Muslim Women’s Pilgrimage to Mecca and Beyond This book investigates female Muslims pilgrimage practices and how these relate to women’s mobility, social relations, identities, and the power struc- tures that shape women’s lives. Bringing together scholars from different disciplines and regional expertise, it offers in-depth investigation of the gendered dimensions of Muslim pilgrimage and the life-worlds of female pilgrims. With a variety of case studies, the contributors explore the expe- riences of female pilgrims to Mecca and other pilgrimage sites, and how these are embedded in historical and current contexts of globalisation and transnational mobility. This volume will be relevant to a broad audience of researchers across pilgrimage, gender, religious, and Islamic studies. Marjo Buitelaar is an anthropologist and Professor of Contemporary Islam at the University of Groningen, The Netherlands. She is programme-leader of the research project ‘Modern Articulations of Pilgrimage to Mecca’, funded by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO). Manja Stephan-Emmrich is Professor of Transregional Central Asian Stud- ies, with a special focus on Islam and migration, at the Institute for Asian and African Studies at Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany, and a socio-cultural anthropologist. She is a Principal Investigator at the Berlin Graduate School Muslim Cultures and Societies (BGSMCS) and co-leader of the research project ‘Women’s Pathways to Professionalization in Mus- lim Asia. Reconfiguring religious knowledge, gender, and connectivity’, which is part of the Shaping Asia network initiative (2020–2023, funded by the German Research Foundation, DFG). Viola Thimm is Professorial Candidate (Habilitandin) at the Institute of Anthropology, University of Heidelberg, Germany. She has been Principal Investigator of the project ‘From Malaysia to Dubai: Muslim pilgrimage and gender in the context of consuming practices’ since October 2013 (funded by the Olympia Morata Programme in support of young female professors, DFG, and the ‘Nachwuchsinitiative Universität Hamburg’ – Initiative for young scholars). Routledge Studies in Pilgrimage, Religious Travel and Tourism Series Editors: Simon Coleman, Dee Dyas, John Eade, Jas’ Elsner and Ian Reader The public prominence of religion has increased globally in recent years, while places associated with religion, such as pilgrimage centers, and fa- mous cathedrals, temples and shrines, have attracted growing numbers of visitors and media attention. Such developments are part of a global pro- cess where different forms of travel – physical movement such as labor and lifestyle migration, tourism of various forms, the cultural heritage industry and pilgrimage – have become a major feature of the modern world. These translocal and transnational processes involve flows of not just people but also material objects, ideas, information, images and capital. This series provides a new forum for studies based around these themes, drawing to- gether research on the relationships between religion, travel and tourism from a variety of disciplinary perspectives, ranging from anthropology, so- ciology, geography, history and religious studies to newly emergent areas such as tourism and migration studies. Excavating Pilgrimage Archaeological Approaches to Sacred Travel and Movement in the Ancient World Edited by Troels Myrup Kristensen and Wiebke Friese The Dynamics of Pilgrimage Christianity, Holy Places and Sensory Experience Dee Dyas Muslim Women’s Pilgrimage to Mecca and Beyond Reconfiguring Gender, Religion, and Mobility Edited by Marjo Buitelaar, Manja Stephan-Emmrich and Viola Thimm For a full list of titles in this series, please visit www.routledge.com/ Routledge-Studies-in-Pilgrimage-Religious-Travel-and-Tourism/ book-series/RSRTT Muslim Women’s Pilgrimage to Mecca and Beyond Reconfiguring Gender, Religion, and Mobility Edited by Marjo Buitelaar,* Manja Stephan- Emmrich,* and Viola Thimm* * Reflecting equal contribution and responsibility, the order of editor names for the volume as a whole is purely alphabetical. LONDON AND NEW YORK First published 2021 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2021 selection and editorial matter, Marjo Buitelaar, Manja Stephan-Emmrich, and Viola Thimm; individual chapters, the contributors The right of Marjo Buitelaar, Manja Stephan-Emmrich, and Viola Thimm to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. The