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Through the Eras AHTTE.Ancntegypt.Tpgs 9/14/04 12:10 PM Page 3 AHTTE.AncntEgypt.tpgs 9/14/04 12:10 PM Page 1 ARTS & HUMANITIES Through the Eras AHTTE.AncntEgypt.tpgs 9/14/04 12:10 PM Page 3 ARTS & HUMANITIES \ Through the Eras Ancient Egypt 2675–332 B.C.E Edward Bleiberg, Editor 69742_AHTE_AEfm_iv-xxviii.qxd 9/21/04 1:20 PM Page iv Arts and Humanities Through The Eras: Ancient Egypt (2675 B.C.E.–332 B.C.E.) Edward Bleiberg Project Editor Indexing Services Product Design Rebecca Parks Barbara Koch Michelle DiMercurio Editorial Imaging and Multimedia Composition and Electronic Prepress Danielle Behr, Pamela A. Dear, Jason Everett, Randy Bassett, Mary K. Grimes, Lezlie Light, Evi Seoud Rachel J. Kain, Timothy Sisler, Ralph G. Daniel William Newell, Christine O’Bryan, Zerbonia Kelly A. Quin Manufacturing Wendy Blurton Editorial Support Services Rights and Acquisitions Mark Springer Margaret Chamberlain, Shalice Shah-Caldwell © 2005 Thomson Gale, a part of the This publication is a creative work fully Cover photographs by permission of Corbis Thomson Corporation. protected by all applicable copyright laws, as (seated statue of Pharaoh Djoser) and well as by misappropriation, trade secret, AP/Wide World Photos (“The Creation of Thomson and Star Logo are trademarks and unfair competition, and other applicable laws. Adam and Eve” detail by Orvieto). Gale is a registered trademark used herein The authors and editors of this work have under license. added value to the underlying factual Since this page cannot legibly accommo- material herein through one or more of the date all copyright notices, the acknowledge- For more information, contact following: unique and original selection, ments constitute an extension of the Thomson Gale coordination, expression, arrangement, and copyright notice. 27500 Drake Rd. classification of the information. 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Permissions Hotline: ment of the editors or publisher. Errors 248-699-8006 or 800-877-4253, ext. 8006 brought to the attention of the publisher and Fax: 248-699-8074 or 800-762-4058 verified to the satisfaction of the publisher will be corrected in future editions. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Arts and humanities through the eras. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-7876-5695-X (set hardcover : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-7876-5696-8 (Renaissance Europe : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-7876-5697-6 (Age of Baroque : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-7876-5698-4 (Ancient Egypt : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-7876-5699-2 (Ancient Greece : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-7876-5700-X (Medieval Europe : alk. paper) 1. Arts—History. 2. Civilization—History. NX440.A787 2004 700’.9—dc22 2004010243 This title is also available as an e-book. ISBN 0-7876-9384-7 (set) Contact your Thomson Gale sales representative for ordering information. Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 69742_AHTE_AEfm_iv-xxviii.qxd 9/21/04 1:20 PM Page v \ CONTENTS ABOUT THE BOOK . ix SIGNIFICANT PEOPLE Amenhotep, Son of Hapu . 59 CONTRIBUTORS . xi Hemiunu, Son of Nefermaat . 59 ERA OVERVIEW . xiii Imhotep . 60 Ineni. 60 CHRONOLOGY OF Senenmut, Son of Ramose . 60 WORLD EVENTS . xvii Sety I . 61 DOCUMENTARY SOURCES . 61 CHAPTER 1: ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN CHAPTER 2: DANCE IMPORTANT EVENTS . 2 IMPORTANT EVENTS . 64 OVERVIEW . 4 OVERVIEW . 