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RAPTOR RESEARCH REPORTS a Publication of the Raptor Research Foundation) Inc (ISBN 0-935868-43-7) RAPTOR RESEARCH REPORTS A Publication of The Raptor Research Foundation) Inc. RAPTOR HABITAT MANAGEMENT UNDER THE U.S. BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT MULTIPLE-USE MANDATE April 1989 No.8 RAPTOR RESEARCH REPORTS F.stablisbed 1971 EDITOR Jimmie R. Parrish The Raptor Research Foundation. Inc. Depamneot of Zoology, 159 Widtsoe Building Brigham Young UniveiSity Provo, Utah 84602 Consulting EditoiS forVolume8 Jeffrey L. Lincer RicbardJ. aam: W. Grainger Hunt Eco-analysts, Inc. Depamnent of Biology BioSystems Analysis, Inc. 4718 Dunn Drive York College of Pennsylvania 303 Potrero Street, Suite 29-203 Sarasota, Florida 33583 Yod:, Pennsylvania 17403-3426 Santa Cmz, California 95060 The Raptor Research Foundation, Inc., was formed in 1966 by individuals who recognized the impact of human activities on raptors and other forms of wildlife. Information provides the key to understanding the life history and ecology of raptor species. The purpose of The Raptor Research Foundation, Inc., is "to stimulate the dissemination of information concerning raptorial birds among interested persons worldwide and to promote a better public understanding and appreciation of the value of birds of prey" (Article I, Section 2, By-Laws of the Raptor Research Foundation, Inc.). Raptor Research Reports was first published in 1971. Articles too lengthy for inclusion in the Journal of Raptor Research are published as Rap tor Research Reports as determined by the Editor and Board of Directors. No set schedule for publication is prescribed. Individual volumes are published based on availability of material and following completion of financial arrangements with the Editorial Office. Generally, manuscrlets considered for publication in Raptor Research Reports exceed 50 pages in length, including text, illustrations, tables, and literature cited. Manuscripts must document original research, unless otherwise approved by the Board of Directors. Suitability of manuscripts will be determined by the Editor and at least two impartial reviewers who are experts in the subject field. Three copies of the complete manuscript (1 onginal and 2 clean copies) should be sent to the Editor. Detailed instructions for manuscript preparation are available upon request from the Editorial Office. Normally, each volume of Raptor Research Reports is sponsored financially by institutions or organizations other than The Raptor Research Foundation, Inc. Sponsorship is open to anyone wishing to support publication of research efforts. Perpetual need exists for funding to support printing and distribution of each volume of Raptor Research Reports, and sponsors are assured of worldwide distribution to a select group of scientists, libraries, and interested persons concerned with the welfare of birds of prey. Raptor Research Reports are available to all interested persons, libraries, governmental agencies, and other organizations, provided that all membership classes shall receive no less than a 20% discount off the market price. The Raptor Research Foundation, Inc., is a nonprofit, tax-exempt, scientific organization. Copyright 1989 by The Raptor Research Foundation, Inc. RAPTOR REsEARCH REPORTS A Publication of the Raptor Research Foundation, Inc. RAPTOR HABITAT MANAGEMENT UNDER THE U.S. BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT MULTIPLE-USE MANDATE Richard R. Olendorff, U.S Bureau of Land Management, California State Office, 2800 Cottage Way, Sacramento, California 95825 U.S.A. D. Dean Bibles, U.S. Bureau of Land Management, Arizona State Office, 3707 North 7th Street, Phoenix, Arizona 85011 U.S.A. M. Thomas Dean, U.S. Bureau of Land Management, Arctic District Office, 1541 Gaffney Road, Fairbanks, Alaska 98703 U.S.A. John R. Haugh, U.S. Bureau of Land Management, Resource Sciences Staff, 18th and C Streets, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20240 U.S.A. Michael N. Kochert, U.S. Bureau of Land Management, Boise District Office, 3498 Development Avenue, Boise, Idaho 83705 U.S.A. Abstract. The U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management (BLM), identifies its· goal for raptor habitat management for the next decade. The document includes the Bureau's strategy for implementing its raptor program; discussion of its authorities, procedures, and policies relating to raptor habitat management; details about the extent and character of 223 Key Raptor Areas on the public lands administered by BLM; a summary of the current status of raptor habitats in fhe western United States; discussion of the effects of land-use actions on raptors and their habitats; and an extensive list of objectives, goals, and management actions which will serve to focus the Bureau's raptor program in the future. These objectives, goals, and management actions represent