Open Access version of this book, available at www. taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record has been requested for this book ISBN: 978-0-367-61504-8 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-11090-3 (ebk) Typeset in Sabon by codeMantra Contents List of contributors vii Introduction: muslim pilgrimage through the lens of women’s new mobilities 1 MARJO BUITELAAR, MANJA STEPHAN-EMMRICH AND VIOLA THIMM 1 Under male supervision?: nationality, age and Islamic belief as basis for Muslim women’s pilgrimage 19 VIOLA THIMM 2 Young Moroccan-Dutch women on hajj: claiming female space 36 KHADIJA KADROUCH-OUTMANY AND MARJO BUITELAAR 3 Power in Moroccan women’s narratives of the hajj 56 KHOLOUD AL-AJARMA 4 Shi’i Muslim women’s pilgrimage rituals to Lady Fatemeh-Masoumeh’s shrine in Qom 75 LADAN RAHBARI 5 Israeli Dead Sea cosmetics and charity for Palestinian children: Indonesian women’s shopping activities while on pilgrimage to Jerusalem 91 MIRJAM LÜCKING 6 ‘Clothing cannot improve moral behaviour’: pilgrimage, fashion, and entrepreneurship in a West African market 111 ERIN KENNY vi Contents 7 Considering the silences: understanding historical narratives of women’s Indian Ocean hajj mobility 127 JACQUELINE H. FEWKES 8 Bosnian women on hajj 147 DŽENITA KARIĆ 9 In the ‘Land of Wonders’: Bint al-Shāṭi’’s pilgrimage: the hajj and the construction of reformist religiosity 166 RICHARD van LEEUWEN 10 Stepping in the footsteps of Hajar to bring home the hajj: dialogical positioning in Asra Nomani’s memoir Standing Alone 180 MARJO BUITELAAR Glossary 201 Index 205 Contributors Kholoud Al-Ajarma holds a PhD and teaches in the fields of Anthropology and Religious Studies at the University of Groningen, Netherlands. She is also a volunteer for refugee communities in the Mediterranean region, working on issues related to education, media, water, and environmental justice. Marjo Buitelaar is an anthropologist and Professor of Contemporary I slam at the University of Groningen, The Netherlands. Buitelaar is programme-leader of the research project ‘Modern Articulations of Pilgrimage to Mecca’, funded by the Netherlands Organisation for S cientific Research (NWO). Jacqueline H. Fewkes is Professor of Anthropology at the Harriet L. Wilkes Honors College of Florida Atlantic University, USA. Khadija Kadrouch-Outmany is a scholar of Law and Religious Studies. She is currently affiliated at the University of Groningen as a Postdoc researcher in the NWO-funded research project ‘Modern Articulation of the Pilgrimage to Mecca’. Dženita Karić is an intellectual historian and postdoctoral researcher at the Berlin Institute for Islamic Theology, Humboldt University in Berlin. Erin Kenny is Assistant Professor of Cultural Anthropology in Missouri State University, USA, and has been an anthropologist with research in- terests in West Africa since 1995. Richard van Leeuwen is Lecturer in Islamic studies at the University of Amsterdam, Netherlands. Mirjam Lücking is an anthropologist and is currently affiliated with the Martin Buber Society of Fellows at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Ladan Rahbari is an assistant professor at the Department of Sociology at the University of Amsterdam and senior researcher at the International Migration Institute (IMI). viii Contributors Manja Stephan-Emmrich is Professor of Transregional Central Asian Stud- ies, with a special focus on Islam and migration, at the Institute for Asian and African Studies at Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany, and a socio-cultural anthropologist. She is a Principal Investigator at the Berlin Graduate School Muslim Cultures and Societies (BGSMCS) and co-leader of the research project ‘Women’s Pathways to Profession- alization in Muslim Asia. Reconfiguring religious knowledge, gender, and connectivity’, which is part of the Shaping Asia network initiative (2020–2023, funded by German Research Foundation, DFG). Viola Thimm is Professorial Candidate (Habilitandin) at the Institute of Anthropology, University of Heidelberg, Germany. She has been Prin- cipal Investigator of the project ‘From Malaysia to Dubai: Muslim pil- grimage and gender in the context of consuming practices’ since October 2013 (funded by the Olympia Morata Programme in support of young female professors, DFG, and the ‘Nachwuchsinitiative Universität Hamburg’ – Initiative for young scholars). Introduction Muslim