(ISBN 0-935868-43-7)

RAPTOR RESEARCH REPORTS A Publication of The Raptor Research Foundation) Inc.

RAPTOR HABITAT MANAGEMENT

UNDER THE U.S. BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT

MULTIPLE-USE MANDATE

April 1989 No.8 RAPTOR RESEARCH REPORTS F.stablisbed 1971

EDITOR

Jimmie R. Parrish The Raptor Research Foundation. Inc. Depamneot of Zoology, 159 Widtsoe Building Brigham Young UniveiSity Provo, Utah 84602

Consulting EditoiS forVolume8

Jeffrey L. Lincer RicbardJ. aam: W. Grainger Hunt Eco-analysts, Inc. Depamnent of Biology BioSystems Analysis, Inc. 4718 Dunn Drive York College of Pennsylvania 303 Potrero Street, Suite 29-203 Sarasota, Florida 33583 Yod:, Pennsylvania 17403-3426 Santa Cmz, California 95060

The Raptor Research Foundation, Inc., was formed in 1966 by individuals who recognized the impact of human activities on raptors and other forms of wildlife. Information provides the key to understanding the life history and ecology of raptor species. The purpose of The Raptor Research Foundation, Inc., is "to stimulate the dissemination of information concerning raptorial birds among interested persons worldwide and to promote a better public understanding and appreciation of the value of birds of prey" (Article I, Section 2, By-Laws of the Raptor Research Foundation, Inc.).

Raptor Research Reports was first published in 1971. Articles too lengthy for inclusion in the Journal of Raptor Research are published as Rap tor Research Reports as determined by the Editor and Board of Directors. No set schedule for publication is prescribed. Individual volumes are published based on availability of material and following completion of financial arrangements with the Editorial Office.

Generally, manuscrlets considered for publication in Raptor Research Reports exceed 50 pages in length, including text, illustrations, tables, and literature cited. Manuscripts must document original research, unless otherwise approved by the Board of Directors. Suitability of manuscripts will be determined by the Editor and at least two impartial reviewers who are experts in the subject field. Three copies of the complete manuscript (1 onginal and 2 clean copies) should be sent to the Editor. Detailed instructions for manuscript preparation are available upon request from the Editorial Office.

Normally, each volume of Raptor Research Reports is sponsored financially by institutions or organizations other than The Raptor Research Foundation, Inc. Sponsorship is open to anyone wishing to support publication of research efforts. Perpetual need exists for funding to support printing and distribution of each volume of Raptor Research Reports, and sponsors are assured of worldwide distribution to a select group of scientists, libraries, and interested persons concerned with the welfare of birds of prey.

Raptor Research Reports are available to all interested persons, libraries, governmental agencies, and other organizations, provided that all membership classes shall receive no less than a 20% discount off the market price. The Raptor Research Foundation, Inc., is a nonprofit, tax-exempt, scientific organization.

Copyright 1989 by The Raptor Research Foundation, Inc. RAPTOR REsEARCH REPORTS A Publication of the Raptor Research Foundation, Inc.

RAPTOR HABITAT MANAGEMENT UNDER THE U.S. BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT MULTIPLE-USE MANDATE

Richard R. Olendorff, U.S Bureau of Land Management, California State Office, 2800 Cottage Way, Sacramento, California 95825 U.S.A.

D. Dean Bibles, U.S. Bureau of Land Management, Arizona State Office, 3707 North 7th Street, Phoenix, Arizona 85011 U.S.A.

M. Thomas Dean, U.S. Bureau of Land Management, Arctic District Office, 1541 Gaffney Road, Fairbanks, Alaska 98703 U.S.A.

John R. Haugh, U.S. Bureau of Land Management, Resource Sciences Staff, 18th and C Streets, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20240 U.S.A.

Michael N. Kochert, U.S. Bureau of Land Management, Boise District Office, 3498 Development Avenue, Boise, Idaho 83705 U.S.A.

Abstract. The U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management (BLM), identifies its· goal for raptor habitat management for the next decade. The document includes the Bureau's strategy for implementing its raptor program; discussion of its authorities, procedures, and policies relating to raptor habitat management; details about the extent and character of 223 Key Raptor Areas on the public lands administered by BLM; a summary of the current status of raptor habitats in fhe western United States; discussion of the effects of land-use actions on raptors and their habitats; and an extensive list of objectives, goals, and management actions which will serve to focus the Bureau's raptor program in the future. These objectives, goals, and management actions represent a significant Bureau commitment to protect and manage raptor habitats to the best of its ability within the framework provided by the Federal Land Policy and Management Act, BLM's multiple-use mandate from the U.S. Congress.

Raptor Research Reports 8: 1-80.

-i- Funding for Volume 8 provided by: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT

As the nation's principal conservation agency, the U.S. Department of the Interior has responsibility for most of our nationally owned public lands and natural resources. This includes fostering the wisest use of our land and water resources, protecting our fish and wildlife, preserving the environmental and cultural values of our national parks and historical places, and providing for the enjoyment of life through outdoor recreation. The Department assesses our energy and mineral resources and works to assure that their development is in the best interests of all our people. The Department also has a major responsibility for American Indian reservation communities and for people who live in Island Territories under U.S. administration. The Bureau of Land Management is responsible for the balanced management of the public lands and resources and their various values so that they are considered in a combination that will best serve the needs of the American people.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors wish to express their appreciation to the dozens of BLM biologists who supplied information for this report. Peggy Cranston of the BLM California State Office, Division of Lands and Renewable Resources, assisted with computer analysis of the Key Raptor Area data base and mapped the 223 Key Raptor Areas in Appendix 1. Sharon Olendorff of the BLM California State Office, Information Processing Support Center, set the type in Raptor Research Reports fonnat and produced the photo-ready copy for Allen Press. Finally, we acknowledge the work done by the Editor and Consulting Editors of this volume.

-ii- TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE. FUNDING PAGE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENfS ii TABLE OF CONTENTS. iii PREFACE. iv INTRODUCflON AND PURPOSE . BACKGROUND . 2 Authority ...... 2 BLM Procedures and Policies Relating to Raptor Habitat 4 A. Inventory . 4 B. Planning . 4 C. Environmental Assessment 4 D. Monitoring . . . . . 4 Interagency Coordination and Cooperation . . . . . 6 A. Management of Candidate, Threatened, and Endangered Species 6 B. Management of Other Special Status Species . . 9 C. Implementation of the Sikes Act ...... 9 Research, Development, Studies, and Information Transfer . 9 A. Research and Development . 9 B. Studies. 10 C. Information Transfer . 10 Special Raptor Projectq Conducted by BLM . . . . 10 A. Special Areas with Extremely High Raptor Values II B. Programs for Special Status Species 17 C. Power Line Studies and Policy 19 D. lnfomtation Transfer Mechanisms 20 Key Raptor Areas Administered by BLM 21

CURRENTRAPTORHABITATSTATUS. 26 Tundra/Taiga . . 26 Coniferous Forest . 26 Wetlands and Deep Water Habitats 29 Deciduous Forest . 29 Southwestem Deserts . 32 Riparian 33 Shrubsteppe 34 Grasslands. 34

LAND-USE ACfiONS AND THEIR EFFECfS 36 Beneficial Effects . 36 Individual Raptor Mortalities . 38 Nest Failure and Other Temporary Habitat Problems 38 Din1inished Habitat Diversity 39 Habitat Destruction 39 Dintinished Physiological Capability of Raptors to Reproduce 39

MANAGEMENf OBJECfiVES, GOALS, AND ACTIONS 40 Objective I. Inventory and Monitoring 40 Objective 2. Identification of Key Raptor Areas 42 Objective 3. Management of Rap tor Habitat 44 Objective 4. Special Status Species 45 Objective 5. Increased Awareness 46

SUMMARY . 47 LITERATURE CITED 49 APPENDIX I. List of Key Rap tor Areas on the Public Lands 50 APPENDIX 2. Tables of Species Occurrence by State 77 APPENDIX 3. Key BLM Personnel with Raptor Expertise 80

-iii- PREFACE

Raptor habitat management on public lands administered by the U.S. Bureau of Land Management (BLM) is an integral part of the Bureau's overall multiple-use program. Significant accomplishments for raptors and recommended management actions for the future outlined in this document are exemplary of the good that can come from detailed planning, environmental assessment, and decisiorunaking processes used by large land-managing agencies.

But BLM cannot "go it alone" in implementing positive programs for protection and management of raptors--or any other resource! A partnership is needed between government and the private sector at all levels and in all aspects of such programs.

To promote this partnership BLM has developed "Fish and Wildlife 2000, a Plan for the Future." The objective of this plan is more efficient direction of BLM fish and wildlife habitat management programs between now and the year 2000. The present document is an important component of the "Fish and Wildlife 2000" initiative which calls for continuing cooperation with agencies, organizations, adjacent landowners, and other Federal land users to develop coordinated approaches for managing and improving wildlife habitats on public lands.

In this spirit of cooperation BLM and Raptor Research Foundation, Inc. (RRF), have agreed to pub1ish this document as part of the Raptor Research Reports series. By doing so we wish to place valuable wildlife management tools, based on experience, into hands of individuals and institutions having the most pressing need for this type of information. The individual members of RRF and government offices to be included in the initial distribution represent most of that need.

But this document does more than fill the need for a prototypical approach to raptor and other wildlife management. It also describes 223 Key Raptor Areas on public lands representing some 23.5 million acres and analyzes current status of eight raptor habitat types in which these Key Areas occur in the western United States. This is followed by a discussion of land-use actions and their effects on raptors and a list of management objectives, goals, and actions to provide future Bureau direction. These management objectives, goals, and actions represent a significant Bureau commitment to protect and manage raptor habitats on public lands to the best of its ability within the framework provided by the Federal Land Policy and Management Act (FLPMA), BLM'S multiple-use mandate from the U.S. Congress.

In translating these objectives, goals, and actions into on-the-ground accomplishments, we who manage BLM and RRF solicit help from all individuals, groups, and agencies. Success in managing raptor habitats will depend heavily on cooperative thought and work. Initiatives and commitments provided by this document are clear, but responsibility for effective implementation is shared by all who wish to conserve raptors and who wish to develop and use resources on public lands. ~~fl::=t4

Date:_}_~_;J_? _/_8-----=-9 __ Date: ~~ ~~ /?/11 1/

-iv- INTRODUCflON AND PURPOSE offspring; habitat for winter survival; and abun­ dant open space for normal dispersal/dispersion Raptors (birds of prey) have elicited the of young, migratory movements, and territorial interest--even worship--of man since ancient behavior. times. Today, raptors are one of the most politically sensitive groups of animals with Further, this document was prepared to pro­ which Federal agencies must be concerned. As vide current information on opportunities to organisms at the ends of food chains, raptors are improve productivity of raptors on public lands, both biologically important and environmentally including efficient planning and research, cost sensitive, characteristics which have led to effective implementation of plans and research widespread Bureau of Land Management (BLM) recommendations, and appropriate raptor advo­ and public recognition of the need to manage cacy in land-use planning and decision making raptors and their habitats effectively. Addi­ processes relating to other public land resources. tionally, the aesthetic appeal, recreational poten­ Emphasis will be placed on both survival and tial, and susceptibility to persecution and human recovery of threatened or endangered raptors, as disturbance magnify demands placed on some well as management of sensitive or candidate wild raptor populations. Many populations have raptors to minimize the need for adding species declined; local extirpations have occurred; and to state and Federal endangered S)?ecies lists. It is some species are near extinction (Fig. 1). Declin­ also the intent of BLM to coordmate and coop­ ing habitat quantity and quality are major causes erate with interested publics and constituents, of such disconcerting patterns. Aggressive con­ State wildlife agencies, and other Federal agen­ servation and management programs are needed cies in implementing raptor habitat management to ameliorate negative forces impacting raptors projects to obtain optimal efficiency and benefits. and their prey species. Thus, the themes of this document are 1) that This document was prepared to refine and Bureau authorities and processes already exist expand on the overall goal of BLM in con­ through which substantial protection and conser­ serving and managing raptors and their habitats vation of raptors and their habitats can be imple­ on public lands (i.e., those lands administered by mented in a multiple-use/sustained-yield context, BLM). In addition, the document establishes and 2) though important opportunities remain, objectives and specifies management actions to many of the authorities and processes have be implemented during the next decade to reach already been applied toward reaching the "Fish the overall goal stated in the Bureau document and Wildlife 2000" goal for raptor habitat entitled "Fish and Wildlife 2000, A Plan for the management. Future:" There are also a few things this document is "Provide suitable habitat conditions for birds not intended to accomplish. The document does of prey on public lands through the conser­ not address site-specific, population-specific, or vation and management of essential habitat individual on-the-ground actions. These have components, including habitat for prey spe­ been, are being, or will be developed in indi­ cies, especially in areas where birds of prey vidual site-specific activity plans, such as concentrate during some period of the year, or Habitat Management Plans for wildlife, Allot­ important habitats where populations are ment Management Plans for livestock, Area of suppressed." Critical Environmental Concern Management Plans for special areas, etc. Development of pro­ The overall goal implies management for posals for budget and work effort required to existence of an adequate number of healthy and meet goals and objectives of this document are vigorous populations of each raptor species. ongoing through the normal annual work plan­ Populations must also be of sufficient size and ning process and will be developed further in resilience to withstand severe environmental future years in response to the management impact<; and have appropriate sex and age ratios actions included in this document. National and recruitment rates to maintain viable popu­ Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) compliance lations in perpetuity. Suitable habitat compo­ will occur through the Bureau's environmental nents include (but are not limited to): habitat for assessment process whenever individual actions prey species; sites for breeding and are proposed.

1 2 OLENDORFF ET AL. RRRNO. 8

Figure l. Some raptor species, such as the California Condor, are near extinction. These three were photographed sunning themselves on Blue Ridge, Tulare County, California, during the summer of 1984. All California Condors are now in captivity. (BLM photo.)

BACKGROUND ery diminish available options. Thus, the identi­ fication and maintenance of management options Inherent in the Bureau's authorities is a through conservation of nonlisted species is of mandate toward which the Bureau strives in its benefit not only to the Bureau, but also to raptor programs. The Federal Land Policy and wildlife in general. Management Act of 1976 (FLPMA) formalizes the principles of multiple use and sustained yield as Bureau missions. Wildlife is identified as one Authority. of the principal or major uses of public lands. Management and preservation of wildlife as a The past decade has seen great changes in the principal multiple use results in a goal of main­ attitudes of the public towards use of lands tenance of habitat diversity. In fact, present which BLM administers under its multiple-use habitat diversity on BLM-administered lands mandate, FLPMA. Such changes have resulted in exceeds that on the lands of any other landowner improved management of natural resources on in the Nation--governmental or private. High public lands, including wildlife resources. Vast diversity and low human disturbance within food expanses of prairie, deserts, mountains, and chains generally yield healthy raptor populations forests, as well as special habitats (floodplains, at the tops of those chains. Healthy populations islands, cliffs, and rock outcrops) provide shelter offer more management options for maintenance and food for both game and nongame wildlife, or improvement of their well-being than do furnish nesting sites and nourishment for mil­ threatened or endangered species for which strin­ lions of birds, and fascinate those people who gent management strategies necessary for recov- enjoy open space and natural settings. FEBRUARY, 1989 RAPTOR MANAGEMENT ON PUBUC LANDS 3

Figure 2. The Bureau's Snake River Birds of Prey Area in southwestern Idaho is exemplary of the importance of biological diversity on public lands to raptors. (BLM photo.)

Indeed, some of the Nation's most important In the development and revision of land use raptor habitats exist on public lands (Fig. 2), and plans, the Secretary shaU -- therein lies the essence of the Bureau's respon­ sibility as set forth in FLPMA: "give priority to the designation and protection of areas of critical environmen­ "The Congress declares that it is the po1icy of tal concern;" the United States that ... management be on the basis of multiple use and sustained yield "consider the relative scarcity of the values unless otherwise specified by law; the public involved ... ;" and lands be managed in a manner that will pro­ tect the quality of scientific, scenic, historical, "coordinate the land use inventory, plan­ ecological, environmental, air and atmos­ ning, and management activities of or for phere, water resource, and archaeological such lands with the land use plamring and values; that, where appropriate, will preserve management programs of other Federal and protect certain public lands in their departments and agencies and of States and natural condition; that will provide food and local governments within which the lands habitat for fish and wildlife and domestic are located ...." animals; and that will provide for outdoor recreation and human occupancy and The principal management respon~ibi1ity of use ...." BLM in relation to wildlife concerns habitat. State wildlife agencies and the U.S. Fish and "The Secretary shall prepare and maintain on Wildlife Service (FWS) have responsibility for a continuing basis an inventory of aU public species management, though the two respon­ lands and their resource and other values .... " sibilities cannot--and need not!--be separated 4 OLENDORFF ET AL. RRRNO. 8 completely, particularly in light of the Endan­ tions, and Timber Management Plans for forestry gered Species Act of 1973 and recent U.S. programs, are prepared to implement Resource Supreme Court decisions regarding the authority Management Plans (land-use plans) in a particu­ of the Federal Government over wildlife on lar area. In many cases wildlife (raptor) needs Federal lands. are considered and met as components of such activity plans. Examples include prescribed burn­ BLM Procedures and Policies Relating to Raptor ing to improve deer range which might also Habitat. increase vulnerability of raptor prey; cattle exclosures to preserve riparian areas which couJd A. Inventory. Bureau policy instructs that provide nest sites for raptors; and design of wildlife inventories be conducted to provide timber sale areas which might protect spotted information needed for management of ELM­ owl nesting territories or create open canopy administered lands. Inventories are done in areas to facilitate hunting by Northern Gos­ response to Bureau planning or as part of envi­ hawks. (Note: Scientific names of all raptor ronmental work (NEPA compliance) associated species mentioned in this text are included in with specific projects. Through these means, and Appendix 2.) through monitoring and research, the Bureau has amassed considerable information on raptors and C. Environmental Review. Planning docu­ their habitats--and will continue to do so. ments require maintenance and amendment to re­ main current. Updating is accomplished at least B. Planning. Raptor habitat and its manage­ in part through implementation of Bureau policy ment are primarily considered through the Bur­ to ensure that Bureau planning and NEP A com­ eau's Planning System. Land-use plans, prepared pliance efforts are integrated. These processes under the provisions of FLPMA, are based in provide a clear and logical progression from part on the continuing inventory mandated by planning through accomplishment, thereby avoid­ that law. Means of protecting and managing ing duplication of effort to the extent pos­ wildlife habitat and other resources are identified sible. Through the development of NEP A docu­ in planning processes. Management alternatives ments and implementation of resulting decisions, are developed, analyzed, and published as a plan project-by-project efforts to manage and pro­ and/or associated environmental documents for tect wildlife and wildlife habitats on public lands review and comment. The plans, called Resource are accomplished (Fig. 4). Management Plans, are subsequently made final and approved. Older Management Framework In the absence of complete planning system Plans are being replaced by newer Resource data and documents, the Bureau often has an Management Plans. immediate need for better information with which to make project-specific recommendations. Rap­ Bureau pJanning policy includes application tor habitat management objectives are usually of the principle of multiple use/sustained yield; developed during the preparation of environmen­ use of a systematic interdisciplinary approach to tal compliance documents (environmental assess­ achieve integrated consideration of physical, ments, impact statements, impact reports, etc.) biological, economic, social, and environmental required by NEPA and associated regulations (40 aspects of public land management; giving pri­ CFR 1500-1508). Gathering data for envi­ ority to identification, designation, protection, ronmental documents does not, however, yield and management of Areas of Critical Environ­ all necessary information, such as trend data. mental Concern; considering the relative scarcity of the values involved; weighing long-term vs. D. Monitoring. Bureau policy is to implement short-term benefits and detriments; and extensive monitoring activities that reflect a long-term coordination with other Federal departments and commitment to management of renewable re­ agencies, State and local governments, and sources and that will assist in evaluation of cu­ Indian tribes. mulative impacts of implementing land-use plans and records of decision. Site-specific activity plans, such as Habitat Management Plans for wildlife (Fig. 3 ), Allot­ BLM monitoring for the benefit of wildlife ment Management Plans for grazing prescrip- occurs in five forms: FEBRUARY, 1989 RAPTOR MANAGEMENT ON PUBUC LANDS 5

Figure 3a. This forest in the BLM Susanville District, California, was manicured by prison workers to reduce the fuel load of downed timber and brush, thereby protecting a Bald Eagle territory and nest tree from wildfires. (Photo by S. Hawks.)

