AHIS371 Egypt in the Old Kingdom S1 Day 2014
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CLEAR II Egyptian Mythology and Religion Packet by Jeremy Hixson 1. According to Chapter 112 of the
CLEAR II Egyptian Mythology and Religion Packet by Jeremy Hixson 1. According to Chapter 112 of the Book of the Dead, two of these deities were charged with ending a storm at the city of Pe, and the next chapter assigns the other two of these deities to the city of Nekhen. The Pyramid Texts describe these gods as bearing Osiris's body to the heavens and, in the Middle Kingdom, the names of these deities were placed on the corner pillars of coffins. Maarten Raven has argued that the association of these gods with the intestines developed later from their original function, as gods of the four quarters of the world. Isis was both their mother and grandmother. For 10 points, consisting of Qebehsenuef, Imsety, Duamutef, and Hapi, the protectors of the organs stored in the canopic jars which bear their heads, these are what group of deities, the progeny of a certain falconheaded god? ANSWER: Sons of Horus [or Children of Horus; accept logical equivalents] 2. According to Plutarch, the proSpartan Kimon sent a delegation with a secret mission to this deity, though he died before its completion, prompting the priest to inform his men that Kimon was already with this deity. Pausanias says that Pindar offered a statue of this god carved by Kalamis in Thebes and Pythian IV includes Medea's prediction that "the daughter of Epaphus will one day be planted... amid the foundations" of this god in Libya. Every ten days a cult statue of this god was transported to Medinet Habu in western Thebes, where he had first created the world by fertilizing the world egg. -
Egyptian Magic Publishers’ Note
S.V. JBooftg on Bagpt anft Cbalfta?a VOL. II. EGYPTIAN MAGIC PUBLISHERS’ NOTE. In the year 1894 Dr. Wallis Budge prepared for Messrs. Kegan Paul, Trench, Triibner & Co. an elementary work on the Egyptian language, entitled “First Steps in Egyptian,” and two years later the companion volume, “ An Egyptian Reading Book,” with transliterations of all the texts printed in it, and a full vocabulary. I he success of these works proved that they had helped to satisfy a want long felt by students of the Egyptian language, and as a similar want existed among students of the languages written in the cuneiform character, Mr. L. W. King, of the British Museum, prepared, on the same lines as the two books mentioned above, an elementary work on the Assyrian and Babylonian languages (“First Steps in Assyrian”), which appeared in 1898. These works, however, dealt mainly with the philological branch of Egyptology and Assyriology, and it was impossible in the space allowed to explain much that needed explanation in the other branches of these subjects—that is to say, matters relating to the archaeology, history, religion, etc., of the Egyptians, Assyrians, and Babylonians. In answer to the numerous requests which have been made, a series of short, popular handbooks on the most important branches of Egyptology and Assyriology have been prepared, and it is hoped that these will serve as introductions to the larger works on these subjects. The present is the second volume of the series, and the succeeding volumes will be published at short intervals, and at moderate prices. -
Architecture and the Pyramids of Giza Known As “The Age of the Pyramids,” the Old Kingdom Was Characterized by Revolutionary
Architecture and the Pyramids of Giza Known as “the Age of the Pyramids,” the Old Kingdom was characterized by revolutionary advancements in architecture. Figure 1: The Pyramids of Giza This view shows all three pyramid structures: the Great Pyramid, the Pyramid of Khafre, and the Pyramid of Menkaure. The Old Kingdom (2686 BC - 2182 BC) was a period of political stability and economic prosperity, during which great tombs were built for Egyptian Kings in the form of pyramids. The first king to launch a major pyramid building project was King Djoser, who built his famous “Step Pyramid” at Saqqara. The Pyramids of Giza are the greatest architectural achievement of the time, and include three pyramid structures and the Great Sphinx monument. It would have taken several thousand workers decades to complete just one pyramid. While we know that the stone for the pyramids was quarried, transported and cut from the nearby Nile, we still cannot be sure just how the massive stones were then put into place. While stone was generally reserved for tombs and temples, sun-baked mud bricks were used in the construction of Egyptian houses, palaces, fortresses, and town walls. Note: Limestone is an abundant rock of marine and freshwater sediments, primarily composed of calcite (CaCO₃). It occurs in a variety of forms, both crystalline and amorphous. To quarry means to obtain (mine) stone from an excavation pit, usually by blasting, cutting, or digging. A quarry is a site for mining stone, limestone or slate. A sphinx was a creature with the head of a human and the body of an animal (commonly a lion). -
Fate in Ancient Egypt
