiencing: First-Hand Experience of the Nation in Mid-Nineteenth Century Finland 109 Heikki Kokko Introduction 109 Research Material 112 Theoretical and Methodological Approach 113 Experience of the People 115 Experience of the Nation 120 The Process of the Formulation of the Experience of the Nation 124 Two Societal Sediments of Experience 128 Conclusion 131 Contents ix Part II Nation of Encounters and Conficts 135 6 Divided Nation on Records: The Transnational Formation of Finnish Popular Music During the Gramophone Fever 137 Marko Tikka and Sami Suodenjoki Introduction 137 Imported Gramophone Records as Tone Setters for Popular Music 141 The Construction of Finnishness in Dance-Music Records 147 Free Russia as a Counterimage of an Oppressive Nation 151 Conclusion 160 7 Red Orphans’ Fatherland: Children in the Civil War of 1918 and Its Aftermath 163 Mervi Kaarninen Introduction 163 The Street and the Fear 167 At Home: Hunger, Cold and Bitterness 171 The Classroom as an Emotional Community 176 Conclusion 184 8 Guardians of the Land? Smallholders Living Their Nation in Interwar Finland 187 Pirjo Markkola and Ann-Catrin Östman Introduction 187 Scenes of Encounters 192 Model Farms for Rural Families 194 Families of the Nation? 197 Capable Producers of the Wealthy Nation 199 Performing Progressive and Modern Citizenship 203 Hunger for Land 206 Conclusion 210 x Contents Part III Experiential Edges of the Nation 215 9 National Belonging Through Signed and Spoken Languages: The Case of Finland-­Swedish Deaf People in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries 217 Hanna Lindberg Introduction 217 Nation and Language in the Birth of Deaf Communities 221 Creating a Finland-Swedish