Figure 3b. Here the brush has been piled for subsequent burning or removal. This is one of several recommendations in a Habitat Management Plan written especially for this eagle territory. (Photo by S. Hawks.) 6 OLENDORFF ET AL. RRRNO. 8

5) monitoring to determine if mitigation measures are effective.

While a broader BLM raptor habitat moni­ toring program is needed, great strides have been made in recent years. Also, as technology is developed for evaluating general effects of surface-disturbing activities, raptors may be useful as indicators of the vigor of ecosystems and thus would take on a greater significance in the Bureau's efforts to monitor habitat quality.

Interagency Coordination and Cooperation.

Coordination and cooperation are very impor­ tant attributes of the Bureau's program to manage and conserve raptors and their habitats. Such coordination and cooperation is accom­ plished primarily through compliance with the FLPMA (see above); the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended; the Sikes Act; national level interagency memoranda of agreement; BLM/state intergovernmental memoranda of understanding; cooperative planning efforts; var­ ious other Federal environmental and wildlife laws; where enacted, similar state legislation; etc.

Figure 4. This artificial nest stmcture was one A. Management of Candidate, Threatened, and of several required in a BLM deci­ Endangered Species. Bureau policy is to con­ sion document to mitigate the effects serve federally listed and state-listed endan­ of a new power transmission line gered or threatened species and to utilize its through southern Idaho and Oregon. authorities to further the pmposes of the (BLM photo.) Endangered Species Act. Some of the most extensive cooperation and coordination between 1) monitoring to determine population trends BLM and FWS involves project-by-project con­ (e.g., Golden Eagles and Prairie Falcons in sultation on all Bureau actions which may affect Idaho, Spotted Owls in Oregon, Peregrine threatened or endangered species or modify or Falcons in California, Ferruginous Hawks in adversely affect their critical habitats. Hun­ Oregon and Wyoming, the nationwide mid­ dreds of Bureau actions receive scrutiny each winter Bald Eagle census, etc. (Fig. 5)); year pursuant to Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act. 2) monitoring to determine habitat trends; Considerable protection is provided to habitat 3) monitoring of actions called for in Habitat of officially listed species, such as the Bald Management Plans and other activity plans Eagle, Peregrine Falcon, and California Condor (e.g., Snake River Birds of Prey Area in (Fig. 6), as well as to that of species which are Idaho, Mt. Dome Bald Eagle Roost in Cali­ candidates for listing: Swainson's Hawk, Ferru­ fornia, Burro Creek and Aravaipa Canyon in ginous Hawk, and Northern Spotted Owl. Pro­ Arizona, Colville River in Alaska, etc.); tection is given through development (in coop­ eration with the FWS) and implementation of 4) monitoring compliance with stipulations reasonable and prudent alternatives, advisory contained in Bureau decision documents; and recommendations, and statements of incidental FEBRUARY, 1989 RAPTOR MANAGEMENT ON PUBUC LANDS 7

Figure 5. Monitoring to determine population trends for Spotted Owls (5a), Golden Eagles (5b), Peregrine Falcons (5c), Ferruginous Hawks (5d), and other species is an important Bureau program. (Photos by BLM, R. Olendorff, J. Keller, and M. Hilliard, respectively.)

Figure 5a. Figure 5b.

Figure 5c. Figure 5d. 8 OLENDORFF ET AL. RRRNO. 8

Figure 6. Candidate, threatened, or endangered species which occur (or have occurred) extensively on public lands include the Bald Eagle (6a), Peregrine Falcon (6b), California Condor (6c), and the state-listed (in California) Swainson's Hawk (6d). (Photos by S. Hawks, S. Ambrose, D. Carrier, and R. Olendorff, respectively.)

Figure 6a. Figure 6b.

Figure 6c. Figure 6d. FEBRUARY, 1989 RAPTOR MANAGEMENT ON PUBUC LANDS 9 take which form the substance of Section 7 under this title within the State on public land biological opinions and FWS responses to which is under his jurisdiction ...." requests for informal consultations and technical assistance. "Each cooperative agreement entered into under this subsection shall ... provide for fish Many BLM State Directors consider candi­ and wildlife habitat improvements or modi­ date species to also be BLM sensitive species. fications, or both; provide for range reha­ Bureau policy ensures that crucial habitats of bilitation where necessary for support of wild­ sensitive species will be managed and/or con­ life; provide adequate protection for fish and served to minimize the need for future listing by wildlife officially classified as threatened or either Federal or state governments. endangered ... ; (and) require the control of off-road vehicle traffic ...." Cooperation and coordination are also fos­ tered through BLM participation on recovery These statements from the Sikes Act have teams and through BLM implementation of been incorporated as Bureau policy. All Habitat recovery plan recommendations. Most raptor Management Plans are to be prepared under recovery teams in the western United States have Sikes Act authority unless state wildlife agencies BLM representatives. In addition, numerous choose not to participate. interagency working teams, task forces, and other advisory groups have been formed to direct Research, Development, Studies, and Informa­ implementation of recovery plans or to develop tion Transfur. and implement other plans that benefit raptors. BLM representation on these groups is very The Bureau has been a leader in raptor habitat active and productive. management research, development, and infor­ mation transfer for nearly two decades. Several B. Management of Other Special Statns wildlife biologists at various organizational lev­ Species. Other Special Status Species include els (Washington, Denver Service Center, State, BLM sensitive species and state-listed species. District, and Resource Area Offices) are raptor According to policy, the Bureau must ensure that specialists. Expertise coupled with the multiple­ actions authorized, funded, or carried out do not use/sustained-yield mission of the Bureau led contribute to the need to federally list any spe­ naturally to habitat considerations to benefit rap­ cies as threatened or endangered. Evaluation of tors. BLM has conducted hundreds of raptor re­ Bureau actions includes requests for technical search projects, studies, and inventories span­ assistance from FWS and state wildlife agencies, ning everything from intensive research neces­ cooperatively funded surveys and monitoring sary to establish and maintain the Snake River efforts, sharing of data and expertise, etc. Birds of Prey Area in Idaho (Fig. 7), to very specialized studies of Peregrine Falcon foraging C. Implementation of the Sikes Act. Most of habits in California, to both extensive and in­ the Bureau's Habitat Management Plans are tensive raptor censuses throughout the West and developed under the Sikes Act, Title 2-­ Alaska. Conservation Programs on Certain Public Land. Strong BLM/state wildlife agency cooperation is A Research and Development BLM research mandatory for all Sikes Act Habitat Man­ and development policy states that projects shall agement Plans: be applied and necessary to provide management direction. Research needs of the Bureau are "The Secretary of the Interior ... shall, in identified in Statements of Need prepared by cooperation with the State agencies ... , plan, field office staffs, primarily Resource Area and develop, maintain, and coordinate programs District Offices and the Denver Service Center. for the conservation and rehabilitation of Statements are reviewed at higher levels, and wildlife, fish, and game ...." authorizations to develop Project Prospectuses (proposals) are given, as appropriate. Approved "Each State may enter into a cooperative research and development projects are conducted agreement with ... the Secretary of the and evaluated, data are analyzed, and reports are Interior with respect to those conservation and written and distributed according to a fom1al rehabilitation programs to be implemented process with two- to three-year lead times and 10 OLENDORFF ET AL. RRRNO. 8

Figure 7. The Bureau's Snake River Birds of Prey Area research project is known worldwide for its contributions to raptor biology in general and raptor management in particular. (Photo by L. Offedahl.) very close scrutiny by management at all levels. formation transfer obligations, several Bureau Major raptor research by the Bureau includes the initiatives are also important. Literature-based Snake River Birds of Prey Area Project, Spotted information systems in the Boise District Office Owl studies associated with a large, multi­ and California State Office of BLM are the agency old growth research program in the largest such computerized systems specializing Pacific states, and the Cache Creek Bald Eagle in raptors. Information is received from all over study in California. the world and is compiled, computer listed, and made available to anyone interested at standard B. Studies. While not generally considered U.S. Government fees. Existing technology trans­ research by the Bureau, studies account for much fer programs handle hundreds of inquiries each of the Bureau's information gathering to benefit year from specialists, consultants, academicians, raptors and their habitats. Studies are distin­ and managers. BLM specialists are also active in guished from research projects as being short­ attending professional conferences to share their termed, small in scope, site specific, and directly expertise. applicable to immediate management needs. Special Raptor Projects Conducted by BIM. C. Information Transfer. BLM policy is to include technology transfer plans in all project As results of BLM's overall raptor program prospectuses and to transfer sensitive raptor in­ founded in the Bureau Planning System, envi­ formation (e.g, nest locations) only on a need­ ronmental assessment process, and decision­ to-know basis. In addition to project-driven in- making process, several projects are particularly FEBRUARY, 1989 RAPTOR MANAGEMENT ON PUBLIC LANDS 11 noteworthy for their beneficial effects on raptors provtswn of artificial nest sites. The area has and raptor habitats. These include projects that been (and still is) a site for long-term studies and protect raptors directly, recovery programs for monitoring. A research, studies, and monitoring endangered species, and information transfer management plan has also been developed. mechanisms. The SRBPA is one of the world's premiere A Special Areas With Extremely High Rap­ Key Raptor Areas and is internationally signif­ tor Habitat Values. Additional information icant as an example of sound raptor habitat about areas described below can be found in management and protection. Knowledge that has Appendix 1 or by contacting the responsible resulted from SRBPA research over the past 15 BLM Office (telephone numbers also listed in years is now broadly accepted as an important Appendix 1 for each area). contribution to basic predation theory and to our knowledge of raptor population dynamics, as 1. Snake River Birds of Prey Area. The well as to applied raptor management and con­ Snake River Birds of Prey Area (SRBPA) is in servation. the BLM Boise District of Idaho and contains 601,000 acres along 80 miles of the Snake River, 2. Colville River Special Area. The of which 482,640 acres are public land. The Colville River Special Area occupies over two Snake River Canyon is the principal geologic million acres in a corridor along the Colville and habitat feature of the area. Occasional buttes River in northwestern Alaska (Fig. 8). Excepting on benchlands above the canyon also provide the last few miles, where the river passes through nest sites. Other special habitat features include the Arctic Coastal Plain approaching outfall in small wooded groves, a riparian zone, and bums. the Arctic Ocean, the Colville River flows over Abundant prey resources occur on the bench­ 190 miles through the foothills of the Brooks lands above the canyon. Man-made features in­ Range. Numerous river bluffs and cliffs have clude utility lines, artificial nesting structures, been cut along hills and ridges. Riparian willow and vegetation manipulations. Major potential (Salix spp.) communities occupy lowlands, conflicts are wildfires, off-road vehicle use, rec­ gravel bars, and some of larger, more stable reational use, grazing, farming, military activity, islands. Typical arctic tundra communities occur utility lines, aircraft, roads, and pipelines. inland and on bluffs and raised areas along the river. The SRBPA contains the highest density of non-colonial nesting raptors along any linear The corridor along the Colville was estab­ feature in North America. More than 700 pairs of lished as a special area because of its recognized 15 raptor species nest in the canyon, and another raptor habitat and high density of several cliff­ 10 species winter in or migrate through the area. nesting raptors. Peregrine Falcons, Gyrfalcons, An estimated 4% of Prairie Falcons in North and Rough-legged Hawks are common nesters; America nest in the SRBPA. Other major nesting Short-eared Owls and Northern Harriers may raptor species include the Golden Eagle, Red­ occasionally nest on adjacent wetlands. Golden tailed Hawk, Ferruginous Hawk, Northern Har­ Eagles, nesting in mountains to the south, rier, Common Bam-Owl, Long-eared Owl, and occasionally forage along the river corridor. Burrowing Owl. Bald Eagles and Rough-legged Hawks are primary winter visitors. Nesting Peregrines along the Colville de­ clined dramatically beginning in the late 1960s The area is managed through a Management and 1970s because of pesticide contamination of Framework Plan and the Birds of Prey Man­ their non-breeding ground food chain in Latin agement Plan. According to these plans, multiple America. By the mid-1980s the number of pairs use in the SRBPA includes only uses which are and their reproductive output had recovered equal compatible with raptors. Management actions to or above known precontamination levels. taken in the SRBPA involve access restriction, buffer zones, easements, land exchanges, land Current management practices consist of an­ withdrawals, land purchases, law enforcement, nual monitoring of large numbers of breeding nest site protection, power line modification, pairs. Restrictions are in force to prevent aircraft stipulations on projects, visitor use management, from flying below certain altitudes and disturb­ vegetation rehabilitation to enhance prey, and ing raptors while nesting. Potential conflicts 12 OLENDORFF ET AL. RRRNO. 8

Figure 8. The Colville River Special Area north of the Brooks Range in Alaska has high densities of Peregrine Falcons, Gyrfalcons, and Rough-legged Hawks (shown here). These raptor populations are given special management attention throughout this two-million-acre area. (Photo by J. Haugh.) include oil and gas exploration and development Los Medanos is significant for both diversity activities, including possible pipeline construc­ and density of raptors present. More than 20 tion should economical oil and gas reserves be raptor species are known to use the area, and the discovered. Little, if any, oil and gas activity is number of nests, nearly 2 nests/sq mi, is one of presently occurring in the area. Recreational the highest densities of breeding raptors de­ activities, especially floating, are potentially a scribed anywhere. Species nesting in greatest greater conflict than mineral exploration. numbers include the Harris' Hawk, Swainson's Hawk, and Great Homed Owl (Fig. 9). 3. Los Medanos Raptor Area. The Los Medanos Raptor Area in southeastern New Current management activities include nest Mexico occupies 89,360 acres of southwestern site protection and enhancement. Oil and gas desert habitat. The area is characterized by activities are limited by requiring that surface rolling sandy terrain covered by mesquite-oak disturbances, such as seismic tests and drilling, (Prosopis sp.-Quercus sp.) shrub. Activities in within 1/2 mile of occupied nests be delayed un­ the area which may potentially conflict with til after young are fledged. Disturbed areas must raptor nesting include oil and gas development, be reclaimed following completion of extrac­ mining activities (including seismic tests and tion projects. Tree planting and related activities drilling), pipelines and utility lines, grazing, and are designed to enhance prey habitat and pro­ off-road vehicles. vide perches and additional nesting opportuni- FEBRUARY, 1989 RA.PTOR MANAGEMENT ON PUBLIC LANDS 13

Figure 9. Species nesting in greatest numbers on the Los Medanos Raptor Area in southeastern New Mexico include the Harris' Hawk (nest and young shown here), Swainson's Hawk, and Great Homed Owl. (Photo by J. Juen.)

ties. Present management and research activities Harriers and Ferruginous Hawks occur in the are expected to continue. area during the non-breeding season.

4. San Pedro River Riparian Area. The The San Pedro River Riparian Area contains a San Pedro River Riparian Area contains 43,000 major portion of the nesting Gray Hawk popu­ acres of public land along a 34-mile stretch of lation in the United States. Before acquisition of the San Pedro River in BLM's Safford District the area no known Gray Hawk nests occurred on near Sierra Vista, Arizona (Fig. 10). This unique public lands. The San Pedro area is an example riparian area was acquired by BLM through a of how implementation of BLM's riparian policy land exchange in 1986. The area is dominated by can benefit raptors, and an example of an ag­ a mature cottonwood (Populus sp.) riparian zone gressive land acquisition program for improve­ which is surrounded by desert scrub and farm­ ment of wildlife resources. land. Principal habitat features include tree groves, mature gallery forests, washes, old fields, A Resource Management Plan is being de­ ponds, and abandoned homesites. Utility lines, veloped for the San Pedro area to be completed urbanization, wildfire, and aircraft are potential early in 1989. The area is currently under an conflicts. The Gray Hawk, Cooper's Hawk, interim management plan which partially closes Great Homed Owl, and Western Screech-Owl it to public access and calls for intensive inven­ are the main nesting species of the area. Northern tories and completion of a long-term monitoring 14 OLENDORFF ET AL. RRRNO. 8

Figure 10. The Bureau's San Pedro River Riparian Area, near Sierra Vista, Arizona, contains a major portion of the nesting Gray Hawk population in the United States; few, if any, of these hawks existed in public ownership before its acquisition. Currently, much of the area is closed to public access and is undergoing intensive inventory and plan development. (Photo by M. Cordano.) plan. Major management actions include land such as rock outcrops, dry washes, rodent exchanges, law enforcement, nest site protection, colonies, utility lines, and alkali sinks. The off-road vehicle control, and riparian manage­ predominant hydrologic feature is Soda Lake, ment. Resource Management Plan will be com­ which attracts large numbers of migrating and pleted late in 1988. Raptor inventories of the non-breeding birds each year. Potential conflicts area are nearly complete. with wildlife resources in the area include oil and gas development, mining, farming, grazing, 5. Carrizo Plains Natural Heritage Preserve. urbanization, off-road vehicle use, and solar The Carrizo Plains Natural Heritage Preserve is a energy development. 180,000-acre block of undeveloped land 50 miles west of Bakersfield, California, slated for The importance of the Carrizo Plains to rap­ large-scale land acquisition to preserve the last tors is as prime non-breeding habitat for Golden remnant of San Joaquin Valley floor wildlands Eagles, Prairie Falcons, Ferruginous Hawks, (Fig. 11). The preserve will be managed by BLM Peregrine Falcons, Bald Eagles, etc. The Preserve in cooperation with numerous Federal, state, is another example of BLM's aggressive land local, and private entities. Included in the area acquisition/consolidation program, the FWS Hab­ are shrubsteppe, grassland, and wetland habi­ itat Conservation Planning process authorized tats, as well as many special habitat features, under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, and FEBRUARY, 1989 RAPTOR MANAGEMENT ON PUBLIC LANDS 15

Figure 11. The Carrizo Plains Natural Heritage Preserve, 50 miles west of Bakersfield, California, is a large-scale (180,000-acre) land acquisition program with heavy BLM involvement. Its primary justification is habitat protection for several endangered reptiles, mammals, and plants, but it is also prime wintering habitat for Golden Eagles, Prairie Falcons, Ferruginous Hawks, Peregrine Falcons, etc. (Photo by A. Young.) cooperative efforts of The Nature Conservancy. fir (Abies concolor), pinyon (Pinus sp.), and The Carrizo also figures into the California bristle-cone pine (P. aristata). Principal migrat­ Condor release program as a foraging area ing raptors are the Sharp-shinned Hawk, toward which released birds will be encouraged Red-tailed Hawk, Cooper's Hawk, and American to disperse through provisioning. Reintroduction Kestrel, though large numbers of Golden Eagles, of large herbivores--Pronghorn (Antilocapra Turkey Vultures, Swainson's Hawks, Northern americana) and Tule Elk (Cervus elaphus Harriers, and Northern Goshawks are also seen. nannodes)--into the Carrizo Plains may also In all, a total of 18 species of diurnal raptors encourage future condor use. have been observed by Goshute Raptor Mi­ gration Project observers. 6. Goshute Raptor Migration Concentra­ tion Area. Located in the Goshute Mountains in BLM administers the land used for observing east-central Nevada, about 5,000 feet above the and trapping raptors at the principal lookout. The Bonneville Salt Flats of Utah, is one of the best Bureau's Elko District Office issues special use raptor migration lookouts in western North permits to the Western Foundation for Raptor America (Fig. 12). The site itself is a small Conservation, Inc., a private nonprofit organi­ limestone outcrop surrounded by a montane zation that oversees and operates the Goshute forest consisting of juniper (Juniperus sp.), white Raptor Migration Project. The Bureau also pro- 16 OLENDORFF ET AL. RRRNO. 8

7. Lower Klamath Basin. BLM admin­ isters important raptor habitats adjacent to the Klamath Basin National Wildlife Refuge in ex­ treme north-central California and south-central Oregon. Three particularly noteworthy BLM raptor resources are 1) the Mt. Dome Bald Eagle winter roost (up to 250 birds) and nest site, 2) an upland area densely populated by Swainson's Hawks, and 3) a healthy Prairie Falcon popu­ lation that is providing a means of reintro­ ducing Peregrine Falcons to the area through cross-fostering. The especially diverse area is characterized by coniferous forest, shrubsteppe, and wetland habitats, with numerous special habitat features: cliffs, rock outcrops, snags, old growth forest, ponds, lakes, etc. Potential con­ flicts with raptors include mining activities, con­ struction of power lines, farming, wildfire, and organochlorine pesticide contamination.