May Ahmed Hosny (JAAUTH), Vol. 19 No. 3, (2020), pp. 61-68. Fate in ancient Egypt May Ahmed Hosny Faculty of tourism and hotel management, Helwan University ARTICLE INFO Abstract Keywords: The Ancient Egyptian civilization is one of the richest Fate; Destiny; Shay; civilizations in acquiring various concepts and beliefs from last judgment; God’s nature. These concepts and beliefs can be divided into two will. categories Secular and Religious. As the ancient Egyptians were very religious people, so their dominant beliefs were (JAAUTH) religious beliefs which in turn had a great influence upon Vol. 19, No. 3, their secular life. Consequently, both concepts and beliefs (2020), were intermingling together. This paper will deal with a PP.61-68. unique topic which exists within the different thoughts and beliefs of every human being. No matter what was the time or the age this concept dominates the mind of every human being. Therefore, all the incidents that happens in our life will be automatically related to the fate concept which is stored in the thoughts and beliefs of the human mind. The Concept and its development In the ancient Egyptian language, the fate was known as: “ :SAy or : SAyt or SAw: meaning ordain or fix, which reflects the action of the divinities.(Wb IV 402, 8, 9) . The word “SAw” appeared since the end of the Old Kingdom till the late period, especially in the wisdom literature as for example the “Instruction of Ptahhotep” dating back to the 6th dynasty which stated “His time does not fail o come, one does not escape what is fated”. -
Egyptian and Greek Water Cultures and Hydro-Technologies in Ancient Times
sustainability Review Egyptian and Greek Water Cultures and Hydro-Technologies in Ancient Times Abdelkader T. Ahmed 1,2,* , Fatma El Gohary 3, Vasileios A. Tzanakakis 4 and Andreas N. Angelakis 5,6 1 Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Aswan University, Aswan 81542, Egypt 2 Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Islamic University, Madinah 42351, Saudi Arabia 3 Water Pollution Research Department, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt; [email protected] 4 Department of Agriculture, School of Agricultural Science, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Iraklion, 71410 Crete, Greece; [email protected] 5 HAO-Demeter, Agricultural Research Institution of Crete, 71300 Iraklion, Greece; [email protected] 6 Union of Water Supply and Sewerage Enterprises, 41222 Larissa, Greece * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 2 October 2020; Accepted: 19 November 2020; Published: 23 November 2020 Abstract: Egyptian and Greek ancient civilizations prevailed in eastern Mediterranean since prehistoric times. The Egyptian civilization is thought to have been begun in about 3150 BC until 31 BC. For the ancient Greek civilization, it started in the period of Minoan (ca. 3200 BC) up to the ending of the Hellenistic era. There are various parallels and dissimilarities between both civilizations. They co-existed during a certain timeframe (from ca. 2000 to ca. 146 BC); however, they were in two different geographic areas. Both civilizations were massive traders, subsequently, they deeply influenced the regional civilizations which have developed in that region. Various scientific and technological principles were established by both civilizations through their long histories. Water management was one of these major technologies. Accordingly, they have significantly influenced the ancient world’s hydro-technologies. -
MEMPHIS and ITS NECROPOLIS – the PYRAMID FIELDS from GIZA to DAHSHUR WORLD HERITAGE SITE, EGYPT Designated a World Heritage Site in 1979
MEMPHIS AND ITS NECROPOLIS – THE PYRAMID FIELDS FROM GIZA TO DAHSHUR WORLD HERITAGE SITE, EGYPT Designated a World Heritage Site in 1979 WHY IS THIS A WORLD HERITAGE SITE? Memphis was the capital of the Old Kingdom of Egypt, from its foundation (ca. 3100 BC) until 2200 BC. The ruins of Memphis are 19 km (12 miles) south of Cairo, on the west bank of the Nile. There are some extraordinary funerary monuments, including rock tombs, ornate mastabas, temples and pyramids. In ancient times, the site was considered one of the Seven Wonders of the World. The site was added to the World Heritage List in 1979, recognizing the universal admiration for the Pyramids, their antiquity and the exceptional civilization they represent. MEMPHIS AND ITS NECROPOLIS WORLD HERITAGE SITE Flag of Egypt Ancient and modern Egypt come face to face July 1997, UNESCO Courier In the last few years rampant population growth and urban sprawl have combined to pose an increasingly serious threat to Egypt's archaeological monuments and sites. The ugly side-effects of urban development - water, air and noise pollution, constant vibrations and damage to the environment - are well known to all the world's city-dwellers. Cairo's older inhabitants remember that only fifty years ago the main road to the pyramids, beginning in Giza Square, ran through fields before reaching the pyramids in the desert. At that time the pyramids could be seen eight kilometres away. Now only a forest of buildings is visible from Giza Square. Traffic congestion choked the road so severely that another road was built parallel to it, encroaching on farmland which was replaced by more bottlenecks and anarchic ribbon building. -
A Brief Journey Into Medical Care and Disease in Ancient Egypt Richard Sullivan Bsc(Hons) MBBS
JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF MEDICINE Volume 88 March 1995 A brief journey into medical care and disease in Ancient Egypt Richard Sullivan BSc(Hons) MBBS J R Soc Med 1995;88:141-145 Keywords: @00 SUMMARY Ancient Egypt was one of the greatest civilizations to have arisen, becoming the cradle of scientific enquiry and social development over 3 millennia; undoubtedly its knowledge of medicine has been vastly underestimated. Few artefacts survive which describe the medical organization, but from the extent of the diseases afflicting that ancient populus there would have been much to study. Evidence from papyri, tomb bas reliefs and the writings of historians of antiquity tell of an intense interest in the sciences, humanities and medicine born of an educated society which had overcome the superstitions of its nomadic ancestors. MEDICAL CARE Table 1 Dynasties ofAncient Egypt and the equivalent time periods Evidence of medical organization in ancient Egypt is of two (after Manetho) the and the Of the former, kinds, literary archaeological. Dynasty Period Approx Date BC never have classic writers, notably Herodotust, who may l-ll Archaic 3168-2705 at visited the area except around the Greek trading centre II-VI Old Kingdom 2705-2250 Naukratis in 400 BC, relied heavily upon reports of previous VII-X 1st Intermediate 2250-2035 travellers such as Hecataeus of Miletus2. There are further XI-XIII Middle Kingdom 2035-1668 brief accounts of medical practice within the Old XIV-XVI 2nd Intermediate 1720-1 550 of Testament3, Hittite state records4 and state archives XVIII-XX New Kingdom 1550-1 070 Babylonia and Assyria5. -
Astronomy, Topography and Dynastic History in the Age of the Pyramids
Astronomy, topography and dynastic history in the Age of the Pyramids. Giulio Magli Faculty of Civil Architecture - Politecnico di Milano Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy It is known since the 19 century that in the layout of the pyramid field of the pharaohs of the 4 th Egyptian dynasty at Giza, a “main axis” exists. Indeed, the south-east corners of these monuments align towards the site of the temple of Heliopolis, which was plainly visible in ancient times. It was later discovered that a similar situation occurs in the main pyramid field of the subsequent dynasty at Abu Sir. Here, the north-west corners of three chronologically successive pyramids again voluntarily align towards Heliopolis. However, the temple was in this case not visible, due to the rock outcrop- today occupied by the Cairo citadel - which blocks the view. In the present paper, a multi-disciplinary approach based on historical, topographical and archaeoastronomical analysis is developed in an attempt at understanding this peculiar feature, which governed from the very beginning the planning of such wonderful monuments. A general pattern actually arises, which appears to have inspired the choice of the sites and the disposition on the ground of almost all the funerary complexes of the kings during the Old Kingdom. 1. Introduction An interesting feature exists in the layouts of the pyramids of Giza and Abu Sir: the presence of a “main axis” directed to the area where the ancient temple of the sun of Heliopolis once stood, on the opposite bank of the Nile. These axes are connected with a process of “solarisation” of the pharaoh which probably started with Khufu, the builder of the Great Pyramid. -
Syncretism: a Means and Method for Accurately Translating Km.T, Km.Tyw and Km
Syncretism: A Means and Method for Accurately Translating Km.t, Km.tyw and Km Reginald A. Mabry Independent Scholar [email protected] Abstract: This article is a reflection on the presentation offered at the 2019 Association for Classical African Civilizations (ASCAC) Conference where the origins and meaning of the word Km.t1 was debated. This examination seeks to identify syncretism as the proposed and superior method of interpreting ancient text, specifically the Medu Neter. Therefore, syncretism affords a more accurate understanding of the ancient texts of the Kimetiyu (Km.tyw). More specifically, the aim and objective of this article is to examine the origins of the Ancient Egyptian word Kemet (km.t) to highlight and establish its relationship to both, the black cattle and the “sacred” black people that the ancients referred to. This paper will discuss Kemet (Km, Km.t, Km.tyw ) glyphs with its transliterations.2 First, what is the meaning of Kemet (Km.t) ? Is the term related to black and people at all ? And why is Kemet (Km.t ) referred to as simply the black land by Western/ European scholars? Is the meaning of Kemet important to Pan-Africanist thinking and scholarship? To properly approach these research questions, I will incorporate the following qualitative research methodologies; Observation of ancient cultural and historical primary materials and narrative discourse analysis of primary and secondary data sources by way of archival collection and study. It must be noted that European Scholars are in the business of observation and creating narratives and discourse to give a Eurocentric and colonial meaning to Africa, its ancient civilizations and people, for the purposes of providing intellectual tools for the maintenance of their worldview and hegemony. -
Law in Ancient Egyptian Fiction