65 TOPICS IN ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN TOPICS IN DANCE Earliest Temples and Tombs . 6 Preconceptions about Dance . 66 Pyramid Complexes . 9 Dance in Visual Art . 66 The North-South Pyramid Complex: Costumes and Fashion in Dance . 68 King Djoser’s Complex at Saqqara. 11 The Dancers . 69 The First True Pyramids . 14 Funeral Dances . 73 Fourth-Dynasty Architecture and History. 20 Muu-Dancers. 76 Architecture of the Fifth and Sixth The Iba-Dance and Heby-Dance . 79 Dynasties . 29 Cult Dances. 81 Mastaba Tombs of the Old Kingdom . 34 SIGNIFICANT PEOPLE Domestic Architecture in the Old Kingdom. 36 Horihotep . 81 Transition to the Middle Kingdom. 37 Khnumhotep . 82 The Pyramids of the Middle Kingdom . 39 Watetkhethor. 82 Rock-Cut Tombs of the Middle Kingdom . 42 A Planned Town of the Middle Kingdom: DOCUMENTARY SOURCES . 82 Kahun . 44 CHAPTER 3: FASHION New Kingdom Temples. 45 Thebes and the Estate of Amun . 49 IMPORTANT EVENTS . 86 Egyptian Construction Technology. 52 OVERVIEW . 88 v 69742_AHTE_AEfm_iv-xxviii.qxd 9/21/04 1:20 PM Page vi Contents TOPICS IN FASHION Erotic Music . 178 Cloth Production . 88 SIGNIFICANT PEOPLE Clothing . 91 Amenemhab. 179 Hairstyles . 97 Iti . 179 Crowns . 100 Neferhotep, Son of Henu . 179 Jewelry and Amulets . 105 DOCUMENTARY SOURCES . 180 SIGNIFICANT PEOPLE Irer . 109 CHAPTER 6: PHILOSOPHY DOCUMENTARY SOURCES . 110 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 182 OVERVIEW. 184 CHAPTER 4: LITERATURE TOPICS IN PHILOSOPHY IMPORTANT EVENTS. 112 Maat . 185 OVERVIEW. 114 Cosmogony: The Origin of the World . 187 TOPICS IN LITERATURE Teaching Philosophy . 190 Egyptian Writing and Language . 115 Secret Knowledge . 193 Egyptian Writing Materials and Astrology . 198 Publishing. 118 Alchemy . 199 The Author . 121 SIGNIFICANT PEOPLE The Idea of Genre in Middle Egyptian Ankhsheshonqi . 201 Literature . 123 Any. 201 The Literature of Moral Values . 126 Hordjedef . 201 Pessimistic Literature. 128 Merykare . 202 Story of Sinuhe . 130 DOCUMENTARY SOURCES . 202 Emergence of New Kingdom Literature. 131 Demotic Literature . 138 CHAPTER 7: RELIGION The Egyptian Literary Canon . 141 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 206 SIGNIFICANT PEOPLE OVERVIEW. 208 Khaemwase . 148 TOPICS IN RELIGION Ptahhotep . 148 The Gods . 210 Wenamun . 149 Egyptian Myths . 214 DOCUMENTARY SOURCES . 149 Myth of Osiris . 217 Myths of Horus, Seth, and Amun. 218 CHAPTER 5: MUSIC Theology . 220 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 152 Animals in Egyptian Religion . 221 OVERVIEW. 154 The King. 224 Kingship Rituals . 225 TOPICS IN MUSIC Temple Architecture and Symbolism. 227 Musical Instruments . 155 Temple Ritual . 230 Musical Notation . 159 Temple Personnel . 232 Work Songs . 160 Personal Religion . 233 Male and Female Musicians in the Old Ethics . 235 Kingdom . 164 Magic in Egyptian Religion . 237 A Musical Bureau in the Old Kingdom . 165 Funerary Beliefs and Practices. 239 Banquet Music during the New Kingdom . 166 The Egyptian Afterlife . 244 The Office of Chantress . 168 The Social Status of Musicians . 168 SIGNIFICANT PEOPLE Musical Deities. 170 Akhenaten . 247 Music During the Reigns of Akhenaten Amenhotep, Son of Hapu . 248 and Nefertiti . 172 Imhotep . 248 The Blind Solo Harpist and His Song . 174 DOCUMENTARY SOURCES . 249 vi Arts and Humanities Through the Eras: Ancient Egypt (2675 B.C.E.–332 B.C.E.) 69742_AHTE_AEfm_iv-xxviii.qxd 9/21/04 1:20 PM Page vii Contents CHAPTER 8: THEATER Narmer Palette . 274 IMPORTANT EVENTS. 252 Early Dynastic Period Art . 276 The Old Kingdom . 280 OVERVIEW. ..
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