Maintenance of diverse habitats in the Lower Klamath Basin has required detailed planning and concerted effort to manage for the special habitat features present. The Mt. Dome Bald Eagle roost, for example, is particularly vul­ nerable to wildfire. The Mt. Dome Habitat Man­ agement Plan developed by the Bureau includes state-of-the-art silvicultural prescriptions to maintain Bald Eagle habitat. The Peregrine Figure 12. The Goshute Raptor Migration Con­ Falcon/Prairie Falcon cross-fostering effort also centration Area on BLM-adminis­ required detailed habitat management planning tered lands in east-central Nevada is because of the interagency cooperation neces­ one of the best hawk migration sary. California Department of Fish and Game, lookouts and banding stations in U.S. National Park Service (NPS), FWS, U.S. western North America. Accipiters, Forest Service (USFS), BLM, and Santa Cruz such as this Northern Goshawk, are Predatory Bird Research Group all have coop­ the most commonly seen species. erated in the program. In fact, four govermnen­ (BLM photo.) tal agencies are cosigners of the plan. vides helicopter support, tools, water containers, Interagency coordination and cooperation are communications equipment, and certain admin­ important management tools for promoting con­ istrative support. servation of high raptor resource values. Public lands are often adjacent to or interspersed with Cooperation between BLM and private users private lands and lands administered by other of public lands is an important method of agencies. The Bureau's management effective­ gathering information about public land re­ ness is greatly enhanced through cooperation and sources. In this case, private initiative has coordination with others. spawned a significant effort to learn about raptor movements and population trends in western 8. Aravaipa Canyon. The 7,000-acre Ara­ North America. Although potential for land-use vaipa Canyon Wilderness Area in Arizona con­ conflicts in this area is low, such information tains a perennial stream bordered by a lush ri­ will greatly improve the quality of land man­ parian community within a 700-foot-deep can­ agement decisions which might affect impor­ yon (Fig. 13). Above the canyon walls are desert tant raptor habitats in the future. grassland and Sonoran desert communities. The FEBRUARY, 1989 RAPTOR MANAGEMENT ON PUBLIC LANDS 17

Figure 13. Aravaipa Canyon, a BLM designated wilderness, is a world renowned bird watching stop in Arizona. The nesting raptor population is abundant and diverse, with Black Hawks and Zone-tailed Hawks being sought for everyone's life list. (BLM photo.)

Bureau manages 60,000 acres of a 70,000-acre Visiting the canyon requires an access permit block of watershed surrounding a 10-mile strip and payment of a daily fee; a maximum of 50 of designated wilderness. Scattered trees occur visitor permits may be issued each day. BLM has along the stream with some, especially syca­ used land exchange authorities to effectively more (Platanus sp.) and cottonwood trees, reach­ acquire additional land and to provide better ing considerable size. Oiffs, bluffs, and rock protection for the area. Despite protective mea­ outcrops occur along the sides of the canyon and sures, hiking, camping below nests, and other are periodically interrupted by narrow side can­ recreational activities are still potential conflicts yons. Occasional springs and seeps are found the with nesting raptors. Upstream mining (leaching length of the canyon. of heavy metals), agriculture (pesticides from farmland runoff), and erosion caused by poorly Aravaipa Canyon is significant for the large managed livestock operations are also potential numbers of Black Hawks and Zone-tailed Hawks conflicts. nesting in a wilderness setting with spectacular visual qualities. Breeding Coopers Hawks, Gold­ B. Programs for Special Status Species. en Eagles, Peregrine Falcons, Prairie Falcons, Turkey Vultures, and other raptors also occur, 1. California Condor. A Bureau represen­ along with a high diversity of non-raptorial birds tative has been on the California Condor Recov­ and other vertebrates. ery Team for over 15 years. BLM's principal on-the-ground involvement is on Blue Ridge, BLM manages Aravaipa Canyon as a riparian Tulare County, an officially designated Critical wilderness area with limited human access. Habitat Zone. The California State Office is also 18 OLENDORFF ET AL. RRRNO. 8

compiling a computerized literature retrieval species. Dozens of pairs of Bald Eagles nest on system for the 4,000+ documents concerning or adjacent to public lands in the West. Thou­ condors. sands of Bald Eagles use public lands for for­ aging and roosting during nonbreeding periods. The Blue Ridge Habitat Management Plan Bureau employees have provided considerable completed in 1985 is designed to maintain and manpower for annual Bald Eagle midwinter cen­ improve habitat conditions for California Con­ suses coordinated by the National Wildlife Fed­ dors. Now that all condors are in captivity for an eration. undetermined amount of time, management of Blue Ridge for condors has temporarily become BLM has also sponsored/cooperated on sev­ low priority. The general area is being con­ eral Bald Eagle research projects including analy­ sidered as a release site for reestablishing a tree­ sis of new power line routes through important nesting population of condors in the Sierras, but Bald Eagle habitat in California, nest site char­ such releases are probably a decade or more acteristics in Montana, radio-telemetry studies in away. Blue Ridge will continue to be considered Utah, and recreation impacts along rivers in condor habitat until reoccupancy is no longer Alaska. The Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem considered feasible. Bald Eagle effort has been chaired by a BLM employee, and the Team Leader of the Pacific 2. Peregrine Falcon. Of 223 Key Raptor Bald Eagle Recovery Team is from the Bureau. Areas identified on public lands (see below), 56 Most states have Bald Eagle working teams on (30.1%) include Peregrine Falcons as a principal which BLM employees participate fully. species. BLM has strongly supported the Pere­ grine Falcon recovery efforts of The Peregrine 4. Ferruginous Hawk. Of 223 Key Raptor Fund, Inc., since 1975, to include funding not Areas identified on public lands (see below), 58 just for releasing birds, but for captive breeding (26.0%) include the Ferruginous Hawk as a as well. Although varying from state to state, principal SJ?ecies. Nesting Ferruginous Hawks are BLM commonly takes responsibility for moni­ very sensitive to human disturbance in many situ­ toring Peregrine Falcon reproductive success and ations. This sensitivity was cited as a major justi­ protection of Peregrine nest sites on and im­ fication for listing as a candidate species, a status mediately adjacent to public lands. certain to generate petitions every few years to list the species as threatened or endangered. The most active effort of this kind involves the Pacific Coast Peregrine Falcon population, The Bureau has been managing for Ferru­ the nucleus (over 60 pairs) of which nests within ginous Hawk habitat and adjusting projects to the boundaries of BLM's Ukiah (California) benefit the species for more than a decade. Many District. BLM has recently assumed the lead role populations are inventoried and monitored each for coordinating Peregrine Falcon monitoring in year. Several areas have highly successful arti­ California among five principal agencies in­ ficial nesting platform projects. Habitat conver­ volved. The effort will lead to an evaluation of sion projects (primarily conversion of large sage­ recovery in California and export of technology brush (Artemisia sp.) stands or pinyon-juniper to other areas where recovery may be lagging. forests to grassland) are generally planned to create mosaics of grassland and brush or forest-­ In addition, BLM is involved with about 15 rather than large blocks of monoculture--which Peregrine Falcon hacking efforts in five states. In benefit Ferruginous Hawks as well as their prey at least two states, new active nests have been species. established on public lands by hacked birds. In fact, funding of Peregrine Falcon hacking on Of prime importance to Ferruginous Hawks in public lands in most states is handled through a coal producing states are coal suitability criteria Washington Office level cooperative agreement used to benefit the species. Criteria are founded with The Peregrine Fund, Inc. in Federal regulations (43 CFR 3451.1(n)) and prescribe that BLM may issue a coal lease only 3. Bald Eagle. Of 223 Key Raptor Areas after consultation with FWS to ensure that all or identified on public lands (see below), 95 certain stipulated methods of coal mining will (51.1%) include the Bald Eagle as a principal not adversely affect Ferruginous Hawk habitat FEBRUARY, 1989 RAPTOR MANAGEMENT ON PUBUC LANDS 19 during periods when such habitat is used by the ing to ensure that population status of the species. Coal suitability criteria are also Spotted Owl does not decline to a level where commonly used to protect nesting areas of Bald Federal listing under the Endangered Species Act Eagles, Peregrine Falcons, Golden Eagles, would be required. Each agency will also coop­ Ospreys, Burrowing Owls, Cooper's Hawks, erate and share scientific data on Spotted Owls Zone-tailed Hawks, Prairie Falcons, and several toward reaching a common goal. other raptor species. C. Power Line Studies and Policy. 5. Northern Spotted Owl The Northern Spotted Owl occurs in significant numbers on 1. Suggested Practices for Raptor Protec­ public lands only in the forests of western tion on Power Lines. In 1981 Edison Electric Oregon. In northern California, BLM holdings Institute (EEl) provided funding to the BLM consist largely of scattered tracts and very little California State Office for production of a man­ old growth which provides nesting habitat for ual discussing raptor electrocution and recom­ less than 20 known pairs of this candidate mendations to minimize the problem. The manual species. By contrast, hundreds of pairs occur on is properly cited as follows: USPS lands at higher elevations in California. Olendorff, R.R., A.D. Miller, and R.N. Management and protection of Spotted Owl Lehman. 1981. Suggested practices for raptor habitat in Oregon is an integral part of the old protection on power lines--the state of the art growth forest issue championed by a large in 1981. Raptor Research Report No. 4. coalition of conservation groups. Depending on 111 pp. the outcome of court challenges, BLM intends to specify standards and guidelines for Spotted Owl The manual is available for $20.00 U.S. funds habitat management as part of its land manage­ (plus postage and handling) from: ment planning process. Specifications will be developed when land-use plans for the 1990s are revised on schedule. The planning system has The Raptor Research Foundation, Inc. resolved controversial issues in hundreds of Office of the Treasurer cases with full public involvement. Successful Carpenter Nature Center resolution of the old growth/Spotted Owl/timber 12805 St. Croix Trail management issue on public lands should not be Hastings, MN 55033 an exception. Telephone: (612) 437-4359.

In preparation for revising pertinent plans, Bureau wildlife biologists are annually moni­ The manual has become both the industry and toring Spotted Owl nesting activity on public government standard for power line projects lands. The same is occurring in all involved across the nation, not only for new construction Oregon BLM Districts with first priority placed but also for retrofitting existing lines, where on habitat areas covered in an intergovernmental appropriate, for raptor safety. The result has been agreement between the Bureau and the Oregon that large numbers of electrocuted Golden Eagles Department of Fish and Wildlife. The agreement are reported much less often than a decade ago. will be in effect until replaced by the Bureau's Electrocutions of individual birds will never be 1990 decadal plan for timber management in prevented entirely, but much of the problem has western Oregon. Additional monitoring is done been rectified. Location and elimination of as funding and manpower permit. BLM also is occasional"hot spots" continues. participating in several cooperative research projects and is involved on numerous special In 1982 BLM incorporated the manual into teams and advisory groups which coordinate and the Bureau's manual system (BLM Manual Sec­ cooperate on Spotted Owl management issues tion 2851--Prevention of Raptor Electrocution and strategies. on Power Lines). Both modifications of existing lines and proposed tower designs on public lands In addition, BLM, FWS, USPS, and NPS must comply with standards identified in "Sug­ recently signed a Memorandum of Understand- gested Practices." 20 OLENDORFF ET AL. RRRNO. 8

2. Raptor Collisions with Power Lines. In shoot of related projects funded by EEl and the 1985 Pacific Gas and Electric Company pro­ Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). vided funding to BLM for a worldwide search for reasonably certain instances of raptor colli­ RMIS currently (1/89) consists of 1) over sions with power lines. The resulting publica­ 6,800 original papers, 2) about 20,000 notecards tion is properly cited as follows: with key paragraphs from each paper sorted into 178 keyword categories, and 3) a computer pro­ Olendorff, R.R., and R.N. Lehman. 1986. gram to retrieve keyworded bibliographies by Raptor collisions with utility lines: an analysis species (on all 6,800 papers), keywords (on using subjective field observations. Pacific 1,800 of the 6,800 papers), or both. Computer Gas and Electric Company, 3400 Crow printouts retrieved by geographic location for all Canyon Road, San Ramon, California 94583. 6,800 papers are also available. 73pp. RMIS ha.c;; one special attribute that makes it On the basis of data collected (N=88), col­ different from -- and more helpful than -- most lisions with utility lines do not result in a dis­ other information systems. Nearly all papers cemable effect on population dynamics of rap­ listed in RMIS computerized reports are on file tors, except in cases involving critically endan­ at the California State Office of BLM. Photo­ gered species. Collision with utility lines appar­ copies generally can be obtained through the ently is a random, low-level, and inconsequen­ RMIS, though some papers containing sensitive tial mortality factor of raptor populations. Any data and information must be obtained from the other conclusion is counter to available data. authors. All user requests for RMIS reports should be directed to Richard R. Olendorff, Divi­ 3. Mitigations for New Transmission sion of Lands & Renewable Resources, Bureau Lines. In 1980 Pacific Power and Light Com­ of Land Management, 2800 Cottage Way, Sac­ pany (PPL) built a 500-kV transmission line ramento, California 95825 U.S.A. (or call Com­ from south-central Idaho to central Oregon, a mercial (916) 978-4725; FTS 460-4725). Stan­ distance of 370 miles. Stipulations for construc­ dard government fees are charged for photo­ tion of the line included erection of artificial copies and computer printouts requested by non­ nesting platforms for raptors on 37 new trans­ BIM personnel. mission towers (Fig. 4). Since 1983 SRBPA re­ searchers with PPL funding have monitored 2. Snake River B:inJs of Prey Project raptor use of platforms and transmission towers Literature File. This file includes nearly 6,000 without platforms. Preliminary results indicate papers concerning raptors and raptor habitat that raptors (Golden Eagles, Red-tailed Hawks, management. Unlike RMIS, the file also includes and Ferruginous Hawks) will commonly use papers on all aspects of biology and ecology of nesting platforms and that platforms enhance the SRBPA, such as papers without raptor man­ nesting success for Golden Eagles and Ferru­ agement implications and papers solely about the ginous Hawks. The project is precedent setting, biology of prey species, vegetation communi­ being the first implemented and adequately mon­ ties, and ecological theory in general. Limited itored mitigation of its type. access to papers can be obtained by contacting Michael N. Kochert of the BLM Boise District D. Information Transfer Mechanisms. Office, 3948 Development Avenue, Boise, Idaho 83705 U.S.A. (or call Commercial (208) 334- 1. Raptor Management Information System. 9279; FTS 554-9279). Computer printouts by The Raptor Management Information System author, species, subject, or "searchstring" in titles (RMIS) is a user supported information retrieval or citations can be obtained by contacting system dealing with raptor management, human Richard R. Olendorff, BLM California State impacts on raptors, and mitigation of those im­ Office, 2800 Cottage Way, Sacramento, Cali­ pacts. The scope includes all raptors world­ fornia U.S.A. 95825 (or call Commercial (916) wide. RMIS has been generated in the BLM 978-4725; FTS 460-4725). California State Office (address below) in re­ sponse to land-use planning and environmental 3. BLM Technical Note Series. Between assessment needs of the Bureau and as an off- 1972 and 1975, BLM published a "Habitat FEBRUARY, 1989 RAPTOR MANAGEMENT ON PUBUC LANDS 21

Table 1. Complete list of BLM raptor Technical Notes. (Note: A complete list of nearly 300 BLM-related publications, administrative reports, and other printed matter relating to raptors can be obtained through RMlS at no charge.)

T/NNo. Title Author, Date, Pages

T/N-167 American Peregrine Falcon and Arctic C. Snow. 1972. 35 pp. Peregrine Falcon T/N-171 Southern Bald Eagle and Northern Bald Eagle C. Snow. 1973. 58 pp. T/N-239 Golden Eagle C. Snow. 1973.52 pp. T/N-240 Prairie Falcon C. Snow. 1974. 18 pp. T/N-241 Gyrfalcon C. Snow. 1974. 14 pp. T/N-242 Spotted Owl M. Zam. 1974.22 pp. T/N-250 Burrowing Owl M. Zam. 1974. 25 pp. T/N-254 Osprey M. Zam. 1974. 41 pp. T/N-255 Ferruginous Hawk C. Snow. 1974. 23 pp. T/N-270 Rough-legged Hawk M. Zam. 1975. 23 pp. T/N-271 Merlin S.A. Trimble. 1975. 41 pp. T/N-281 Golden Eagles in Elko County, Nevada D.J. Seibert et al. 1976. 17 pp. T/N-316 Nesting Habitats and Surveying Techniques M.W. Call 1978. 115 pp. for Common Western Raptors T/N-329 BlackHawk J.H. Schnell. 1979. 25 pp. T/N-335 Accipiters S. Jones. 1979. 51 pp. T/N-338 Habitat Management Guides for Birds of Prey M.W. Call. 1979. 70 pp. T/N-345 Raptor Management--the State of the Art in 1980 R.R. Olendorff et at. J980. 56 pp. T/N-355 Distributional Status of Falconiformes B.A. Millsap. 1981. 102 pp. in Westcentral Arizona

Management Series for Unique and Endangered dication of where future planning and manage­ Species" within the existing Technical Note ment efforts should be focused. All Key Areas (T/N) series. Many of these publications deal identified are listed in Appendix 1. Inconsis­ with raptors, and several other raptor T/Ns have tencies in application of the Key Area concept been published since. Table 1 is a complete list wiU be resolved in future refinements of the data of BLM raptor Technical Notes. Nearly aU are base. Time constraints for preparation of this doc­ now out of print. Copies may be obtained from ument required inclusion of all areas submitted. RMIS for standard copy fees, though most of the earlier ones dealing with single species are Key Areas have been defined as follows: largely out of date. A. Biological Cbarncte.ristics

Key Rapto.r Areas Administered by BLM. 1. Areas where unusually high nesting pop­ ulations occur resulting from clustering within or During preparation of this document, aU BLM near special habitat features, high prey popula­ offices were asked to identify Key Raptor Areas tions, and/or low levels of human disturbance; within their District or Resource Area bound­ aries. For the most part, areas were identified by 2. Important raptor migration points re­ staff. Key Area designation does not imply any sulting from a) topographic "leading lines" for legal or management status to areas. Rather, the migration or b) concentrations of raptors in areas intent is to illustrate the extent and diversity of where many other migratory birds (prey species) BLM raptor habitats and to provide some in- stop to forage; or 22 OLENDORFF ET AL. RRRNO. 8

3. Areas where nonbreeding (wintering) Species such as the Whiskered Screech-Owl, raptors congregate to take advantage of special Flammulated Owl, Northern Pygmy-Owl, and roosting and foraging situation<>, including both Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl need special inventory communal roosts and areas with high popula­ and monitoring attention. tions of raptor prey.

Table 2. Distribution of BLM Key Raptor Areas by state (N=223).

1. Areas where consideration of raptors and raptor habitats is a key activity plan issue No. of %of Total (e.g., Habitat Management Plans); and State Key Areas No. of Key Areas 2. Areas where raptor populations and hab­ itats require special consideration in environ­ Alaska 7 3.1 mental and decision documents to avoid undue Arizona 27 12.1 loss of commodity production (oil and gas, coal, California (Nevada) 24 10.8 gravel, etc.) or unjustifiable loss of raptor values. Colorado 13 5.8 Idaho 16 7.2 A total of 223 Key Raptor Areas were iden­ Montana (North Dakota) 19 8.5 tified in the 11 major BLM states (Table 2). The New Mexico (Oklahoma) 12 5.4 areas include some 24 million acres, of which Nevada 5 2.2 about 13.5 million acres are public lands. These Oregon (Washington) 40 17.9 lands occur in a diversity of habitats (Table 3). Utah 36 16.1 Diversity of public lands (Fig. 14) is also indi­ Wyoming 24 10.8 cated by presence of many special habitat fea­ tures which benefit raptors (Table 4).