LAW IN ANCIENT EGYPTIAN FICTION Russ VerSteeg* INTRODUCTION The spirit of ancient Egypt has captivated most of us at some time. Pyramids, mummies, pharaohs, hieroglyphs, and the romance of archaeology mesmerize us and kindle our imaginations. Egypt seizes us with its powerful magic and mystery. Even before Jean Francois Champollion achieved his first major philological breakthroughs in deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphs in the 1820s, people were fascinated by the physical vestiges of ancient Egyptian culture and civilization: its art, artifacts, and architecture. However, once Champollion's work began to bear fruit, a new world of Egyptology burst onto the scene. Prior to Champollion, almost all Egyptolo- gists had been anthropologists and/or archaeologists. Now philology provides access to the writing of the ancient Egyptians; and, a variety of types of writing have survived. ' One important genre of ancient Egyptian * Associate Professor of Law, New England School of Law, Boston, Massachusetts; A.B. 1979, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; J.D. 1987, University of Connecticut School of Law. I would like to thank Dr. Robert Bianchi, Dr. Janet Johnson, Professor Ronald Chester, and Professor George Dargo, who read and commented on an earlier draft. All errors and misconceptions are mine and not theirs. Special thanks to Professor Paul Teich who has made numerous suggestions that were both insightful and valuable. Thanks also to John F. O'Brien, Dean, New England School of Law and to the Board of Trustees who supported this project with funds from the Summer Research Stipend Program. I would also like to thank my colleagues at New England School of Law who offered useful advice and criticism at the "Works-in-Progress" lunch. -
Sons of the Sun: Rise and Decline of the Fifth Dynasty PDF Book
SONS OF THE SUN: RISE AND DECLINE OF THE FIFTH DYNASTY PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Miroslav Verner | 306 pages | 01 Mar 2015 | Czech Institute of Egyptology | 9788073085414 | English | Praha, Czech Republic Sons of the Sun: Rise and Decline of the Fifth Dynasty PDF Book The western tomb was built subsequently to the eastern one and seems to have served to bury another woman. Return to Home. This cult seems to have disappeared at the end of the Old Kingdom period, although it might have been revived during the Twelfth Dynasty of the Middle Kingdom , albeit in a very limited form. Book Reviews. The ruins known today as Lepsius XXV constitute not one but two large adjacent tombs built as a single monument on the south-eastern edge of the Abusir necropolis. The temple was entered from the eastern side following a long causeway which departed from a valley temple located closer to the Nile. Fragments of reliefs from the mortuary temple of Sahure showing Neferirkare as a prince. Nyuserre furthermore received special attention from at least two of his successors during this period: Djedkare Isesi either restored or completed his funerary temple, [note 30] [] and Pepi II Neferkare erected a door jamb bearing an inscription mentioning both his first Sed festival and Nyuserre in the latter's valley temple, a close association meant to "evidence the pretended association of the king with his forefather". It provides a very readable and informative survey for the Egyptian enthusiast and for the general reader. Tome 1 PDF. While graffiti left by the builders indicate that the construction of this pyramid dates to the later part of Nyuserre's reign and took place under the direction of vizier Ptahshepses, [] the name of the queen for whom the pyramid was intended is lost. -
Mechanical Engineering in Ancient Egypt
Available online at www.ijarmate.com International Journal of Advanced Research in Management, Architecture, Technology and Engineering (IJARMATE) Vol. 2, Issue 4, April 2016. Mechanical Engineering in Ancient Egypt, Part XII: Stone Cutting Galal Ali Hassaan Emeritus Professor, Department of Mechanical design & Production, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt [email protected] Amenhotep III [3]. Lavigne (2006) stated that the ancient Abstract — This paper presents the 12 th part of a series of Egyptians had very high level of knowledge about working research papers aiming at studying the development of out and geometry. The purpose of her study was to understand mechanical engineering in ancient Egypt. It presents the the technical methods used throughout the Egyptian history techniques and technology used by ancient Egyptians to cut hard stones and produce very complex artifacts. The ancient giving more care to collect more information about tools and Egyptians used stone saws, drills and lathe turning and invented tool marks [4]. instrumentation to generate flat surfaces with accuracy better Storemyr et. al. (2007) presented the quarry landscapes than 0.005 mm and measure dimensions from 1.3 mm to 10 km. project for addressing the importance of ancient quarry landscapes and raising the awareness for the urgent need for Index Terms — Mechanical engineering in ancient Egypt, protecting such sites. Their work analyzed the condition and stone cutting, stone sawing. drilling and turning, stone surface legal status of the known ancient quarries in Egypt and the flattening, filleting of stone mating surfaces, dimensions measurement. threats facing them [5]. Loggia (2009) analyzed 17 tombs at Saqqara from the first dynasty and 25 tomb from Helwan from I.