a significant Bureau commitment to protect and manage raptor habitats to the best of its ability within the framework provided by the Federal Land Policy and Management Act, BLM's multiple-use mandate from the U.S. Congress. Raptor Research Reports 8: 1-80. -i- Funding for Volume 8 provided by: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT As the nation's principal conservation agency, the U.S. Department of the Interior has responsibility for most of our nationally owned public lands and natural resources. This includes fostering the wisest use of our land and water resources, protecting our fish and wildlife, preserving the environmental and cultural values of our national parks and historical places, and providing for the enjoyment of life through outdoor recreation. The Department assesses our energy and mineral resources and works to assure that their development is in the best interests of all our people. The Department also has a major responsibility for American Indian reservation communities and for people who live in Island Territories under U.S. administration. The Bureau of Land Management is responsible for the balanced management of the public lands and resources and their various values so that they are considered in a combination that will best serve the needs of the American people. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors wish to express their appreciation to the dozens of BLM biologists who supplied information for this report. Peggy Cranston of the BLM California State Office, Division of Lands and Renewable Resources, assisted with computer analysis of the Key Raptor Area data base and mapped the 223 Key Raptor Areas in Appendix 1. Sharon Olendorff of the BLM California State Office, Information Processing Support Center, set the type in Raptor Research Reports fonnat and produced the photo-ready copy for Allen Press. Finally, we acknowledge the work done by the Editor and Consulting Editors of this volume. -ii- TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE. FUNDING PAGE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENfS ii TABLE OF CONTENTS. iii PREFACE. iv INTRODUCflON AND PURPOSE . BACKGROUND . 2 Authority . 2 BLM Procedures and Policies Relating to Raptor Habitat 4 A. Inventory . 4 B. Planning . 4 C. Environmental Assessment 4 D. Monitoring . 4 Interagency Coordination and Cooperation . 6 A. Management of Candidate, Threatened, and Endangered Species 6 B. Management of Other Special Status Species . 9 C. Implementation of the Sikes Act . 9 Research, Development, Studies, and Information Transfer . 9 A. Research and Development . 9 B. Studies. 10 C. Information Transfer . 10 Special Raptor Projectq Conducted by BLM . 10 A. Special Areas with Extremely High Raptor Values II B. Programs for Special Status Species 17 C. Power Line Studies and Policy 19 D. lnfomtation Transfer Mechanisms 20 Key Raptor Areas Administered by BLM 21 CURRENTRAPTORHABITATSTATUS. 26 Tundra/Taiga . 26 Coniferous Forest . 26 Wetlands and Deep Water Habitats 29 Deciduous Forest . 29 Southwestem Deserts . 32 Riparian 33 Shrubsteppe 34 Grasslands. 34 LAND-USE ACfiONS AND THEIR EFFECfS 36 Beneficial Effects . 36 Individual Raptor Mortalities . 38 Nest Failure and Other Temporary Habitat Problems 38 Din1inished Habitat Diversity 39 Habitat Destruction 39 Dintinished Physiological Capability of Raptors to Reproduce 39 MANAGEMENf OBJECfiVES, GOALS, AND ACTIONS 40 Objective I. Inventory and Monitoring 40 Objective 2. Identification of Key Raptor Areas 42 Objective 3. Management of Rap tor Habitat 44 Objective 4. Special Status Species 45 Objective 5. Increased Awareness 46 SUMMARY . 47 LITERATURE CITED 49 APPENDIX I. List of Key Rap tor Areas on the Public Lands 50 APPENDIX 2. Tables of Species Occurrence by State 77 APPENDIX 3. Key BLM Personnel with Raptor Expertise 80 -iii- PREFACE Raptor habitat management on public lands administered by the U.S. Bureau of Land Management (BLM) is an integral part of the Bureau's overall multiple-use program. Significant accomplishments for raptors and recommended management actions for the future outlined in this document are exemplary of the good that can come from detailed planning, environmental assessment, and decisiorunaking processes used by large land-managing agencies. But BLM cannot "go it alone" in implementing positive programs for protection and management of raptors--or any other resource! A partnership is needed between government and the private sector at all levels and in all aspects of such programs. To promote this partnership BLM has developed "Fish and Wildlife 2000, a Plan for the Future." The objective of this plan is more efficient direction of BLM fish and wildlife habitat management programs between now and the year 2000. The present document is an important component of the "Fish and Wildlife 2000" initiative which calls for continuing cooperation
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