Table 5 shows not only the diversity of diur­ nal raptor species in BLM Key Raptor Areas, but Table 3. Distribution of BLM Key Raptor Areas by habitat also the number of Key Areas in which each spe­ type. Numbers represent the number of Key Areas cies is recognized as an important resource. Gen­ in which each particular habitat occurs and per­ erally, more abundant species appear near the top centage of the total (N=223) where each habitat oc­ of the list (occur in many Key Areas), except curs. Each Key Area could be characterized by up to that an emphasis on the endangered Bald Eagle four habitats.) (Fig. 15) and Peregrine Falcon is evident by their positions near the top. Coniferous forest species (Northern Goshawk, Sharp-shinned Hawk), pe­ No. of % ofTota1 ripheral species (Common Black Hawk, Zone­ Habitat Key Areas No. of Key Areas tailed Hawk, Gray Hawk), and critically endan­ gered species (California Condor, Aplomado Fal­ con) are important in very few Key Areas. Riparian 84 37.9 Shrubsteppe 78 35.0 Nocturnal raptors--owls--were reported from Coniferous Forest 52 23.3 far fewer Key Areas than were most diurnal rap­ Southwestern Desert 27 12.1 tors, probably due to the difficulty of observing Grassland 25 I 1.2 owls. Most owls were reported as occurring in 2 Wetland 19 8.5 to 10 Key Areas with the following exceptions: Lacustrine/Reservoirs 15 7.2 Screech-Owl (12 Key Areas), Burrowing Owl Deciduous Forest 5 2.2 (14 Key Areas), Spotted Owl (14 Key Areas), Tundra 4 1.8 and Great Homed Owl (38 Key Areas). In gen­ Coastal 3 1.4 eral, owl species are poorly known on the public Taiga 2 0.9 lands, with the exception of the Spotted Owl. FEBRUARY, 1989 RAPTOR MANAGEMENT ON PUBLIC LANDS 23

Figure 14. Biological diversity, which is prevalent in riparian habitat and areas with cliff.-; or bluff.-;, is common on public lands. 1bis portion of the J arbridge River Key Raptor Area illustrates this diversity. (Photo by W. Meyer.)

Figure 1.5. Golden Eagles and Bald Eagles (shown here near Wolf Lodge Bay, Lake Coeur D'Alene, Idaho) are each identified as important species in over half of the Bureau's Key Raptor Areas. (BLM photo.) 24 OLENDORFF ET AL. RRRNO. 8

Table 4. Occurrence of Special Habitat Features in BLM Key also important. Eighty-six (38.6%) of 223 Key Raptor Areas. The number of Key Areas which contain each type of feature and percentage of the Raptor Areas have completed Habitat Manage­ total (N=223) each number represents are displayed. ment Plans with another 11 (4.9%) being cov­ Some Key Areas include as many as ten types of ered in Habitat Management Plans under devel­ special habitat features. opment. About 9% of the Key Areas have Area of Critical Environmental Concern Management Plans either completed or under development. Special No. of %of Total Habitat Features Key Areas No. of Key Areas The number of Key Raptor Areas potentially affected by each type of land-use action is one Cliffs/Bluffs 149 66.8 measure of the extensive planning and environ­ Streams/Creeks/Rivers 133 59.6 mental assessment required to manage and pro­ Rock Outcrops 129 57.8 Small Groups of Trees 117 52.5 tect raptor habitat values throughout the public Snags 80 35.9 lands. Table 7 itemizes the types of land-use Rodent Colonies 64 28.7 actions and the number of Key Raptor Areas Winter Roosts 57 25.6 Dry Washes 53 23.8 each type of use may affect. Talus Fields 43 19.3 Old Growth Forest 38 17.0 Analysis of Key Raptor Areas has yielded two Utility Lines 38 17.0 main conclusions. First, Key Raptor Areas (i.e., Reservoirs 37 16.6 Ponds 34 15.2 raptor habitats) are widely distributed on public Meadows 28 12.6 lands in 11 major BLM states. Habitat diversity Lakes 25 11.2 on public lands is high owing not only to veg­ Cold Springs 24 10.8 Vegetative Manipulations 23 10.3 etation, hydrologic, and climatic factors, but also Bums 23 10.3 to the presence of numerous special habitat fea­ Abandoned Homesites 16 7.2 tures important to raptors. Protective manage­ Dams 15 6.7 ment for these special habitat features during Gallery Forest 14 6.3 Islands 13 5.8 Table 5. Occurrence of raptor species in BLM Key Raptor Areas (N=223).

Of 223 Key Raptor Areas, 161 (72.2%) have No. of %of Total some sort of on-the-ground management pre­ Species Key Areas No. of Key Areas scription which directly benefits one or more species of raptors and/or their habitats (Fig. 16). The most common management types reported Golden Eagle 124 55.6 are listed in Table 6. Bald Eagle 115 51.6 Prairie Falcon 99 44.4 Red-tailed Hawk 92 41.3 Most prescriptions are formalized in BLM Peregrine Falcon 67 30.0 planning documents of various types. One hun­ Ferruginous Hawk 58 26.0 Swainson's Hawk 36 16.1 dred four (46.6%) of 223 Key Raptor Areas are American Kestrel 36 16.1 covered by Management Framework Plans. An­ Northern Harrier 31 13.9 other 45 (20.2%) are included in completed Re­ Rough-legged Hawk 28 12.6 source Management Plans. Thus, a total of 149 Osprey 27 12.1 Cooper's Hawk 25 11.2 (66.8%) have the benefit of broad scope, long­ Northem Goshawk 14 6.3 term planning efforts. Another 29 Key Areas are Turkey Vulture 12 5.4 parts of Resource Management Plans which are Common Black Hawk 10 4.5 under development. When these are completed, Zone-tailed Hawk to 4.5 Sharp-shinned Hawk 9 4.0 178 of 223 (79.8%) Key Raptor Areas will be Harris' Hawk 8 3.6 covered by Management Framework or Resource Gyrfalcon 6 2.7 Management Plans. Merlin 5 2.2 Gray Hawk 4 1.8 Aplomado Falcon 2 0.9 Site-specific plans, such as Habitat Manage­ Mississippi Kite 2 0.9 ment Plans for wildlife and Area of Critical California Condor I 0.5 Environmental Concern Management Plans, are FEBRUARY, 1989 RAPTOR MANAGEMENT ON PUBLIC LANDS 25

eration of raptors in environmental assessment and decision making processes are examples of such opportunities.

Table 6. Management prescriptions used in BLM Key Raptor Areas (N=223) to benefit raptors.

No. of %of Total Management Type Key Areas No. of Key Areas

Stipulation~ on Development~ 56 25.1 Nest Site Protection 45 20.2 Buffer Zones--Temporal 43 19.3 Riparian Management 41 18.4 Buffer Zones--Spatial 35 15.7 Access Restrictions 28 12.6 Artif. Nesting Structures 28 12.6 ORVControl 22 9.9 Grazing Restrictions 16 7.2 Power Line Modification 16 7.2 Land Exchange 15 6.7 Snag Management 15 6.7 Tree Planting 16 7.2 Prey Habitat Enhancement 16 7.2 Perch Management 14 6.3 Wilderness Protection 12 5.4 Signing 14 6.3 Law Enforcement 12 5.4

Table 7. Land-use types which occur or could occur on BLM Key Raptor Areas (N=223).

No. of %of Total Figure 16. Artificial nesting structures, such as Land-use Type Key Areas No. of Key Areas this Osprey platform near Eagle Lake, California, have been erected Grazing 101 45.3 for raptors in at least 28 Key Raptor Off-road Vehicle Use 79 35.4 Areas. (Photo by S. Hawks.) Mining 70 31.4 Utility Lines 67 30.0 planning and implementation of land-use actions Roads and Railroads 65 29.2 Fire 62 27.8 will be vital to maintaining viable populations in Oil and Gas 60 26.9 perpetuity of the 45 species of raptors which Hiking, Fishing, Camping, Etc. 49 22.0 occur in the western United States. Public Observation 40 17.9 Logging 38 17.0 Bla~ting (Mining, Seismic, Milit.) 38 17.0 Second, planning, environmental assessment, Harvest (Legal and Illegal) 38 17.0 and on-the-ground management tools available Farming 36 16.1 Sonic Booms/Engine Noise 34 15.2 to BLM allow substantial implementation of an Pipelines/Buried Cables 32 14.4 effective raptor management program. Manage­ Urbanization 32 14.4 ment tools have been used extensively to apply Rodent Control Agent~/Predicides 28 12.6 management prescriptions in many raptor habi­ Dams and Reservoirs 26 11.7 tats (in Key Raptor Areas in particular). There Rock Climbing 17 7.6 Heavy Metals 11 4.9 are, however, many remaining opportunities for Organochlorines (e.g., DDT/DDE) 9 4.0 more thorough inventory, planning, on-the­ Geothermal 9 4.0 ground management, and monitoring. An empha­ Wind Energy 2 0.9 sis on site-specific planning and greater consid- 26 OLENDORFF ET AL. RRRNO. 8

CURRENT RAPTOR HABITAT STATUS fragile and quite sensitive to human disturbance (e.g., oil development in the arctic). Overall Tuncka/faiga. these areas have experienced little change.

A. Description. Tundra and taiga are cold cli­ C. Raptor Habitat Relationships. Tundra and mate landscapes characterized by short growing taiga do not support the raptor diversity found in seasons and cool summers. BLM manages ap­ other habitats. Only 16 of 45 raptor species that proximately 160 million acres of tundra and tai­ nest or commonly winter in the West use tundra ga. Tundra vegetation consists of lichens and and taiga, and only 14 (31%) usually nest or win­ mosses, short-stem perennial herbaceous plants, ter in such habitats (Table 8). Most falconiforms and stunted shrubs and is generally devoid of which occur in tundra are associated with cliffs trees. Tundra habitats occur at high latitudes and bluffs along rivers and with occasional rock (arctic tundra) and high elevations (alpine tun­ outcroppings (Fig. 17). Snowy Owls and Short­ dra) in montane regions. eared Owls nest and forage in open meadow habitats. In taiga, raptors use both trees and cliffs Arctic tundra occurs on public lands in north­ for nesting. Only Golden Eagles, Gyrfalcons, em Alaska. Daylight is almost continuous during and Mertins nest in alpine tundra, although six the summer months, and darkness is continuous other diurnal species forage in or travel through during mid-winter. Arctic tundra is usually un­ such areas (Table 8). derlain just below the surface by permafrost (permanently frozen ground), and above the per­ Coniferous Forest. mafrost is a zone of seasonal freeze and thaw. Permafrost retards moisture drainage and usually A. Description. Coniferous forest is one of results in characteristically wet or moist condi­ the most extensive habitat types in the West and tions. is found in all 11 contiguous western states and Alaska (Fig. 18), encompassing a wide range of Alpine tundra generally lacks permafrost, is plant communities. For this document coniferous drier and better drained, lies altitudinally above forest includes pinyon-juniper (Pinus edulis or treeline, and is found in all 11 contiguous west­ P. monophylla-Juniperus spp.), mixed conifer­ em states and Alaska. Areas of alpine tundra hardwood, ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), managed by BLM are mainly in interior Alaska. mixed conifer, redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), spruce-fir (Picea spp.-Abies spp.), lodgepole pine Boreal forest is transcontinental across north­ (Pinus cortorta), and boreal forests (Kuchler em North America. It is characterized by coni­ 1964, Garrison et al. 1977, Brown 1982) (Table fer trees, primarily black and white spruce (Picea 9). Mixed conifer forests in this document in­ mariana and P. glauca). "Taiga" is sometimes clude Douglas-fir (Psuedotsuga menziesii), west­ considered to be synonymous with "boreal for­ em white pine (Pinus monticola), hemlock-sitka est," but in this section taiga is considered as the spruce (Tsuga heteroplrylla-Picea sitchensis), and broad transitional area, or ecotone, between the larch (Larix spp.) ecosystems. Mixed conifer­ closed southern part of the boreal forest and tun­ hardwood includes oak (Quercus spp.)-juniper dra. Taiga is characterized by open parkland for­ and oak-pine woodlands. BLM administers ex­ est where spruce trees, often stunted and widely tensive acreages of all coniferous forest types, spaced, occur interspersed with open areas of particularly in western Oregon. marsh or muskeg. Taiga habitat managed by BLM is found in interior Alaska. B. Condition and Trend. In the 11 contiguous western states about 70% of coniferous forest B. Condition and Trend. Alpine tundra, arctic types are classed as available timberland. Pres­ tundra, and taiga are sparsely populated by peo­ ently, about 12% of conifer stands are in seed­ ple and will probably remain so for the foresee­ ling or sapling stage, 13% are in pole size (early able future due to harsh climatic conditions. Fur­ to mid-successional stands), and about 73% are thermore, most alpine tundra in western states saw timber size (Ohman 1989). Over the last few lies in designated wilderness or wilderness study decades there have been gradual losses of forests areas. Although tundra and taiga areas appear on private land to urbanization and agriculture, relatively stable, each habitat type is actually while timber harvesting has altered the compo- FEBRUARY, 1989 RAPTOR MANAGEMENT ON PUBUC LANDS 27

Table II. Habitat relationships of raptors in the Tundra and Taiga ecosystems (T =Transient; F =Foraging; N =Nesting; W = Wintering).

Habitat Group Habitat Component Habitat Features

... ll: .;.: .,e ll: 0 ll: .:: .g 0 ~ 0 8 ~ "' E-<"' f-<"' ~ ., ~ .;.: ] " ~ a 0 ., ... a ~ 0 :;; ~ "' .:: SPECIES 1! ·~ ':;:: .~ ·~ ~ "' :€ tt= l ;g 0 ., ~ 0 ·rf 1 0 ;g"' 1 8 " .:: 1;; lE -; "' ~ < f-< P2 ~ ~ ::21 ~ ~ f-< IZ> ~ ~ IZ> u ;;:;"' u f-< 0 Turkey Vulture T F F F F Northern Harrier T N N NF NF NF NF F N Sharp-shinned Hawk N N NF NF N Northern Goshawk N N NF NF N Red-tailed Hawk T N F NF NF NF NF NF F NF N N N NF Rough-legged Hawk N N F F F F F F F NF N N N NF N Golden Eagle N N N F F F F F F F N N N N NF N American Kestrel N F F F F F NF N N N N Merlin N N F F F NF F F F NF N N N N Peregrine Falcon T N N F F F F F F F F F N N N N foyrfalcon N NW NW F F F F F NF N N N N Prairie Falcon T F F F Great Homed Owl T N F F F F F F NF N N N N N F Snowy Owl NW F F NF NF F N Northern Hawk Owl NW F NF N N N Short-eared Owl N NF NF NF NF N sition of most coniferous forests in the western About 43 million acres of pinyon-juniper United States. About 30% of timberland in the forest occur in the West, and indications are that Douglas-frr region contains mature timber. In the pinyon-juniper habitat is expanding in some last decade, the proportion of saw timber has not areas. Little pinyon-juniper forest is harvested, changed appreciably; however, the amount of and the greatest potential for change comes from old-growth has declined. At current harvest rates range management practices, such as burning aJl old-growth forests not associated with some and chaining--activities which affect a smaJl pro­ kind of reserve will be eliminated within 40 portion of the total pinyon-juniper habitat. years (Ohman 1989). VirtuaJly all old-growth stands on private lands have been eliminated, C. Raptor Habitat Relationships. The diver­ and most mature stands at lower elevations are sity and vastness of coniferous forest habitat is gone. Reduction of average stand size and reflected in its impressive diversity of raptor fragmentation of old-growth habitat are as species. Of 45 western raptor species, 31 (72%) important as the amount lost. either nest or winter in coniferous forest habitats (Table 9). Eight of these species nest solely in While some boreal forest is logged, trees are forests. lightly harvested compared to aforementioned western coniferous forests. Significant changes Distribution of raptor species is influenced by in boreal forest habitat are not anticipated in the certain habitat characteristics. Few species nest foreseeable future. in the pole-sapling stage of forest succession, 28 OLENDORFF ET AL. RRRNO. 8

Figure 17. Where tundra is broken by streams and bluffs, such a<> along the Colville River, Alaska, sufficient habitat diversity exists to support an abundance of raptors. (Photo by J. Haugh.)

Figure 18. Seventy-seven percent of the raptor species occurring in western North America nest or winter in coniferous forest habitats. (Photo by R. Lehman.) FEBRUARY, 1989 RAPTOR MANAGE:tv.IENT ON PUBLIC LANDS 29 simply because few trees are large enough. C. Raptor Habitat ReJationsbips. Although 24 Mature and old growth forests are essential species forage in wetlands, only Northem Har­ habitat for the Spotted Owl, Northern Goshawk, riers and Short-eared Owls regularly nest there Flammulated Owl, and Boreal Owl. Fifteen spe­ (Tables 8-10). Osprey, Bald Eagles, Peregrine cies are tree cavity nesters, and six (Flammu­ Falcon<>, and Black Hawks utilize deep water lated, Whiskered Screech, Northern Pygmy, Elf, habitat. Wet meadows, bogs, and marshes pro­ Northern Saw-whet, and Boreal Owls) are obli­ vide important foraging habitat for Peregrine gate secondary cavity nesters which rely on other Falcons, Northern Harriers, Short-eared Owls, species to excavate a tree cavity. V arlo us other American Kestrels, and nonbreeding Mertins and raptors also depend on snags and old-aged trees Rough-legged Hawks. Peregrine Falcons, North­ for nesting sites. em Harriers, and Short-eared Owls are spe­ cies likely to be most affected by changes in Wetlands and Deep Water Habitats. wetland habitats.

A Description. Deep water habitats refer to Deciduous Forest. lake, reservoir, riverine, and marine habitats. Wetlands are defined as lands transitional be­ A Description. Mesquite (Prosopis glandu­ tween terrestrial and aquatic systems where water losa), aspen (Populus tremuloides), and oak tables are near the surface or land is covered by woodlands are discussed here. Deciduous ripar­ shallow water (Peters 1989). Included are playas, ian habitats are discussed in the riparian sec­ wet meadows, marshes, bogs, swamvs, and estu­ tion. Mesquite woodlands consist of open to aries. Riparian and wet tundra habttats are ex­ dense forests of low trees dominated by mesquite cluded here and discussed in other sections of and occur extensively on public lands in Arizona. this document. Aspen stands occur at higher elevations Basically, there are two types of wetlands: (3,000-9,000 feet). About 7.7 million acres of vegetated and nonvegetated. Nonvegetated wet­ aspen woodlands are scattered throughout the lands include ocean shoreline, estuarine mud and West, mostly in Colorado, Utah, Wyoming, New sand flats, alkaline flats, and shallow ponds. Veg­ Mexico, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, and Arizona etated wetlands include aquatic beds (plants grow (Mueggler 1989). Most of this acreage is USFS below the surface), emergent wetlands (rooted or private, though BLM aspen holdings are sig­ plants above the surface), forest and scrub wet­ nificant. Aspen functions as a successional spe­ lands (woody vegetation), and moss-lichen wet­ cies in a climax coniferous forest or as a climax lands. species in a stable woodland.

