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Representations of the Family in the Old Kingdom

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Representations of the Family in the Old Kingdom Representations of the Family in the Old Kingdom Women and Marriage A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Kim McCorquodale B.A. Dip. Ed. (Sydney) M.A. (Macquarie) Department of Ancient History Faculty of Arts Macquarie University Sydney Australia 2010 DECLARATION I certify that my thesis entitled: “Representations of the Family in the Old Kingdom: Women and Marriage” has not been submitted for a higher degree to any other university or institution other than Macquarie University. The research within is my own work and the contribution of others is duly acknowledged where it has been used. Dated this day of , 2010 Kim McCorquodale i ii ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to identify and investigate family members of the elite class in the Old Kingdom to reveal the role of women in the family and the institution of marriage. The method of investigation is an analysis of the iconography and inscriptions of female relatives and children of these offi cials in order to identify the place of wives and other females in the tomb owner’s family and to arrive at an understanding of the nature of marriage in the Old Kingdom. The latter aim involves the issue of polygamy and the status of the tomb owner. The data for this study are the reliefs, paintings, inscriptions and statuary in the tombs of Memphite and provincial cemeteries dating from the early Fourth Dynasty to the Eighth Dynasty, or objects with a secure provenance in these locations and times. The iconography and inscriptions of women designated as wives, mothers and sisters was investigated to determine the way in which they were portrayed, which allowed for the analysis of women shown in the tombs who had no designated connection to the tomb owner. The absence of the depiction of a wife was explored across time and location. Instances where more than one wife was portrayed were examined to determine whether the marriages were consecutive or concurrent. Instances where more than one child was designated as smsw - ‘eldest’ were analysed to determine whether they were twins, one had died prematurely or whether they were children of different wives - either consecutive or concurrent. The rare occurrences of children designated as ‘her son/her daughter’ were examined to try to determine the paternity of the child. The possibility of consanguineous marriages was also explored. As a result of this study, it has been possible to identify many of the undesignated women in tombs and while the basic family unit of male, wife and children continued to be practiced throughout the period it was possible to identify changes in the nature of marriage over time, particularly in relation to divorce and polygamy. iii For my mother, Phyllis who instilled a love of learning iv TABLE OF CONTENTS REPRESENTATIONS OF THE FAMILY IN THE OLD KINGDOM: WOMEN AND MARRIAGE VOLUME I DECLARATION i ABSTRACT iii TABLE OF CONTENTS v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ix CHRONOLOGY ABBREVIATIONS x PART 1 INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 3 1.1 The Place of Women in the Family and the Institution of Marriage in the Old Kingdom 3 1.2 The Nature of the Investigation 3 1.3 Studies 4 CHAPTER 2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 9 2.1 Research Methodology 9 2.2 Data Preparation 10 PART 2 WOMEN IN THE OLD KINGDOM FAMILY 13 CHAPTER 3 THE WIFE OF THE TOMB OWNER: DESCRIPTION OF THE DATA AND DATA SUMMARY 15 3.1 Wives Identifi ed by Inscription Only 16 3.1.1 Data Summary 16 3.2 Wives Designated and Pictorially Represented in the Tombs of their Husbands 17 3.2.1 Terminology 17 3.2.2 Positioning of Wives 19 3.2.3 Stances of Wives 29 3.2.4 Clothing /Accessories of Wives 42 3.2.5 Data Summary 49 3.3 Absent Wives 52 3.3.1 Data Summary 54 v CHAPTER 4 THE MOTHER OF THE TOMB OWNER: DESCRIPTION OF THE DATA AND DATA SUMMARY 55 4.1 Mothers Designated and Pictorially Represented in theTombs of their Sons 56 4.2 Mothers Identifi ed by Inscription in the Tombs of their Sons 74 4.3 Data summary 80 4.3.1 Designations 80 4.3.2 Stances 81 4.3.3 Accessories 84 4.3.4 Scenes 85 4.3.5 Purpose 86 4.3.6 Conclusions 92 4.4 Possible Mothers without Designations 93 4.4.1 Data summary 107 4.5 Mothers-in-Law Pictorially Represented in the Tombs of their Sons-in-Law and Daughters 108 4.5.1 Data summary 109 4.6 A Possible Mother-in-Law 