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Rock Features of the Upper Klamath Basin: an Integrated Approach to Identification

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Rock Features of the Upper Klamath Basin: an Integrated Approach to Identification Central Washington University ScholarWorks@CWU All Master's Theses Master's Theses Winter 2018 Rock Features of the Upper Klamath Basin: An Integrated Approach to Identification Roman Jakien Central Washington University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.cwu.edu/etd Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Jakien, Roman, "Rock Features of the Upper Klamath Basin: An Integrated Approach to Identification" (2018). All Master's Theses. 892. https://digitalcommons.cwu.edu/etd/892 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Master's Theses at ScholarWorks@CWU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@CWU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ROCK FEATURES OF THE UPPER KLAMATH BASIN: AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO IDENTIFICATION ____________________________________ A Thesis Presented to The Graduate Faculty Central Washington University ____________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science Cultural and Environmental Resource Management ____________________________________ by Roman Stanley Jakien March 2018 CENTRAL WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY Graduate Studies We hereby approve the thesis of Roman Stanley Jakien Candidate for the degree of Master of Science APPROVED FOR THE GRADUATE FACULTY ______________ __________________________________________ Dr. Patrick Lubinski, Committee Chair ______________ __________________________________________ Dr. Steve Hackenberger ______________ __________________________________________ Sara Boyko ______________ __________________________________________ Dean of Graduate Studies ii ABSTRACT ROCK FEATURES OF THE UPPER KLAMATH BASIN: AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO IDENTIFICATION by Roman Stanley Jakien March 2018 Rock features are human-made rock structures, often created by native peoples in the past and currently recorded as archaeological sites. In the Upper Klamath Basin of Oregon/California, these features are often difficult to identify. As a result, some features are left unrecorded and unprotected from land management activities. To help protect these sites, a rock feature recordation system was developed, formatted to help archaeologists identify, classify, determine an origin, and assign a general age to rock features discovered in the field. This guide includes a series of dichotomous keys and recordation forms, supplemented with original illustrations and contextual data gathered from pertinent resources. The system was tested at archaeological site 35KL3751, located in southern Oregon. Forty rock formations were tested, identifying 34 archaeological rock features, 1 recently constructed rock feature, and 5 naturally occurring rock formations. Edits to the field guide were made in light of issues encountered during testing. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Firstly, I would like to express great appreciation to my Thesis Committee. Thank you, Pat Lubinski for your guidance and dedication as Committee Chair. Thank you, Steve Hackenberger for your insights on cultural landscapes and CRM. Special thanks to Sara Boyko, for providing valuable reference material and expertise, as well as helping foster my fascination with the Upper Klamath Basin. I would like to acknowledge my mother, Lynden Tanenbaum, for providing the wonderful rock feature illustrations seen in this thesis. A warm thank you to my sister, Kasey Jakien, for copy- editing and providing comments. I would also like to acknowledge and thank the BLM, Klamath Falls Resource Area for providing reference material and supporting me during the early stages of my career. Thank you, Stephen Todd Jankowski for introducing me to the CERM program and for the persistent encouragement. Finally, I am particularly grateful for the patience, love and ongoing support of my wonderful partner in life, Annie Lawrence. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................ 1 Organization of Thesis ............................................................................ 6 II STUDY AREA ............................................................................................. 7 Biophysical Context ................................................................................ 9 Cultural Context .................................................................................... 15 Regional Prehistoric Archaeology and Cultural Chronology ............. 15 Archaeology in the Upper Klamath Basin .......................................... 19 Modoc Ethnography and History ........................................................ 21 Euro-American Migration and Modern Land Use .............................. 26 Study Site 35KL3751 .......................................................................... 27 III PREVIOUS RESEARCH ON ROCK FEATURES ................................... 31 The Significance of Rock Features in Klamath and Modoc Culture ...................................................................................... 32 Prior Methods for Rock Feature Identification, Classification and Recordation ........................................................................................... 38 IV IDENTIFYING AND DATING ROCK FEATURES ................................ 45 Basalt Lava Flow Formation and Weathering Characteristics .............. 45 Rock Fracturing and Natural Piling ...................................................... 49 Talus Depressions ................................................................................. 54 Soil Mounds .......................................................................................... 56 Rock Feature Dating Methods .............................................................. 59 V THE ROCK FEATURE FIELD GUIDE .................................................... 67 The Ten Rock Feature Types ................................................................ 68 Determining Type ................................................................................. 70 Determining Origin ............................................................................... 83 Determining General Age ..................................................................... 85 Rock Feature Recordation Forms .......................................................... 87 v TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) Chapter Page VI TEST APPLICATION TO SITE 35KL3751 .............................................. 93 Field Methods ........................................................................................ 93 Results of Field Test .............................................................................. 98 Discussion of Field Test ...................................................................... 105 VII DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS .................................................... 117 Recent Land Use and CRM Strategies in the Gerber Recreation Area ..................................................................................................... 119 Alternative Strategies: Traditional Cultural Properties and Districts ............................................................................................... 123 Challenges and Benefits ...................................................................... 126 REFERENCES ......................................................................................... 132 APPENDICES .......................................................................................... 143 Appendix A. Names and Morphological Attributes of Common Rock Feature Types Found in the Upper Klamath Basin ................... 144 Appendix B. Rock Feature Recordation Form from Test Site 35KL3751 ........................................................................................... 150 vi LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1 Names and Morphological Attributes of the Ten Rock Feature Types Included in the Field Guide ......................................................................... 69 2 Key #1: Determining Rock Feature Type ................................................... 72 3 Characteristics of Single Rock Placements ................................................ 73 4 Characteristics of Multiple Rock Placements ............................................. 74 5 Characteristics of Rock Stacks ................................................................... 75 6 Characteristics of Rock Piles ...................................................................... 76 7 Characteristics of Rock Walls ..................................................................... 77 8 Characteristics of U-Shaped Features ......................................................... 78 9 Characteristics of Rock Ring (Type 1) Features ......................................... 79 10 Characteristics of Rock Ring (Type 2) Features ......................................... 80 11 Characteristics of Talus Pits ....................................................................... 81 12 Characteristics of Rock Alignments ........................................................... 82 13 Key #2: Differentiating Natural Formations from Human-Made Rock Features ............................................................................................. 84 14 Key #3: Determining a General Age .......................................................... 86 15 Rock Feature Recordation Form with Nine Simulated Features Recorded
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