B. Condition and Trend. Wetlands occur in Oak woodlands consist of Oregon and · Cal­ all states with large amounts of lands admin­ ifornia oakwoods and pure oak woodland<> in istered by BLM; however, wetlands form less Arizona. Oregon oaklands occur in Oregon and than 5% of the land area of the western United southern Washington and are broadleaf forests of States (Peters 1989). Wetlands have experienced medium height dominated by Oregon white oak significant losses and changes. Of wetlands that (Quercus garryana). California oak woodlands occurred in the coterminous United States around consist of low to tall trees dominated by oaks 1700, approximately 46% still remained in the (especially Quercus douglasii), often mixed with mid-1970s. Between the mid-1950s and the mid- digger pine (Pinus sabiniana), and occur in the 1970s annual loss of wetlands was estimated at coastal range from southern Oregon to southem 500,000 acres/year. Drainage and filling for ag­ California (including Sierra Nevada foothills). ricultural and urban development were major causes of losses. Along the Pacific Coast, wet­ B. Condition and Trend. Data from forest land losses range between 30 and 85%, and in surveys do not show an actual loss of aspen Nevada about a 50% loss of wetlands has oc­ woodlands, but evidence indicates successional curred near Pyramid Lake, Winnemucca Lake, losses to conifer dominance. In some areas re­ Carson Lake, Stillwater Area, and Humbolt Sink. generation of aspen has been suppressed by ex­ The Central Valley in California has lost 90% of cessive overgrazing by domestic and wild ungu­ its wetlands. lates. Data are lacking on the status of oak w Table 9. Habiut relation.bipl of rapt

~w Cooifercw Fore.u Habitat Compooenu HabiutFeaturea ~='"=

! ~ ~ ~ "' ~ "'a .il ~...,.§ ·5t 5 0 " !;:. ~ "' l ~ li j tt: ~ .:. ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ 8. .5 £ 5 ~ -g·a~ ..... £ e:. .• e g.' t;- "7 - ! li!:·if.·;.:g ~ • 0 .§ ;a_§.~f il'&.!l·;·~!'ll li-s~.~'{ 11·~ir :r iCo)()t0C1-b;:::l l !i § 6 SPECIES ::E ~ ~~ 31) (i. ~ :i 6 ~•prey !NWI I I I IN IN IN I N IN I N I N I N I I I I N I F I N IN N N IN I I IN IN jBaldEaglc WI I INW!NWI I jNWJN IN IN IF IF IF INFIF IN IN N N I I IN IN ~tthemHanier N rotthem.Goahawk. fW'Iw ~~~~~ ~~~~~~N IN IN JNWINFI~J~fNFj~~~lIN F INFINF !cooper'• Hawk JNWJNWJNWJNjNWjNWjNWJN IN IN I IN I INFI I I I INFI IN F INFINFIF 15h:u:p..binncd Hawk INWIW INWIN IW INWINWIN IN IN IN IN IN INFI I I I INFI IN NFINFINFIF II!.arri.s'Hawk INWI I I I I I I I I I I INFI !NFI I INFI IN N i jRcd.. bouldered Hawk NWI I I I I I I I I I I INFIF IF IF INFI IN wairu:on's Hawk: N I I I I I I I I I IN INFI IF N N ~ jZone-!danEaglc N !'!..lf N IN IF IF INFINF ~ [A;encan Keattel i~fNWfNWWwfNWfNWfNWfNWWwWwl~I~I~I 1:1: 1~1~1: NIN N INTi' NFNFNFNF IM_eriin N IN INWI ~INWIN I I I IN IN INFIF IF IF INF N IN N I IF IF INFINF 'cregrine Fllkon jNWJ7 I I N I N I N I N I N I N I I F IF IF I I F I F N IN N jp,..;nc FalCCil INWI I I INWI I I I I I I I I I I F I F IF N IN IF N ·ommon Bam-Owl ~1'1'/~L__L'I'IJ\V]l'IVIININ IN I I I IW INFIF IF IF INF N IN N IN IF N I I INFINF wammnlaredOwl N IN IN I I I I INF N IN N N I I INFINF catcm Screech-Owl ~INWINW ~WIN NFIF IF IF NFI IN IN N1N1F" N IF NFINFINF ~ltcredScreech-Owl N N IN NF N N ~HomedOwl INWINWINWINW w INFJF IF IF :IN I~IN N1N1F" N1F NFINFINF INonhcm Hawk Owl INWI INFIF IF F I IN IN N JNonhem Pygmy Owl NWjNW WINW NFIF IF IF INF N IN N F INFINFINF JFenugmow Pygmy Owl N F IF I I IN N IN N ~Owl N N !i..lli !! N ~cdOwl •NW NFI~IFI I I~ NlN N NFINF ~Owl !i..lli N ~GrayOwl rrNWI ~~rNW1NF1:1F1:1: INF NlN N IF 1~1~1~ ~-earedOwl INWINWINWINWINWINWINWINWINWINWININ I I INFIF IF IF INF N NFINFIF IF ~ !Boreal Owl NWI INWINWIF IF IF IF N IN N N I I INFINF INonhem Saw·whet Owl INWINWINWI I N IN INWINF I NF I I I I NF N IN N N I IN INFINF ~ 00 T.W. 10. Habitx relatioruhips of rapton in 1he sOU!hwe.otemde

I...... \0 ~ t 00 ~.a • ·6 .,I \0 ~ t ~~ ~ -l'l ~ i i! • ~ ;.. ., .I!l: 0 .. ~ .!1 ill' E I! .. i! -§.. ~* ::;: ~ ., :~~ . 1 "' ll ! 2 • 0 .§ • -~ -2 ~ !!: ·a 1 e ] 2 i -~ I . ~IE ~ ~ ~ .;; 1l ,Jl ·a ..2 " 11 R '!':; -§ "'t c.. ~ :~~ l -~~ 1 1 !l, -~~1 ill' ::: d d 0 ~ 8 or 11 1 § I" SPECIES ""I"'• ~ ~ ;;:; ::;: ~ ~ ~ ~~~!5l ~ ~ tli ill ;: u u u 0. ~~ 0. "' "' ., ill :l d 6 !iilacltVultute I INWINWINWI I INWI I I I I IF IF IF INFINFIF IF IN IN I I IN IF IN IN IN IN ~ N ~~ ~ te N iaclt.. bouldered Kite IMwi,.ippiKite I I IN IN I I IN I IN I I I INFI I I INFIF INFIN N I I IN ~aldEagle1:~!l!~f!I:I:IN IT ~NF~~~~~~~~~ ~~~NFININ N ~ !sharp-shinned Hawk W IW IW I IT IT I I I I I I IF I I I IF IF IF ~ lc~r'sHawk INWINWINWINWiw lw INWI INWI I I !NFI I I INFIF IWFIN !NorthernGoshawk WIT IT IT IT IT IT T IT IT F I I I IF IF ommon Black Hawk N IN IN IN I I IN NFINF N !Harri•'Hawk INWINW!NWINW NF NFINF WFIN N IN N ~ jGray Hawk I IN I I I I I I I I I I I NFI I IF IF jRed.. boulderedHawk I I I I I I I INWI I I I INFIF IF IF INFINFINFIN ~ wainaon'•Hawk I I I IN IN IN IN IN IN IN I I IN I IF INFIN INFINFIN N N jzone.wtedHawk I I INI I I I I I I I I INI I IFI I I IN N Red-tailed Hawk NW NW IWINW IW ow IW NWNW N N NF F F F NF F NF N IN IN F IN I I IN ~ FerruginolUHawk W W W N N fW W N N N F F N NF F N N IF IN I I IN c: Rough-leggedHawk W W W W W W W W W F F F F F F (J Goldenllagle NWNWNWNWNWNWNW ,,. N NF F F F NF NF F N N F N N re.otedCaracara W W NW W W F F NF F N N """ericanKe•trcl WNW NWNW T NF F NF NF NF NF NF N N N F N N N N Medin TTW FFFFFFF ~ eregrine Faloon NW NW NW NW F F F F F N N N

~~:~oonbbbbl;vJ~INW!Nwi~JN IT I IF IF ~~~~I ~~ IF I 1 I I I I IM IM 1 IM ·ommonBam-Owl N 1 iWestem&teeeh-Owl N Great Homed Owl N ~.up;;,m;,ewt N NF NF N N T 1 1 1N1 1N If Owl N N NF F NF F N N I I I IN I IN I IBurrowingOwl N N N N N N NF NF NF IN I I I J IN

ILon~t-<>otedOwl~'"' owNWINWINWNW NW!Nw NFF F F NFNFNFNF N lshort-eared.Owt lw lw lw lw INWINWIVII· INWII'I I I IF INFIN'FIN'FI IF I NFI N INorthemSaw-whetOwl I W I W I W I W INWINWI I I I I I I NFI I I I NFI IF IN IN N ....~ 32 OLENDORFF ET AL. RRRNO. 8

woodland<>. However, these woodlands do not Arizona Uplands subdivision occurs in southern appear to be extensively harvested, and their Arizona at higher elevations and is like the overall status has probably not changed much in Lower Colorado subdivision except that it is recent years. Mesquite stands in lowland areas wetter and receives biannual rainfall (summer experienced significant declines in the last 100 and winter). It is dominated by paloverde, years. Presently, lowland areas consist primarily saguaro cactus (Cereus giganteus), and mesquite of small second growth trees which are being with an understory of cactus, bursage, buck­ harvested at a high rate. Some upland grasslands wheat (Eriogonum spp.), brittlebush (Encelia have been invaded by mesquite; however, this farinosa), and jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) probably does not offset losses in lowlands. (Fig. 19). Southwestern shrubsteppe is charac­ terized by scattered shrubs and grasses. Mesquite C. Raptor Habitat Relationships. Twenty-one is abundant in many areas, and creosote and (46%) of 45 western raptor species use decid­ tarbush (Flourensia cernua) are dominant shrubs. uous forests (Table 9), but no species appears to Black grama (Bouteloua eriopoda), three awns be obligate to this habitat. Oak: woodland is (Aristida spp.), and tobosa (Hilaria mutica) dom­ important nesting habitat for Cooper's Hawks in inate the grasses. the Southwest and west of the Sierras in Cali­ fornia and prime habitat for Whiskered Screech­ B. Condition and Trend. Although Chihua­ Owls in Arizona. huan desert has expanded in the last 200 years at the expense of semidesert grasslands, in general Southwestern Deserts. southwestern deserts have declined in total area and habitat quality. Urbanization, agriculture, A Description. BLM administers tens of mil­ and other developments have severely reduced lions of acres of warm-temperate (Mojave and natural desert habitats, especially in southern Chihuahuan) and tropical-subtropical (Sonoran) California. Just as important as the amount of deserts. Typified by hot and dry summers (less habitat loss is loss of quality. Land uses, such as than 5 inches annual precipitation), the Mojave off-road vehicle use, livestock grazing, and min­ desert lies in southeastern California, southern eral development, have reduced habitat quality, Nevada, and northwestern Arizona (Jones 1986). and fire suppression and stream channelization Dominated by creosotebush (Larrea tridentata), have reduced natural characteristics. In many blackbrush (Co/eogyne ramosissima), and Joshua areas there has been a reduction or elimination of trees (Yucca brevifolia), the Mojave desert lies perennial grasses and a replacement by exotic floristically, faunally, and geographically be­ annual grasses and forbs. tween the Great Basin and Sonoran deserts. Wet­ ter than the Mojave desert (4-12 inches annual Adverse effects of land use on desert habitats precipitation, mostly during summer), the Chi­ are generally longer-lived than for any other eco­ huahuan desert occurs in southeastern Arizona system, primarily because low or erratic precip­ and south and central New Mexico. Dominated itation slows recovery. With increases in human by mesquite and creosotebush, with acacias population occurring in the southwest, accom­ (Acacia spp.), ocotillo (Fouquieria splendens), panied by increased demands for human uses of yucca (Yucca spp.), agave (Agave spp.), and public lands, the trend of degradation, espe­ cactus, the Chihuahuan desert is floristically and cially near large population centers, can be structurally quite variable. expected to continue.

Sonoran desert is perhaps the most struc­ C. Raptor Habitat Relatioo.c;bips. Of 45 west­ turally and floristically diverse desert in the em raptor species, 32 (71%) occur in south­ world. The Lower Colorado subdivision occurs in western deserts (Table 10), with the Harris' southwestern Arizona and southeastern Califor­ Hawk being found primarily in this habitat. The nia. This subdivision is mostly frost-free with less Zone-tailed Hawk, Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl, and than 7 inches annual precipitation and is dom­ Elf Owl are closely affiliated with tlris ecosystem inated by creosotebush and bursage (Ambrosia although occurring in other habitats as well. The dumosa), with iron wood (0/neya tesota), palo­ Crested Caracara is a rare nester of saguaro­ verde (Cercidium floridum), and mesquite. The paloverde habitat. The Sharp-shinned Hawk, FEBRUARY, 1989 RAPTOR MANAGEMENT ON PUBLIC LANDS 33

Figure 19. Southwestern deserts provide habitat for 32 of 45 western raptor species. (Photo by G. Dahlem.)

Rough-legged Hawk, Short-eared Owl, Saw­ Anderson 1986). More than 60% of vertebrates whet Owl, and Ferruginous Hawk are winter in the southwest are obligate to riparian systems. visitors to southwestern deserts. If such systems were lost, 60-80% of native wildlife in the western states would also be lost. Riparian. B. Condition and Trend. There have been A Description. Riparian habitat is referred to significant losses of riparian habitat in the West, as plant communities along permanent or inter­ and much has been impacted and fragmented in mittent streams characterized by plant species some manner (Lee et al. 1989). Approximately and life forms different from those of imme­ 70% of the total riparian area has been lost diately surrounding uplands. BLM administers during the past century. Regional losses are esti­ about 7.5 million acres of riparian habitat mated between 95-98% for Central California, dominated by trees and shrubs but also con­ Arizona, the Rocky Mountains/Great Plains, and taining a preponderance of grasses, sedges, and Missouri River drainage. Average rates of for­ rushes. Riparian areas are found in all states ested riparian habitat loss in the Rocky Moun­ with significant amounts of public land. Riparian tain states continues at about 1% of the orig­ areas occur within tundra/taiga, coniferous for­ inal forested acreage per year; in some areas est, deciduous forest, shrubsteppe, southwestern losses are even greater. desert, and grassland habitats, but comprise less than 1% of the total land area. Riparian zones About 80% of the riparian habitat on pub­ contain a rich wildlife resource (Ohmart and lic lands may be in unsatisfactory condition 34 OLENDORFF ET AL. RRRNO. 8

(Ohmart and Anderson 1986) resulting from a venniculatus) with bud sagebrush (Artemisia complex land-use history and vulnerability of spinescens), winterfat (Ceratoides lanata), and riparian habitat to the effects of livestock graz­ spiny hopsage (Grayia spinosa). ing, silvicultural practices, mining, agricultural conversion, urban development, and water proj­ B. Condition and Trend. Agricultural and ur­ ects. The riparian issue is important because of ban development in many areas and large-scale the inherent scarcity of riparian systems through­ seedings of crested wheatgrass in other areas out the West, current high rates of loss, and de­ (e.g., Nevada and eastern Oregon) have elimi­ graded condition of remaining riparian areas. nated large areas of shrubsteppe. Also, off-road vehicle use and mineral development have de­ C. Raptor Habitat Relationships. Riparian hab­ creased habitat quality in shrubsteppe. How­ itats contain the greatest raptor diversity; 82% ever, livestock grazing and fire have had greater of 45 western raptor species use riparian habi­ influence on the quality of shrubsteppe than any tats (Tables 8-10). Common Black Hawks and other factors (Young 1989). Historic overgraz­ Gray Hawks are obligate riparian nesters, and ing, reduction or elimination of perennial grasses, the Common Black Hawk forages almost en­ invasion of exotic annual grasses atld forbs, and tirely in riparian zones. Red-shouldered Hawks increased fire frequency induced by the flam­ and Mississippi Kites depend greatly on ripar­ mable nature of tmnuals have reduced the ian habitats, but do occasionally nest in uplands. anwunt of shrubland atld increased the amount Zone-tailed Hawks nest mainly in ripruian zones, of range dominated by annual forbs and grasses although they forage in uplands and occasionally in many areas. Cheatgrass is presently expand­ nest on cliffs. Riparian areas are important ing despite improved rru1ge conditions over the nesting habitat~ for the Bald Eagle, Merlin, last 20 years. Also, medusahead (Taeniatherum Northern Harrier, Short-eared Owl, Elf Owl, caput-medusae), which began invading shmb­ Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl, and Western Screech­ steppe in the 1950s and 1960s, has spread in Owl. Riparian zones are of particular impor­ many areas. tance in shrublands, grasslands, and other areas devoid of trees. For example, the riparian zone is C. Raptor Habitat Relationships. Shmbsteppe prime nesting habitat for Cooper's Hawks in the is primarily used by open-country, soaring rap­ Great Plains and Southwest and for Long-eared tors, and 22 (49%) of 45 raptor species found in Owls in shrublands. the West occupy the habitat. No single species is endemic to shrubsteppe. Main species are Golden Shrubsteppe. Eagles and Prairie Falcons; the largest popula­ tions of Golden Eagles are found here. Shmb­ A. Description. Shrubsteppe is a sagebrush steppe is also important habitat for the Red­ (Artemisia spp.) dominated cold temperature tailed Hawk, Ferruginous Hawk, Swainson's desert (Fig. 20) occurring primarily in the Great Hawk, Northern Harrier, Bam-Owl, Great Basin, including eastern Washington and Ore­ Homed Owl, and Long-eared Owl. As in tundra gon, southern Idaho, western and central Wyom­ and grassland~, nest sites in shmbsteppe are ing, Nevada, Utah, and northern Arizona and clustered or restricted to canyons, rock out­ New Mexico. BLM administers most shrub­ croppings, and bluff.~, or in riparian zones and steppe habitat in the United States that is not tree groves. Although shrubs in this habitat pro­ private. Shrubsteppe is structurally and floris­ vide occasional nesting substrate for Swain~on's tically simple and is typified by low annual pre­ Hawks and Ferruginous Hawks (Table 10), cipitation (4-12 inches, mostly in winter) and shrubsteppe habitat mostly provides foraging cold winters. Sagebrush and saltbush (Atriplex habitat for raptors. spp.) associations form shrubsteppe. Sagebrush associations are comprised of Great Basin sage­ Grasslands. brush (dominated by big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata)) and blackbrush (dominated by black­ A. Description. Grasslands are essentially tree­ brush with big sagebrush and ephedra (Ephedra less areas dominated by grasses and comprise spp.)) associations. The saltbush-greasewood about 330 million total acres in all 11 western association is dominated by shadscale (Atriplex states (Fig. 21). BLM administers extensive confertifolia) and black greasewood (Sarcobatus areas of grassland, especially in eastern Montana, FEBRUARY, 1989 RAPTOR MANAGEMENT ON PUBUC LANDS 35

Figure 20. Shrubsteppe is the most common habitat on ELM-administered lands outside of Alaska. (Photo by G. Sitter.)