110 4.7 Mothers Pictorially Represented in the Tombs of their Daughters 111 4.8 Mothers Named Only in Inscriptions in their Daughters’ Tombs 113 4.9 Data Summary 113 4.9.1 Designations 114 4.9.2 Stances 114 4.9.3 Accessories 114 4.9.4 Scenes 115 4.10 A Possible Mother of a Woman 116 CHAPTER 5 SISTERS OF THE TOMB OWNER: DESCRIPTION OF THE DATA AND DATA SUMMARY 117 5.1 Sisters of Tomb Owners 117 5.1.1 Data summary 124 CHAPTER 6 WOMEN WITH THEIR OWN BURIALS: DESCRIPTION OF THE DATA AND DATA SUMMARY 129 6.1 Women with their Own Tombs 129 6.2 Women with their Own Objects 135 6.3 Data Summary 137 CHAPTER 7 DISCUSSION / ANALYSIS OF THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN THE FAMILY 139 vi PART 3: MARRIAGE IN THE OLD KINGDOM 143 CHAPTER 8 MULTIPLE MARRIAGES AND POLYGAMY: DESCRIPTION OF THE DATA AND DATA SUMMARY 145 8.1 More than One Wife Shown 147 8.2 Data Summary 167 8.3 Polygamy 167 8.3.1 Dating 167 8.3.2 Titles 168 8.3.3 Children 168 8.3.4 More than one wife but one with no apparent children 171 8.3.5 Parallel scenes 172 8.3.6 Possible hierarchy of wives 172 8.3.7 Hierarchy of wives 173 8.3.8 Wives as equals 173 8.4 Possible Cases of Polygamy: One wife and possibly a second 174 8.5 Data Summary 192 CHAPTER 9 CHILDREN: DESCRIPTION OF THE DATA AND DATA SUMMARY 193 9.1 Eldest Children 193 9.2 More Than One Eldest Child 201 9.2.1 Data summary 242 9.3 Children Designated as ‘her son/her daughter’ 244 9.3.1 Data summary 268 CHAPTER 10 CONSANGUINEOUS MARRIAGES: DESCRIPTION OF THE DATA AND DATA SUMMARY 271 10.1 Possible Brother-Sister Marriages 272 10.1.1 Data summary 274 10.2 Possible Father-Daughter Marriages 274 10.2.1 Data summary 276 CHAPTER 11 DISCUSSION / ANALYSIS OF THE NATURE OF OLD KINGDOM MARRIAGE 277 BIBLIOGRAPHY 279 VOLUME II STANCES OF WOMEN AND TOMB OWNERS A – Contact with one arm Stances 1 B – Contact with both arms Stances 4 vii C – Woman Passes her arms through his Stances 7 D – Embrace face to face Stances 9 E – Women as a small fi gures Stances 10 F – no contact at all Stances 16 Size Grid Stances 19 TABLES A: Family Members B: Depictions of Wives C: Inscriptions of Wives D: Wives on False Doors E: Diminutive Wives F: Possible Wives G: Absent Wives H: Depictions of Mothers I: Inscriptions of Mothers J: Possible Mothers K: Mothers-in-Law L: Mothers of Women with their Own Tomb M: Inscriptions of Mothers of Women with their Own Tombs N: Sisters O: Tombs and Finds of Women P: More than One Wife Q: Polygamy R: Possibly More than One Wife S: ‘Eldest’ Children T: One ‘Eldest’ Child U: More than One ‘Eldest’ Child V: ‘Her’ Son or ‘Her’ Daughter W: Brothers and Sisters INDICES Index of Monuments by case numbers, with dating and bibliographic references arranged by location Giza (G 001 – G 379) Saqqara (S 001 – S 254) Provinces (P 001 – P 148) Index of Names with corresponding case numbers viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS As a High School teacher I have been privileged to become a student again. At Macquarie University I have worked in an atmosphere of intellectual generosity and support. I am greatly appreciative of the encouragement and opportunities extended to me by my supervisor, Prof. Naguib Kanawati. He has facilitated my participation in excavations at Saqqara and Giza over a number of years, initiated the publication of a book on Egyptian Art, of which I was co-editor and gave me the opportunity to lecture to undergraduates in Egyptian Archaeology. I would like to thank him for his patience, humour and sound advice. I would also like to thank Assoc. Prof. Boyo Ockinga, Dr Susanne Binder and Dr Ann McFarlane for their support over the years. Dr Joyce Swinton’s advice with editing was invaluable; when I couldn’t ‘see the forest for the trees’ she could. One of the great benefi ts of travelling 150 kms to start an MA at Macquarie was that I met Leonie Donovan, a great friend to whom I am indebted, not only for her support over the years, but also for her formatting of my thesis. Her great patience in dealing with my large number of tables was amazing. My family have always been supportive: my father Wal and my mother Phyl, who completed a BA (Hons) after she retired, have been an inspiration. Mum’s constant inquiries as to where I was up to, kept me working. The support that my partner Phil Murray has given me has been unwavering. I am sure he regrets encouraging me to start teaching Egyptian History in high schools 20 years ago. When we travel in Egypt he is usually willing ‘for just one more tomb’.
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