Figure 21. Grassland habitats support about the same raptor fauna as shrubsteppe. Combined, these two habitat types represent a tremendous public land reservoir of habitat for raptor nesting and wintering. (Photo by R. Olendorff.) 36 OLENDORFF ET AL. RRRNO. 8

eastern Wyoming, eastern New Mexico, and stricted to riparian corridors and occasional tree southeastern Arizona. Grasslands are classed in groves and shelter belts scattered throughout the four main groups: mountain meadows, mountain grasslands. Availability of nest sites in grass­ grasslands, desert grasslands, and plains and lands is often a limiting factor to raptor nesting prairie grasslands. Mountain meadows are wet to density, and many raptors readily use man­ intermittently wet sites dominated by grasses and created situations and man-made structures as sedges, and occur at high elevations in the 11 nest substrates. western states. Mountain grasslands consist of fesque (Festuca spp.), oatgrass (Danthonia spp.), wheatgrass (Agropyron spp.), and prairie foothill LAND-USE ACTIONS AND THEIR EFFECTS groups. Grama-galleta (Bouteloua spp.-Hilaria spp.) steppe and gramma-tubosa shrubsteppe Many types of land-use actions affect raptors associations in Arizona and New Mexico form and raptor habitats similarly (Table 11). Some desert grasslands. Plains and prairie grasslands effects are beneficial; most, however, are not. are comprised of fesque-wheatgrass-bluegrass Immediate or proximate impacts, such as indi­ (Poa spp.) associations in Washington, Oregon, vidual mortality (electrocution, shooting, nest and Northern Idaho, and gramma, wheatgrass, failure in a given year, etc.), are short-term set­ needlegrass (Stipa spp.), and buffalograss backs which generally can be compensated for (Buchloe dactyloides) associations in Montana, through normal population dynamics of the spe­ Wyoming, and eastern Colorado. cies (Fig. 22). Ultin1ate impacts (e.g., diminished habitat diversity/stability, habitat destruction, B. Condition and Trend. Condition and trend pesticide contan1ination, and continual human of grasslands are difficult to assess, because disturbance) include land-use actions that com­ BLM evaluations of "rangelands" include shrub­ monly predude reproduction or traditional use of steppe and pinyon-juniper habitats in addition to habitat for long periods of time or permanently. grasslands. In 1985 BLM rated 59% of their rangelands in fair to poor condition (51-100% Integrated, multi-disciplinary approaches to depletion from climax or virgin conditions). The raptor habitat protection and management re­ more mesic grasslands in the Great Plains may quire that both proximate and ultimate impacts be be in better condition. In Montana, where nearly minimized, particularly in Key Raptor Areas. all range consists of grassland associations, 64% The cumulative effects of high levels of individ­ of the range was rated good or better. Xeric ual mortalities may preclude reproduction over a grasslands may not be in as good condition. In long period of time. Arizona and New Mexico desert grasslands were considered overall to be in less tl1an good Beneficial Effects. condition. Eight (32%) of 25 types of land-use actions Grasslands have been affected by historic are potentially beneficial (Table 11). Selective overgrazing. However, grasslands have not been logging (as opposed to clear cutting) may benefit subjected to the same level of invasion of exotic certain forest raptors by opening canopies, re­ annual plants or the same degree of degradation ducing competition within timber stand~, and in from fire as has been experienced in shrubsteppe. general by increasing forest productivity. Utility lines provide resting sites, bunting perches, and C. Raptor Habitat Relationships. Grassland (for some species) nest sites. Land conversions, habitat is very similar to shrubsteppe in terms of while destructive of habitats for some species, raptor habitat relationships; 26 (58%) of 45 may create or improve habitats for others. For western raptor species use grasslands (Table 10). example, farming and grazing have increased Like tundra and shrubsteppe, grasslands are used habitats for certain raptors which live in open primarily by open country, soaring raptors. Nest­ country. Construction of dams and reservoirs has ing habitat in grasslands is clustered and re­ resulted in increased nesting and foraging by stricted to special habitat features. For cliff­ Bald Eagles and Ospreys, and wildfires and nesting species, nesting is restricted to bluffs prescribed burns benefit raptors that live in and canyons along drainages and to occasional fire-evolved ecosystems. Even some recreational buttes and rimrock areas. Tree nesters are re- activities may have beneficial, if indirect, effects. FEBRUARY, 1989 RAPTOR MANAGEMENT ON PUBLIC LANDS 37

Table 11. Potential land-use actions: their beneficial effects and detrimental (both proximate and ultimate) impacts on raptors and raptor habitats. (Note that an action that has a detrimental impact on one species may actually benefit another, and severity of effects may vary from area to area.) Numbers in parentheses represent the number of Key Raptor Areas out of N=223 where each land-use action is or may become a potential problem.

Potential Action Effect Following the Action*

Resource Extraction Logging (38) Bl P2 Ul U2 Oil and Gas (60) P2 Ul U2 Mining(70) P2 Ul U2 Geothermal (9) P2 Ul U2 Wind Energy (2) PI P2 Ul U2

Resource Tran~portation Road~/Railroad~ (65) PI P2 Ul U2 Pipelines/Buried Cables (32) UI Utility Lines (67) BI PI P2#

Habitat Type Conversions Dams and Reservoirs (26) Bl UI U2 Farming (36) Bl Ul U2 Grazing ( 10 I) Bl Ul U2 Urbanization (32) P2 U2 Fire (62) BI PI P2 UI U2 Mechanical/Chemical BI PI P2 Ul U2

Recreation Harvest (Legal and Illegal) (38) PI P2 Hiking, Fishing, Camping, Etc. (49) P2 Off Road Vehicle Use (79) P2 Ul U2 Public Observation (40) Bl P2 Rock Climbing ( 17) P2

Noise/Earth Vibration Sonic Booms/Engine Noise (34) P2 Blasting (Mining, Seismic, Military) (38) P2 U2 Construction P2 U2

Environmental Contamination Organochlorines (e.g., DDT/DDE) (9) P2 U3 Heavy Metals (ll) PI P2# Rodent Control Agents and Predicides (28) PI P2#

B !--Beneficial Effects. Proximate detrimental impacts include: PI--Individual Mortality; and P2--Nest Failure and Other Temporary Habitat Problems. Ultimate detrimental impacts are: VI--Diminished Habitat Diversity; U2--Habitat Modification that Precludes Prior Types of Raptor Use; and U3--Diminished Physiological Capability of Raptors to Reproduce.

* Construction effects are not included here. Generally, construction effects per se cause only nest failure (P2). Individual mortality of nestlings is considered nest failure.

# In these cases nest failure would result only if the individual mortality was a nesting adult. 38 OLENDORFF ET AL. RRRNO. 8

Figure 22. Electric distribution and transmission lines have both beneficial effects (hunting perches, nesting substrates) and negative impacts (electrocutions, coUisions) on raptors. The latter are proximate effects which generally can be compensated for through population dynamics of the species. (Photo by J.W. Stoddart, Jr.)

Public observation of raptors, though often a Thus, efforts of BLM to minimize mortality local source of disturbance, also increases gen­ of individual raptors should continue to focus on eral awareness and support for raptor habitat bird movements near proposed wind sites, the management programs. potential for raptor collisions with overhead wires, and practices to minimize the number of Individual Raptor Mortalities. electrocutions of raptors on power lines. The latter has been a long-standing concerted effort Eight (32%) of 25 types of land-use actions by the Bureau in coordination with the EEl and frequently cause individual raptor mortalities power companies throughout the West. (Table 11). Many such proximate impacts can be minimized on public lands by careful planning Nest Failure and Other Temporary Habitat and by including appropriate stipulations in Problems. BLM decision documents. Mitigable impacts include those of wind energy developments, Twenty-one (84%) of 25 types of hmd-use roads and railroads, electric and communication actions potentially cause raptor nesting failure or lines, and military maneuvers. Land managing other temporary habitat problems (Table 11), agencies generally do not control incidental such as disruption of winter foraging or roosting raptor mortality caused by Indian use, harvesting habitat. This is the highest percentage for any for recreational or scientific purposes, hunting, proximate or ultimate impact, and an area where environmental contamination of the types now small efforts result in significant progress toward affecting raptors, and illegal persecution. minimizing proximate detrimental impacts of FEBRUARY, 1989 RAPTOR MANAGEMENT ON PUBLIC LANDS 39

resource development and use on raptors and is little recognized, royalties from Bureau pro­ their habitats. grams (oil and gas, geothermal, coal, and others) have provided tens of millions of dollars for pur­ In fact, preventing temporary problems is the chase of conservation system lands through the objet.1ive of most "grass roots" raptor habitat Land and Water Conservation Fund. management done by state and Federal agencies and private entities. Management techniques, Important also is that, provided species ex­ such as access closures, buffer zones, fireanns tinctions are not involved, reversing the effects restrictions, law enforcement, establishment of of land-use acHons that diminish biological natural areas and preserves, nest site enhance­ diversity is sometimes possible. Often, reversal ment and surveillance, all are directed at mini­ can be accomplished merely by removing or mizing habitat problems at critical times of year. regulating the land use, as in the case of grazing, Management of this type is commonly incor­ off-road vehicles, and military maneuvers. In porated into Bureau planning documents as alter­ these and other cases habitat rehabilitaHon can natives in environmental assessments and as sHp­ restore biological diversity. Examples include ulations to right-of-way grants, special land-use fire rehabilitation, replanting of logged areas, permits, leases, and other decision documents. seeding of disturbed habitats with natural seed mixtures, mined land reclamaHon, etc. Diminished Habitat Diversity. Habitat Dest:mction. 1birteen (52%) of 25 types of land-use ac­ Hons din1inish the likelihood that habitats can Habitat destruction that precludes prior types support raptor populations at levels that existed of raptor use is characteristic of J5 (60%) of 25 before impacts occurred (Table 11). Gradual, but types of land-use actions listed in Table 11. permanent, habitat deterioration commonly leads Generally, effects of these impacts are very dif­ to the flfSt, often undetected, stage of raptor pop­ ficult to reverse, or generally are not reversed un­ ulation decline: diminished reproduction. Such til decades after initial disturbance. Impacts of declines, in synergism with other detrimental oil and gas development, mining, farming, urban­ effects, ultinmtely can lead to local extirpations. ization, and dams and reservoirs are frequently of this nature. A recent report, "Technologies to Maintain Biological Diversity" (U.S. Congress, Office of BLM can mitigate many types of permanent Technology Assessment, 1987), clearly explains habitat destruction on public land~ through the the serious consequences to civilization of re­ Bureau Planning System, environmental assess­ duced diversity. The report also outlines a pro­ ment process, and by attaching stipulations to gram of legislation, research and development, decision documents. Preventing and mitigating biological monitoring, and agency participation permanent destruction of key raptor habitats rep­ to counter a global rate of loss of diversity resent the greatest potentials for land manag­ greater than the rate at which new species evolve ing agencies to ensure that additional raptor spe­ or, as is implied, greater than the rate at which cies and populations are not listed pursuant to diversity of modified habitats can be restored to the Endangered Species Act of 1973. However, original levels. in light of the 1872 Mining Law, the Bureau does not have complete discretion to preclude all While certain BLM programs are known to pern1anent habitat destruction. diminish biological diversity, there are many posiHve efforts which promote or maintain diver­ Dimini~hed Physiological Capability of Rapto:rs sity. The Bureau's active endangered species to Reproduce program is important in this regard, as are efforts to set aside or manage lands in special cate­ Only one (4%) of 25 types of land-use actions gories, such as areas of critical environmental renders raptors physiologically incapable of concern, research natural areas, other natural reproducing: pesticides (Table 11). On public areas, wildlife management areas, national coop­ lands use of pesticides is closely controlled erative wildlife lands, sanctuaries, preserves, through the issuance of pesticide use pennits wilderness, wild and scenic rivers, etc. Also, as which must be backed up with detailed envi- 40 OLENDORFF ET AL. RRRNO. 8 ronmental assessments. In general, the Bureau yond the financial means of the Bureau. None­ does not allow use on the public lands of organo­ theless, the list establishes a management phi­ chlorines which affect raptors so severely. Appli­ losophy toward which the Bureau's efforts can cation of pesticides to private lands is beyond the be focused through the year 2000. While this control of Federal land managing agencies. Thus, focusing must be implemented by BLM line man­ little can be done by BLM to further reduce the agers, the effectiveness of the Bureau's Wild­ use of pesticides. life Biologists will determine how closely the overall Fish and Wildlife 2000 goal for rap­ MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES, GOALS, AND tor habitat management is met. All BLM Biolo­ ACUONS gists are encouraged to assume a proper and professional advocacy role in this endeavor Thus far this document has addressed 1) the based on the following management actions. overall Fish and Wildlife 2000 goal for raptor habitat management on ELM-administered lands; Intentions are that management actions under 2) the Bureau's strategy in implementing its rap­ each objective and goal will be addressed as tor program; 3) the Bureau's authorities, proce­ planning guidance and used as appropriate in the dures, and policies relating to raptor habitat man­ Bureau's land-use planning, environmental re­ agement; 4) the extent and character of Key Rap­ view, and decision-making processes, resulting tor Areas on ELM-administered lands; 5) the in effective on-the-ground management of raptor current status of raptor habitats in the West; and habitat. (Note: The term "mitigate" as used in 6) the effects of land-use actions on raptors and this document includes the concept of off-site their habitats. The information represents "where compensation of impacts pursuant to Council on we are" with raptor management on public lands. Environmental Quality guidelines (40 CFR Part The following list of Fish and Wildlife 2000 1508.20).) Each management action relates di­ raptor objectives, goals, and management actions rectly to the goal and objective above it. Ulti­ represents "where we need to go" during the mately, each management action, goal, and ob­ coming decade to meet the Bureau's overall Fish jective relates directly to the overall Fish and and Wildlife 2000 goal for raptor. habitat man­ Wildlife 2000 goal for raptor habitat manage­ agement. The overall goal is: ment stated above. Keeping these relationships in mind will allow use of the following state­ "Provide suitable habitat conditions for birds ments in their full, correct contexts. Note tltat of prey on public lands through the conser­ many of the management actions are already Bu­ vation and management of essential habitat reau "standard operating procedure," but are in­ components, including habitat of prey species, cluded here for the sake of completeness. Tech­ especially in areas where birds of prey con­ nical assistance can be obtained from several key centrate during some period of the year, or in BLM employees listed in Appendix 3. important habitats where populations are sup­ pressed." FISH AND WILDLIFE 2000 RAPI'OR OBJECTIVE NO. l Sub-goals and management actions are grouped under five broad objectives as stated in IDENTIFY KEY NESTING, MIGRATION, "Fish and Wildlife 2000, a Plan for the Future" AND CONCENTRATION AREAS FOR BIRDS (Page 16): OF PREY ON PUBLIC LANDS.

Objective 1. Inventory and Monitoring; Goall-1. Complete and maintain on a contin­ Objective 2. Identification and Management uing basis an inventory and monitoring program of Key Raptor Areas; for raptor populations and habitats to assist in Objective 3. Management of Rapt or Habitat making management decisions on public lands in General; (Fig. 23). Objective 4. Special Status Species; and Objective 5. Increased Awareness. Management Action 1-lA Maintain a current inventory of raptor habitats and populations Immediate and complete implementation of occurring on public lands, and monitor their all 33 management actions listed below is be- status at least every five years. FEBRUARY, 1989 RAPTOR MANAGEMENT ON PUBLIC LANDS 41

Figure 23. Inventory and monitoring provide a foundation for the Bureau's effort to manage and protect raptor habitats. (Photo by M. Kirven.)

(1) Maintain the Key Raptor Area Data (1) Monitor raptor populations whenever Base (Appendix 1), and update it at least needed information is not otherwise avail­ every five years. able and is not likely to be obtained by others. (2) Inventory all types of habitats and spe­ cies, including habitats and populations of (2) Monitor raptor habitats on a continuing species not considered rare, threatened, or basis to establish condition and trend and endangered. to identify new management opportunities.

(3) Where appropriate, emphasize inven­ (3) Monitor pertinent management deci­ tory in areas that do not already have spe­ sions involving raptors and their habitats, cial management and protection strategies including relevant stipulations in agency for raptor values. records of deci<>ions and the effectiveness of mitigations and other protective mea­ (4) Following identification of key nesting, sures. migration, and wintering (non-breeding) areas for birds of prey on public lands, Management Action 1-lC. Coordinate raptor consider their designation as special areas habitat and population inventory and moni­ (e.g., as areas of critical environmental con­ toring as needed between all entities gather­ cern) a high priority in the Bureau Wild­ ing such information in order to avoid dupli­ life Program. cation of effort, promote standardized data collection, and avoid undue disturbance. Management Action 1-1B. Ensure that all types of monitoring involving raptors and (1) Share BLM raptor data with individ­ their habitats are conducted. uals, agencies, and other interested parties 42 OLENDORFF ET AL. RRRNO. 8

Figure 24. Management consistent with the principles of multiple use and sustained yield is the Bureau's mandate. This seasonal road closure to protect a Bald Eagle wintering area in the Bureau's Farmington Resource Area (New Mexico) allows vehicular travel seven months of the year. (Photo by C. White.)

by annually providing data to Natural FISH AND Wll..DLIFE 2000 Heritage Data Centers now existing in RAPTOR OBJECTIVE NO.2 most states.

(2) Standardize raptor population and habi­ IMPLEMENT MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS tat monitoring techniques and terminology ON KEY HABITATS HAVING HIGHLY SIG­ (to the extent possible) to give reliable NIFICANT RAPTOR POPULATIONS. information for input into the Bureau's land-use planning and environmental as­ sessment processes. This should be facil­ C-.oal2-l. Manage, on a continuing basis, all pub­ itated through a research/development proj­ lic lands to protect the scientific, ecological, and ect by the Snake River Birds of Prey Proj­ environmental quality of raptor habitats there­ ect by the end ofFY 1991. on, consistent with multiple-use/sustained-yield practices (Fig. 24). (3) Provide training to BLM biologists and other interested parties on available inven­ Management Action 2-lA. Manage habitats tory and monitoring techniques for raptor using an ecosystem management approach for populations and habitats. This should be raptors and other wildlife species,. unless spe­ accomplished by those people listed in cifically mandated to implement habitat man­ Appendix 3 as part of Phoenix Training agement for a single raptor species. Empha­ Center courses or by invitation from BLM size maintenance and restoration of natural field offices or other agencies and groups. biological diversity. FEBRUARY, 1989 RAPTOR MANAGE:rvtENT ON PUBLIC LANDS 43

populations, not just those areas currently occupied by raptors or that meet defini­ tions of raptor habitat based on existing conditions.

(2) Take initiative in identifying land man­ agement objectives for raptors. The biolo­ gist's role in land-use planning should not be limited to describing effects and miti­ gation measures.

(3) Where information is adequate and sup­ portive, design habitat manipulations so as to increase raptor prey populations. Work closely with range managers and silvicul­ turists to develop prescriptions to accom­ plish specific goals on a case-by-case basis.

Management Action 2-lD. Manage issuance of rights-of-way in a manner that will mini­ mize effects on raptor populations and habi­ tats.

Management Action 2-lE. Prepare a cost/ benefit analysis of an aggressive prescribed burning program versus full suppression of wildfires, where appropriate. Intentions would be to show whether prescribed burning is a Figure 25. Land acquisition and exchange to cost-effective method of preventing cata­ consolidate Bureau holdings is an strophic wildfire losses. Spin-off benefits of important program. In many cases prescribed burning programs to raptors and benevolent ownership provided by other wildlife are documented. Federal ownership (compared to most private ownership) benefits rap tors Goal2-2. Whenever possible through the BLM directly, such as in the San Pedro realty program (and when the need is identified River Riparian Area in Arizona through the Bureau Planning System), acquire (shown here), the Carrizo Plains and/or consolidate, under Bureau administration, Natural Heritage Preserve in Cal­ management units with high raptor habitat values ifornia, and the Snake River Birds of (Fig. 25). Prey Area in Idaho. (Photo by M. Cordano.) Management Action 2-2A. Use the Bureau's land exchange authorities as opportunities Management Action 2-lB. Intensify manage­ arise to consolidate raptor habitats on public ment on those Key Raptor Areas identified lands, with emphasis on Key Raptor Areas through inventory (see also Appendix 1) identified in Appendix 1 of this document. and close coordination with implementation of formal land-use plans (see Objective 3). Management Action 2-2B. Purchase key rap­ tor habitats, as appropriate, within the scope Management Action 2-1 C. Initiate a proactive and intent of Bureau planning documents. raptor habitat management program in addi­ tion to reacting to non-Bureau initiatives. Management Action 2-2C. Encourage private donations of land, funds, and services to (1) In each case, evaluate the potential facilitate acquisition of land with high raptor capability of habitats to support raptor habitat values. 44 OLENDORFF ET AL. RRRNO. 8

FISH AND WILDLIFE 2000 composition and structure desired in the RAPTOR OBJECTIVE NO.3 future to meet the habitat requirements of selected species. MANAGE, ON A CONTINUING BASIS, RAP­ TOR HABITATS ON PUBLIC LAND BY IN­ (4) Communicate desired raptor population CORPORATING HABITAT AND PREY MAN­ and habitat conditions in specific and AGEl\lffiNT CONSIDERATIONS IN LAND quantitative tem1s. Reach a decision on a USE AND ACTIVITY PLANS . . . AND specific management prescription for the THROUGH PROTECTIVE PROVISIONS IN area. LEASES, LICENSES, OR PERMITS ISSUED BY BLM FOR AREAS WEBRE RAPTOR (5) Implement the management prescrip­ PRESENCE AND USE HAVB BEEN IDEN­ tion in the field. TIFIED DURING THE BUREAU PLANNING PROCESS, OR BASED ON OTHER RELE­ Management Action 3-lC. Secure adequate VANT DATA, AS BEING OF SUCH NA­ funding for raptor habitat management on TURE THAT IT REQUIRES SPECIAL CON­ public lands. SIDERATION. (1) Ensure that the Bureau's Wildlife Pro­ Goal3-1. Take full advantage of the established gram maintains adequate funding each fis­ Bureau Planning System to promote and set cal year to meet raptor habitat manage­ goals for raptor habitat management and main­ ment objectives as set forth in this docu­ tenance and enhancement of biological diversity ment. on all public lands. (2) Seek matching funding from industry, Management Action 3-lA. Incorporate the ob­ state agencies, private individuals, etc., for jectives, goals, and management actions of raptor studies, research, monitoring, and this document in new Resource Management management projects, particularly where Plans as they are developed. Where appro­ there is a common information need or priate, update completed land-use plans goal to be reached by both entities. through the amendment process to include the objectives, goals, and management actions of (3) Identify for BLM biologists and man­ this document. agers various avenues to acquire and use non-Bureau funds for raptor management Management Action 3-lB. Identify specific projects. This should be incorporated into and accomplishable raptor management objec­ Phoenix Training Center courses and tives within each planning area. This can be Washington Office instruction memoranda. accomplished by the biologists involved in raptor habitat planning and management on a (4) Ensure that other Bureau programs are case-by-case basis as follows: meeting funding responsibilities commen­ surate with impacts on raptors and their ( 1) Begin habitat planning efforts with a habitats. This should be part of the annual knowledge of existing conditions of vege­ work planning process. tation and raptor populations throughout the land area. Goal3-2. Use the Bureau's environmental assess­ ment process to ensure that negative impacts on (2) Evaluate the potential of the land area raptor habitats of on-the-ground Bureau actions to respond to management. Explore the are properly mitigated. range of habitat conditions for which it may be possible to manage. Relate these Management Action 3-2A. Include specific potential conditions to the habitat require­ and accomplishable alternatives, mitigation ments of raptor species. measures, etc., in all NEPA and other envi­ ronmental assessment documents concerning (3) Select the rapt or species to be featured Bureau actions which adversely affect raptor in the planning area. Specify the habitat populations and habitats. This can be accom- FEBRUARY, 1989 RAPTOR MANAGEMENT ON PUBLIC LANDS 45

plished by the biologists involved in develop­ plans, environmental documents, and other Bur­ ing or reviewing these documents on a project­ eau activities that involve raptors and raptor hab­ by-project basis as follows: itat (Fig. 26).

(1) Begin consideration of the environmen­ Management Action 3-3A. Provide BLM as­ tal consequences of each ~roposed project sistance (logistical, financial, volunteer man­ with knowledge of the proJect location and power, etc., as appropriate) to those conduct­ scope, as well as the conditions existing at ing non-Bureau studies and research involv­ the project site. ing raptors and their habitats on public lands. Assisted projects must contribute to reach­ (2) Develop an understanding of the direct ing the Bureau's raptor management objec­ and indirect effects of proposed actions on tives, goals, and management actions. raptors and their habitats. Management Action 3-3B. Pursuant to Title 2 (3) Evaluate the potential of the action area of the Sikes Act, coordinate the Bureau's rap­ to support raptor populations following full tor habitat inventory, planning, management, development of the proposed project. Ex­ and monitoring activities with similar activi­ plore the range of habitat conditions for ties and programs of other Federal depart­ which it may be possible to manage using ments and agencies and/or appropriate state project alternatives that still allow the and local governments. original intent of the project to be reached. Relate these potential conditions to habitat Management Action 3-3C. Coordinate and en­ requirements of raptor species. sure consistency of all general land-use plans, site-specific management plans, and environ­ (4) If possible, specify the habitat compo­ mental document~ that involve raptors with sition and structure desired to allow both county and other local planning and zoning implementation of the proposed project restrictions to the extent allowed by Federal and substantial raptor habitat conservation. laws and regulations.

(5) Document as part of the project de­ Management Action 3-3D. Participate fully on scription and/or as stipulations in the deci­ special working teams, task forces, and other sion document specific mitigation mea­ advisory groups that deal with raptor habitat sures required. If unavoidable adverse im­ issues and management opportunities. pact~ will result, include appropriate miti­ gation measures to mirumize the net Management Action 3-3E. Establish coopera­ adverse effect of the project on raptors and tive raptor habitat management programs en­ their habitats. compassing both public and affected private lands. (6) Follow up by monitoring compliance with and effectiveness of required mitiga­ A:SH AND Wll.DLIFE 2000 tion measures. RAPTOR OBJECTIVE NO.4

Management Action 3-2B. Develop consistent FOR RAPTOR SPECIES DETERMINED TO guidelines and stipulations for raptor habitat BE IN NEED OF RECOVERY AND SPECIAL management for inclusion in environmental MANAGEMENT (SPECIAL STATUS SPE­ assessments/statements and Bureau decision CIES) COLLABORATE wrrn: THE FWS, documents. This should be done through the STATE AGENCIES, OTHER CONCERNED Bureau manual process at the rate of three ORGANIZATIONS, AND LANDOWNERS IN species per year beginning in FY 1990 coor­ MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES THAT CON­ dinated by the Washington Office. TRIBUTE TO THE RECOVERY OF SUCH SPECIES. Goal3-3. Develop and maintain effective coor­ dination and cooperation with outside agencies Goal4-1. Comply fully with the Endangered and Bureau constituents concerning land-use Species Act of 1973, as amended, as it relates to 46 OLENDORFF ET AL. RRRNO. 8

Figure 26. Raptor habitat management requires extensive interagency and intergovernmental cooperation. For example, the Mt. Dome Habitat Management Plan to protect a Bald Eagle nest and winter roost in the Bureau's Susanville District (California) required signatures of responsible officials from two Federal and two state agencies. (Photo by R. Lehman.) raptor habitat management on public lands, but tion 7 of the Endangered Species Act to en­ maintain a balance which gives appropriate sure that no Bureau action will jeopardize the attention to habitats of candidate, sensitive, and continued existence of a listed species or other unlisted species. destroy or adversely modify formally deter­ mined Critical Habitat. Management Action 4-lA. Take an active role in endangered species recovery processes by participating on Recovery Teams and by im­ FlSH AND WILDLIFE 2000 plementing specific Recovery Plan recom­ RAPTOR OBJECTIVE NO.5 mendations involving raptor habitats, includ­ ing (if still appropriate) those recommenda­ MAINTAIN AN AWARENESS OF THE CON­ tions scheduled but not implemented in prior DITION AND TREND OF RAPTOR RE­ fiscal years. SOURCES ON PUBLIC LANDS BY PAR­ TICIPATING IN MONITORING ACTIVI­ Management Action 4-lB. Comply with Sec­ TIES WITH OTHER AGENCIES AND tion 2 of the Endangered Species Act which ORGANIZATIONS. concerns management of habitats of unlisted species in a manner to ensure that Federal Goal 5-1. Develop increased general awareness listing never becomes necessary. of raptor resources on public lands.

Management Action 4-lC. Conduct confer­ Management Action 5-lA. Document in ad­ ences, informal consultations, and fonnal con­ ministrative reports and published papers sultations, as appropriate, pursuant to Sec- results of all raptor management research and FEBRUARY, 1989 RAPTOR MANAGEMENT ON PUBLIC LANDS 47

individual raptor management projects to Management Action 5-2B. Conduct studies of facilitate information transfer and to minimize the short- and long-term impacts of surface­ duplication of research efforts. This should be disturbing activities on raptor habitat quality done through annual progress reports and and raptor nesting success, specifically as­ final reports within one year of completion of sessing habitat alterations, such as wildfires, each project. grazing, rangeland seedings, and military activities. Specifically, initiate research in the Management Action 5-1B. Share raptor man­ Snake River Birds of Prey Area concerning agement expertise among offices throughout these activities to be completed by the end of the Bureau by holding workshops, developing FY 1995. short-term assignments for key personnel, conducting training, and providing formal in­ Management Action 5-2C. Analyze all avail­ formation storage and transfer through the able monitoring data 1) to evaluate the con­ Bureau's Land Information System and other cept of using raptors as indicators of the means. These tasks should be accomplished levels of impacts of various surface-disturbing routinely or on an as-needed basis. activities; and then 2) to evaluate use of rap­ tors as an integral part of the Bureau's effort Management Action 5-1 C. Develop an aware­ to monitor the environmental effects of its ness in other Bureau disciplines of raptors and plans and decisions. This will be an analytical their habitats, and capitalize on increased extension of research and monitoring recom­ awareness through a strong day-to-day advo­ mended in 5-2B and should be completed cacy for raptor habitat protection and man­ within the same timeframe. agement, particularly in the BLM budget process. Management Action 5-20. Conduct studies to evaluate processes contributing to recovery of Management Action 5-1D. Develop an inter­ regional populations of threatened and endan­ agency, intergovernmental, and public aware­ gered raptors so that available information ness of Bureau raptor habitat management can be applied in other areas where recovery projects and related accomplishments through is proceeding at an unacceptable rate. Com­ an active information and education program, plete the pilot project on California Pere­ a timely technical information transfer pro­ grines by the end ofFY 1993. cess, and other means. SUMMARY Management Action 5-lE. Distribute this doc­ ument concerning raptor habitat management Rap tors (birds of prey) have elicited the on public lands (as soon as possible following interest -- even worship -- of man since ancient completion) to other raptor habitat managers/ times. Today, raptors are one of the most landowners, and encourage adoption of sim­ politically sensitive groups of animals with ilar objectives, goals, and management ac­ which Federal agencies must be concerned. As tions for lands they administer. organisms at ends of food chains, raptors are both biologically important and environmentally Goal5-2. Maintain research and development sensitive, which bas led to widespread Bureau of programs sufficient to develop and document the Land Management (BLM) and public recogni­ knowledge and techniques needed to ensure that tion of the need to manage raptors and their awareness of raptor habitat condition and trend is habitats effectively. possible and effective. This document was prepared to refine and Management Action 5-2A. Conduct long-term expand on the overall goal of BLM in con­ studies and monitoring efforts to learn more serving and managing raptors and their habitats about raptor populations, their prey, and asso­ on public lands. In addition, the document ciated habitat changes. This should begin in establishes objectives to be met and specifies several Key Raptor Areas as soon as possible, management actions to be implemented during with emphasis on continuing work in the the next decade to reach the overall goal stated in Snake River Birds of Prey Area. the Bureau document entitled "Fish and Wildlife 48 OLENDORFF ET AL. RRRNO. 8

2000, A Plan for the Future." Further, this doc­ backs which generally can be compensated for ument was prepared to provide current informa­ through normal population dynamics of species. tion on opportunities to improve productivity of Ultimate effects (e.g., diminished habitat diver­ raptors on public lands. sity/stability, habitat destruction, pesticide con­ tamination, and continual human disturbance) The past decade has seen great changes in include land-use actions that commonly preclude attitudes of the public towards use of lands reproduction or traditional use of habitat for long which BLM administers under the Federal Land periods of time or permanently. Policy and Management Act of 1976 (FLPMA), other legislation, and related regulations. Suffi­ Integrated, multi-disciplinary approaches to cient Bureau authorities and processes do exist raptor habitat protection and management re­ through which substantial protection and con­ quire that negative proximate and ultimate effects servation of raptors and their habitats can be im­ of land-use actions be minimized, particularly in plemented in a multiple-use context. Many of Key Raptor Areas. To satisfy the need for these authorities and processes have already been integrated approaches, this document recom­ applied toward reaching the "Fish and Wildlife mends that the following objectives and goals for 2000" goal, though important opportunities re­ raptor management be attained by the year 2000 main. Bureau actions, potentially important to or earlier. raptor conservation, include land-use planning; environmental assessment; inventory, studies, Objective 1. Identify key nesting, migration, and research, and monitoring; management of special concentration areas for birds of prey on public status species; on-the-ground management of lands. key raptor habitat areas; etc. Goall-1. Complete and maintain on a con­ Bureau Wildlife Specialists have identified tinuing basis an inventory and monitoring pro­ 223 Key Raptor Areas throughout the western gram for raptor populations and habitats to United States where habitat is particularly suit­ assist in making management decisions on able for raptor nesting, migration, and winter­ public lands. ing. Some 24 million acres, of which 13.5 million are administered by BLM, represent more habitat Objective 2. Implement management programs diversity than is controlled by any other land­ on key habitats having highly significant raptor owner in the Nation, public or private. The most populations. important habitat types represented are ripar­ ian, shrubsteppe, and coniferous forest. Habitat Goal2-1. Manage, on a continuing basis, all features most commonly used by raptors include public lands to protect scientific, ecological, cliffs and bluffs; areas near streams, creeks, and and environmental quality of raptor habi­ rivers; rock outcrops; and small groups of trees tats thereon, consistent with multiple-use/ in otherwise treeless habitat. Species most often sustained-yield practices. featured are Golden Eagles, Bald Eagles, Prairie Falcons, Red-tailed Hawks, Peregrine Falcons, Goal2-2. Whenever possible through the and Ferruginous Hawks. Of 223 Key Raptor BLM realty program, aquire and/or consoli­ Areas, 178 (79.8%) are (or soon will be) within date, under Bureau admmistration, manage­ major BLM land-use planning areas. Nearly half ment units with high raptor habitat values. of the areas also have site-specific land-use plans which benefit raptors directly. Objective 3. Manage, on a continuing basis, raptor habitats on public land by incorporating Many types of land-use actions affect raptors habitat and prey management considerations in and rapt or habitats similarly. Some are ben­ land-use and activity plans . . . and through eficial; most, however, are not and must be protective provisions in leases, licenses, or avoided, mitigated, or otherwise minimized. Im­ permits issued by BLM. mediate or proximate effects, such as individ­ ual mortality (electrocution, shooting, nest fail­ Goal 3-1. Take full advantage of the estab­ ure in a given year, etc.), are short-term set- lished Bureau Planning System to promote FEBRUARY, 1989 RAPTOR MANAGE:rv:JENT ON PUBLIC LANDS 49

and set goals for raptor habitat management projects toward effective on-the-ground raptor and for maintenance and enhancement of habitat management. These tools have been used biological diversity on all public lands. extensively to apply management prescriptions in many raptor habitats. There are, however, Goal3-2. Use the Bureau's environmental many remaining opportunities for more thorough assessment process to ensure that negative planning and increased use of on-the-ground impacts on raptor habitats of on-the-ground management. An emphasis on site-specific Bureau actions are properly mitigated. planning and greater consideration of raptors in environmental assessment and decision making Goal3-3. Develop and maintain effective processes are examples of such opportunities. coordination and cooperation with outside agencies and Bureau constituents concerning land-use plans, environmental documents, and LITERATURE CITED other Bureau activities that involve raptors and raptor habitat. Brown, D.E. 1982. Biotic communities of the American Southwest United States and Objective 4. For species determined to be in Mexico. Boyce Thompson Southwestern Ar­ need of recovery and special management (spe­ boretum. Superior, AZ. 342 pp. cial status species) collaborate with U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, other Federal and state Garrison, G.A., A.J. Bjugstad, D.A. Duncan, agencies, concerned organizations, and land­ M.E. Lewis, and D.R. Smith. 1977. Vegeta­ owners in management activities that contrib­ tion and environmental features of forest and ute to recovery of such species. range ecosystems. Agric. Handb. 475. U.S. Dep. Agric., Forest Service. Washington, DC. Goal4-1. Comply fully with the Endangered 68pp. Species Act of 1973, as amended, as it relates to raptor habitat management on public lands, Jones, K.B. 1986. Deserts. In: A.Y. Cooperrider, but maintain a balance which gives appro­ R.J. Boyd, and H.R. Stuart (Eds.). Inventory priate attention to habitats of candidate, sensi­ and monitoring of wildlife habitat. U.S. Dep. tive, and other unlisted species. Interior, Bur. Land Manage. Denver, CO. Pp. 123-140. Objective 5. Maintain an awareness of condi­ tions and trends of raptor resources on public Kuchler, AW. 1964. Potential natural vegetation lands by participating in monitoring activities of the coterminous United States. Amer. with other agencies and organizations. Geogr. Soc. Spec. Publ. 36. Amer. Geogr. Soc. New York, NY. 116 pp. Goal5-1. Develop increased general aware­ ness of raptor resources on public lands. Lee, L.C., T.A. Muir, and R.R. Johnson. 1989. Riparian ecosystems as essential habitat for Goal 5-2. Maintain research and development raptors in the American West. In: Proc. programs sufficient to develop and document Western Raptor Management Symposium and the knowledge and techniques needed to en­ Workshop. Nat. Wildl. Feder. Washington, sure that awareness of raptor habitat condi­ DC. Pp. 15-26. tions and trends is possible and effective. Mueggler, W.F. 1989. Status of aspen woodlands Meeting these objectives and reaching these in the West. In: Proc. Western Raptor Man­ goals, particularly through protective manage­ agement Symposium and Workshop. Nat. ment of special habitat features in Key Raptor Wildl. Feder. Washington, DC. Pp. 32-37. Areas, will be vital to maintaining in perpetuity viable populations of 45 species of raptors which Ohman, J.L. 1989. Status and trend<> of coni­ occur in the western states. Optimism is jus­ ferous forest habitats in the western United tifiable in that planning, environmental assess­ States. In: Proc. Western Raptor Manage­ ment, and on-the-ground management tools avail­ ment Symposium and Workshop. Nat. Wildl. able to BLM allow substantial implementation of Feder. Washington, DC. Pp. 38-49. 50 OLENDORFF ET AL. RRRNO. 8

Ohmart, R.D., and B.W. Anderson. 1986. Ri­ Raptor Management Symposium and Work­ parian habitat. In: A.Y. Cooperrider, R.J. shop. Nat. Wildl. Feder. Washington, DC. Boyd, and H.R. Stuart (Eds.). Inventory and Pp. 27-31. monitoring of wildlife habitat. U.S. Dep. Interior, Bur. Land Manage. Denver, CO. Young, J.A. 1989. Intermountain shrubsteppe Pp. 169-199. plant communities--pristine and grazing. In: Proc. Western Raptor Management Sympo­ Peters, D.H. 1989. Status of wetland habitats in sium and Workshop. Nat. Wildl. Feder. Wash­ the western United States. In: Proc. Western ington, DC. Pp. 3-14.

APPENDIX I List of Key Raptor Areas on the Public Lands The following codes for habitats, potential/ongoing land-use actions, cooperators, special habitat features, and species are used in the list of Key Raptor Area summaries:

Habitats

COA Coastal SHR Shrubsteppe CON Coniferous Forest sou Southwestern Desert DEC Deciduous Forest TAl Taiga GRA Grassland TUN Tundra LAC Lacustrine/Reservoirs WET Wetland RIP Riparian/Riverine

Potential/Ongoing Land-use Actions

BLA Blasting/Seismic Exploration O&G Oil and Gas BOO Sonic Booms/Aircraft ORV Off-Road Vehicle DAM Dams/Reservoirs PES Organochlorine Pesticides FAR Farming PHO Phosphate Poisons FIR Wildfire PIP Pipelines GEO Geothermal PRE Predicides GRA Grazing PUB Public Observation HAR Harvest (Legal/Illegal) ROA Roads/Railroads HER Herbicides ROC Rock Climbing HIK Hiking, Fishing, Hunting, etc. ROD Rodenticides LOG Logging SHO Shooting MET Heavy Metals SOL Solar Energy MIL Military Activities URB Urbanization MIN Mining UTI Utility Lines NON None WIN Wind Energy

Cooperators

ACE U.S. Army Cotps of Engineers ITR Indian Tribes BIA U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs NPS U.S. National Park Service CON Conservation Organizations PRI Private Landowners cou County or Local Governments scs U.S. Soil Conservation Service DOD U.S. Department of Defense SER Local Service Groups DOE U.S. Department of Energy STA State Wildlife Agencies FWS U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service UBR U.S. Bureau of Reclamation IND Industry UFS U.S. Forest Service FEBRUARY, 1989 RAPTOR MANAGEMENT ON PUBLIC LANDS 51

Special Habitat Features

BOX Nest Boxes RES Reservoirs BUR Burn ROC Rock Outcrops CLI Cliffs/Bluffs ROD Rodent Colonies DAM Dams ROO Winter Roost GAL Gallery Forest SIN Alkali Sinks HOM Abandoned Homesites SNA Snag/Group of Snags ISL Islands SPR Cold Springs LAK Lakes STR Streams/Creeks/Rivers MAN Vegetation Manipulation TAL Talus Fields MAR Marsh TRE Small Groups of Trees MEA Meadows UTI Utility Lines OLD Old Growth Forest WAS Dry Washes PON Ponds

Species

ACCOO Cooper's Hawk Accipiter cooperii ACGEN Goshawk Accipiter gentilis ACSTR Sharp-shinned Hawk Accipiter striatus ABACA Saw-whet Owl Aegolius acadicus AEFUN Boreal Owl Aegolius funereus AQCHR Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos ASFLA Short-eared Owl Asio jlammeus ASOTU Long-eared Owl Asio otus ATCUN Burrowing Owl Athene cunnicularia BUALB Zone-tailed Hawk Buteo albonotatus BUANT Common Black Hawk Buteo anthracinus BUJAM Red-tailed Hawk Buteo jamaicensis BULAG Rough-legged Hawk Buteo lagopus BUNIT Gray Hawk Buteo nitidus BUREG Ferruginous Hawk Buteo regalis BUSWA Swainson' s Hawk Buteo swainsonii BUVIR Great Horned Owl Bubo virginianus CAAUR Turkey Vulture Cathartes aura CICYA Northern Harrier Circus cyaneus FACOL Merlin Falco columbarius FAFEM Aplomado Falcon Falco femora/is FAMEX Prairie Falcon Falco mexicanus FAPER Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus FARUS Gyrfalcon Falco rusticolus FASPA American Kestrel Falco sparverius GYCAL California Condor Gymnogyps californicus HALEU Bald Eagle Ha/iaeetus leucocephalus ICMIS Mississippi Kite Ictinia misisippiensis MIWHI Elf Owl Micrathene whitneyi OTASI Screech-Owl Otlts asio PAHAL Osprey Pandion haliaetus PAUNI Harris' Hawk Parabuteo unicinctus STNEB Great Grey Owl Strix nebulosa STOCC Spotted Owl Strix occidentalis SUULU Hawk-Owl Surnia ulula TYALB Barn-Owl Tyto alba 52 OLENDORFF ET AL. RRRNO. 8

Map 1. Key Raptor Areas in the State of Alaska. Numbers correspond to the Key Raptor Area descriptions which follow Map 5. FEBRUARY, 1989 RAPTOR MANAGEMENT ON PUBLIC LANDS 53

192 191

187 193 195

194 188

199 196

190 186

147

131 132 130 134 133 145 137129 149 135136 128 146 138 127 126 148

125 124 144 139 143 141 142 1

Map 2. Key Raptor Areas in the States of Oregon and Washington. Numbers correspond to the Key Raptor Area descriptions which follow Map 5. 54 OLENDORFF ET AL. RRRNO. 8

47 1210 54 53 52 55 45 48 46 49 50 51

123

57

37 44

36 43

Map 3. Key Raptor Areas in the States of California and Nevada. Numbers correspond to the Key Raptor Area descriptions which follow Map 5. FEBRUARY, 1989 RAPTOR MANAGEMENT ON PUBLIC LANDS 55

93 101 100 98 99 95 97 96 78 102

103 106 104

223 200

83

86 202 73 81 85 82 79 201 87 77 220 210 213 75 76 21~4216 219222 20721~206211 208 209 221 212 21 204

Map 4. Key Raptor Areas in the States of Idaho. Montana, and Wyoming. Numbers correspond to the Key Raptor Area descriptions which follow Map 5. 56 OLENDORFF ET AL. RRRNO. 8

178

183 7 66 179 69 62 182 68 18~ 166 11~ 160 172 159 61 175176 167 4 f:7 171 163 '71 1 3 168 177 170 0 64 169t65 65 63

151 158 uJ52 161 69 162 60 1 8 107

108

116

16 25 23')~1 18 - 20 109111 112 19 2 110 11-4 116 26 29 117 24 113 30 28

Map 5. Key Raptor Areas in the States of Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico. Numbers correspond to the Key Raptor Area descriptions which follow Map 5. FEBRUARY, 1989 RAPTOR MANAGEMENT ON PUBLIC LANDS 57

Each of the 223 Key Raptor Areas is listed below sorted by state, BLM District, and BLM Resource Area. Phone numbers are listed for those who wish to seek more information about particular Key Areas. In general, when contacting BLM offices for that purpose, ask for the Wildlife Biologist. Other information listed for each Key Area includes: Key Area name, the general habitat type, total acres, acres controlled by BLM, potential conflicts in the area, cooperators in managing the area, the special habitat features available to raptors, and the species involved. (SHF =Special Habitat Features.)

I. State: AK District: ANCHORAGE 7. State: AK District: GLENALLEN PhoneNo.: 907-267-1226 Phone No.: 907-822-3218 Key Area Name: KUSKOKWIN RIVER Key Area Name: GULKANA RIVER BASIN Habitats: TAl Habitats: RIP WET Total Acres: 960000 Acres BLM: 480000 Total Acres: 300000 Acres BLM: 300000 Land-Use Actions: MIN HAR Land-use Actions: HIK Cooperators: FWS Cooperators: FWS SHF: CLI SNA OLD BUR MEA PON LAK ISL STR SHF: TRE OLD PON LAK Species: PAPER BULAG BUJAM HALEU PAHAL Species: HALEU PAHAL BUJAM AEFUN SUULU BUVIR FARUS STNEB 8. State: AZ District: ARIZONA STRIP 2. State: AK District: ANCHORAGE Resource Area: VERMILLION PhoneNo.: 907-267-1226 Phone No.: 801-628-4491 Key Area Name: LIME HILLS Key Area Name: KANAB CREEK Habitats: TAl Habitats: RIP Total Acres: 350000 Acres BLM: 300000 Total Acres: 80000 Acres BLM: 40000 Land-Use Actions: NON Land-use Actions: MIN UTI GRA FIR HAR HIK ORV Cooperators: FWS PUB ROC BOO SHF: CLI TAL TRE BUR LAK RES STR Cooperators: FWS UFS NPS ST A Species: PAPER BULAG FARUS AQCHR BUJAM SHF: CLI ROC TAL STR P AHAL HALEU AEFUN SUULU BUVIR Species: PAPER AQCHR

3. State: AK District: ARCTIC 9. State: AZ District: ARIZONA STRIP PhoneNo.: 907-356-5130 Resource Area: VERMILLION Key Area Name: BROOKS RANGE FOOTHILLS AREA Phone No.: 801-628-4491 Habitats: TUN RIP WET Key Area Name: MT. TRUMBULL/MT. LOGAN Total Acres: 1000000 Acres BLM: 1000000 Habitats: CON Land-Use Actions: O&G MIN PIP BLA Total Acres: 50000 Acres BLM: 45000 Cooperators: FWS STA COU IND Land-use Actions: LOG MIN DAM FAR GRA FIR SHF: CLI ROC MEA PON LAK STR HIK ORV ROC BOO Species: FAPER FARUS BULAG AQCHR Cooperators: STA SHF: CLI ROC TRE SNA BUR MAN MEA WAS 4. State: AK District: ARCTIC PON BOX Phone No.: 907-356-3150 Species: PAPER AQCHR ACGEN ACCOO BUJAM Key Area Name: COLVILLE RIVER FASPA Habitats: TUN RIP WET Total Acres: 500000 Acres BLM: 400000 10. State: AZ District: ARIZONA STRIP Land-Use Actions: O&G PIP BLA HIK Resource Area: VERMILLION Cooperators: FWS PRI STA COU IND Phone No.: 801-628-4491 SHF: CLI ROC MEA PON STR Key Area Name: P ARIA CANYON/VERMILLION CLIFF Species: PAPER FARUS BULAG Habitats: RIP Total Acres: 95000 Acres BLM: 95000 5. State: AK District: ARCTIC Land-use Actions: ROA GRA FIR HAR HIK ORV Phone No.: 907-356-5130 PUB ROC BOO BLA Key Area Name: SAGWON BLUFFS Cooperators: FWS NPS ST A Habitat~: TUN RIP SHF: CLI ROC TAL TRE WAS SPR STR ROO Total Acres: 207360 Acres BLM: 207360 Species: PAPER HALEU AQCHR FAMEX BUJAM Land-Use Actions: O&G PIP HAR HIK PUB FASPA Cooperators: FWS STA SHF: CLI ROC STR II. State: AZ District: PHOENIX Species: FAPER FARUS BULAG Resource Area: KINGMAN PhoneNo.: 602-757-3161 6. State: AK District: ARCTIC Key Area Name: ALAMO LAKE Phone No.: 907-356-5130 Habitats: RIP WET SOU LAC Key Area Name: UTUKOK UPLANDS Total Acres: 21670 Acres BLM: 15232 Habitats: TUN RIP WET Land-use Actions: MIN ROA DAM GRA FIR HIK Total Acres: 1000000 Acres BLM: 1000000 ORV PUB BOO MET Land-Use Actions: O&G PIP BLA Cooperators: FWS STA COU ACE Cooperators: FWS STA COU SHF: ROC SNA RES DAM STR SHF: CLI ROC MEA PON LAK STR Species: HALEU PAPER Species: PAPER FARUS BULAG AQCHR 58 OLENDORFF ET AL. RRRNO. 8

12. State: AZ District: PHOENIX 18. State: AZ District: SAFFORD Resource Area: KINGMAN Resource Area: GILA Phone No.: 602-757-3161 Phone No.: 602-428-4040 Key Area Name: BURRO CREEK, FRANCIS CREEK Key Area Name: ARAVAIPA CANYON Habitats: RIP WEf SOU Habitats: RIP Total Acres: 56290 Acres BLM: 37150 Total Acres: 70000 Acres BLM: 60000 Land-use Actions: O&G MIN GEO ROA PIP UTI Land-use Actions: MIN ROA FAR GRA HIK ORV GRA ORV BLA MET PUB MET Cooperators: FWS PRJ STA CON Cooperators: PRJ STA CON SHF: CLI ROC TRE SNA GAL OLD MAN STR SHF: CLI ROC TRE SNA WAS SPR PON STR Species: HALEU BUANT BUALB ACCOO Species: PAPER BUANT BUALB ACCOO AQCHR FAMEX 13. State: AZ District: PHOENIX Resource Area: KINGMAN 19. State: AZ District: SAFFORD PhoneNo.: 602-757-3161 Resource Area: GILA Key Area Name: GRAND WASH CLIFFS Phone No.: 602-428-4040 Habitat~: SOU Key Area Name: BLACK ROCK Total Acres: 7680 Acres BLM: 5760 Habitat~: SOU Land-use Actions: O&G MIN FIR Total Acres: 1000 Acres BLM: 700 SHF: CLI ROC Land-use Actions: GRA Species: AQCHR PAPER FAMEX Cooperators: STA SHF: CLI ROC TRE PON STR 14. State: AZ District: PHOENIX Species: PAPER AQCHR BUJAM Resource Area: KINGMAN Phone No.: 602-757-3161 20. State: AZ District: SAFFORD KeyAreaName: HUALAPAIVALLEY Resource Area: GILA Habitats: SOU Phone No.: 602-428-4040 Total Acres: 92160 Acres BLM: 36864 Key Area Name: BONITA CREEK Land-use Actions: O&G MIN ROA UTI GRA ORV Habitat~: RIP Cooperators: STA Total Acres: 10000 Acres BLM: 9000 SHF: TRE WAS Land-use Actions: MIN LOG ROA GRA ORV Species: BUSWA BUREG Cooperators: STA COU SER SHF: CLI ROC TRE GAL WAS STR ROO 15. State: AZ District: PHOENIX Species: HALEU BUANT BUALB FAMEX ACCOO Resource Area: KINGMAN Phone No.: 602-757-3161 21. State: AZ District: SAFFORD Key Area Name: PINNACLES Resource Area: GILNSAN SIMON Habitats: SOU Phone No.: 602-428-4040 Total Acres: 2560 Acres BLM: 1690 Key Area Name: EAGLE CREEK Land-use Actions: O&G MIN PIP UTI GRA URB Habitats: RIP ORV BLA Total Acres: 12000 Acres BLM: 5000 SHF: CLI ROC Land-use Actions: O&G MIN GEO ROA PIP UTI Species: FAMEX GRA ORV BLA MET Cooperators: FWS PRJ STA CON 16. State: AZ District: PHOENIX SHF: CLI ROC TRE SNA GAL OLD MAN STR Resource Area: PHOENIX Species: HALEU BUANT BUALB ACCOO Phone No.: 602-863-4464 Key Area Name: MIDDLE GILA PLANNING UNIT 22. State: AZ District: SAFFORD Habitats: RIP SOU Resource Area: GILNSAN SIMON Total Acres: 463000 Acres BLM: 192000 Phone No.: 602-428-4040 Land-use Actions: MIN ROA PIP UTI DAM GRA Key Area Name: GILA BOX URB ORV PES MET Habitats: RIP Cooperators: STA Total Acres: 30000 Acres BLM: 20000 SHF: CLI STR TRE Land-use Actions: MIN GEO DAM GRA ORV PUB Species: PAPER PAUNI ICMIS ACCOO BUALB MET Cooperators: PRI STA SER 17. State: AZ District: PHOENIX SHfl: CLI ROC TAL TRE WAS SPR STR ROO Resource Area: PHOENIX Species: PAPER HALEU BUANT BUALB AQCHR Phone No.: 602-863-4464 Key Area Name: SILVERBELL PLANNING UNIT 23. State: AZ District: SAFFORD Habitats: SOU Resource Area: GILA Total Acres: 1637000 Acres BLM: 266000 Phone No.: 602-428-4040 Land-use Actions: O&G MIN UTI GRA URB ORV Key Area Name: MARKHAM CREEK Cooperators: STA CON Habitats: RIP SHF: CLI ROC TRE Total Acres: 5000 Acres BLM: 5000 Species: PAUNI BUJAM FAMEX BUVIR Land-use Actions: ROA GRA SHF: CLI ROC TRE SNA WAS SPR STR Species: BUANT BUALB ACCOO HALEU FEBRUARY, 1989 RAPTOR MANAGEMENT ON PUBLIC LANDS 59

24. State: AZ District: SAFFORD Land-use Actions: 0&0 MIN WIN UTI FAR ORA Resource Area: GILA URB ORV BOO BLA Phone No.: 602-428-4040 Cooperators: DOD PRI STA Key Area Name: MULESHOE SHF: BUR MAN WAS ROD SPR PON UTI ROO Habitats: RIP HOM Total Acres: 30000 Acres BLM: 24000 Species: CICYA BUSWA FAMEX AQCHR FASPA Land-use Actions: ORA HIK BUJAM Cooperators: PRI STA CON SHF: CLI ROC TRE GAL WAS SPR STR 30. State: AZ District: SAFFORD Species: PAPER BUNIT BUANT BUALB ACCOO Resource Area: SAN SIMON AQCHR Phone No.: 602-428-4040 Key Area Name: SULPHUR SPRINGS VALLEY 25. State: AZ District: SAFFORD Habitats: RIP SHU ORA SOU Resource Area: GILA Total Acres: 1175000 Acres BLM: 69000 Phone No.: 602-428-4040 Land-use Actions: 0&0 MIN WIN PIP UTI FAR ORA Key Area Name: NEEDLES EYE URB ORV ROC Habitats: RIP Cooperators: FWS PRI STA COU CON Total Acres: 10000 Acres BLM: 5000 SHF: SNA MAN WAS ROD BUR PON STR tm Land-use Actions: UTI DAM ORA PRE ROO HOM Cooperators: FWS STA Species: BUSWA FAMEX AQCHR BUJAM CICYA SHF: CLI ROC TRE SPR STR ROO Species: HALEU BUANT BUALB 31. State: AZ District: YUMA Resource Area: HAVASU 26. State: AZ District: SAFFORD Phone No: 602-726-6300 Resource Area: GILA Key Area Name: BILL WILLIAMS RIVER Phone No.: 602-428-4040 Habitats: RIP SOU Key Area Name: SAN MANUEL RIPARIAN Total Acres: 13000 Acres BLM: 5500 Habitats: RIP Land-use Actions: 0&0 PIP FAR ORA ORV BOO Total Acres: 4000 Acres BLM: 160 Cooperators: ACE STA Land-use Actions: ORA LOG SHF: CLI ROC TRE GAL WAS STR ROO Cooperators: ST A Species: HALEU CAAUR ACCOO BUJAM BUSWA SHF: TRE GAL STR PAUNI FASPA Species: ICMIS BUNIT BUANT PAUNI ACCOO 32. State: AZ District: YUMA Resource Area: HAVASU 27. State: AZ District: SAFFORD Phone No.: 602-855-8017 Resource Area: SAN SIMON Key Area Name: WHIPPLE MOUNTAINS Phone No.: 602-428-4040 Habitats: SOU Key Area Name: PELONCILLO MOUNTAINS Total Acres: 125000 Acres BLM: 110000 Habitats: SHR ORA SOU Land-use Actions: MIN ORV Total Acres: 65000 Acres BLM: 43000 Cooperators: UBR STA Land-use Actions: 0&0 MIN UTI FAR ORA PUB SHF: CLI ROC TAL WAS RES STR UTI ROC BOO Species: PAPER HALEU Cooperators: DOD PRI STA CON SHF: CLI ROC TAL BUR MAN ROD PON UTI 33. State: AZ District: YUMA ROO HOM Resource Area: YUMA Species: AQCHR FAMEX FASPA BUJAM BUSWA Phone No.: 602-726-6300 Key Area Name: COLORADO RIVER CORRIDOR 28. State: AZ District: SAFFORD Habitats: RIP SOU LAC Resource Area: SAN SIMON Total Acres: 150000 Acres BLM: 23100 Phone No.: 602-428-4040 Cooperators: FWS UBR PRI STA Key Area Name: SAN PEDRO RIVER SHF: WAS LAK RES ISL STR UTI Habitats: RIP ORA WET SOU Species: HALEU PAUNI FAMEX BUSWA BUREO Total Acres: 80000 Acres BLM: 43000 ACSTR BULAO CICYA AQCHR PAPER Land-use Actions: UTI URB FIR ORV BOO Cooperators: FWS PRI STA COU CON 34. State: AZ District: YUMA SHF: TRE GAL MEA WAS PON HOM Resource Area: YUMA Species: BUNIT FAFEM PAUNI BUSWA Phone No.: 602-726-6300 Key Area Name: MITTRY LAKE WILDLIFE AREA 29. State: AZ District: SAFFORD Habitats: WET LAC Resource Area: SAN SIMON Total Acres: 12800 Acres BLM: 12000 Phone No.: 602-428-4040 Land-use Actions: PUB MET Key Area Name: SAN SIMON VALLEY Cooperators: FWS UBR STA Habitats: SHR ORA SOU SHF: TRE SNA MAN LAK RES DAM STR Total Acres: 640000 Acres BLM: 448000 Species: HALEU PAUNI ALL 60 OLENDORFF ET AL. RRRNO. 8

35. State: CA District: BAKERSFIELD 41. State: CA District: DESERT Resource Area: CALIENTE Resource Area: NEEDLES Phone No.: 805-861-4236 Phone No.: 714-351-6403 Key Area Name: BLUE RIDGE Key Area Name: CIMA DOME Habitats: CON SHR Habitats: SHR Total Acres: 5102 Acres BLM: 3268 Total Acres: 54000 Acres BLM: 52000 Land-use Actions: HAR PUB BOO Land-use Actions: GRA FIR Cooperators: FWS UFS ST A CON PRI Cooperators: STA SHF: CLI TRE SNA BUR SHF: ROC TRE Species: GYCAL Species: BUJAM

36. State: CA District: BAKERSFIELD 42. State: CA District: DESERT Resource Area: CALIENTE Resource Area: NEEDLES Phone No.: 805-861-4236 Phone No.: 619-326-3896 Key Area Name: CARRIZO/ELKHORN PLAIN Key Area Name: PIUTE CREEK Habitat~: SHR GRA WEf Habitats: RIP SOU Total Acres: UNK Acres BLM: UNK Total Acres: 320 Acres BLM: 280 Land-use Actions: O&G MIN UTI GAR GRA URB Land-use Actions: GRA FIR ORV PUB BOO HAR ORV BLA SOL Cooperators: STA CON Cooperators: FWS STA SHF: CLI ROC TRE SNA MAN STR SHF: ROC WAS ROD UTI ROO SIN LAK Species: MIWHI BUJAM AQCHR FAMEX ALL Species: AQCHR PAPER FAMEX HALEU BUSW A BUREG ACCOO ACSTR BUJAM ATCUN 43. State: CA District: DESERT Resource Area: RIDGECREST 37. State: CA District: BAKERSFIELD Phone No.: 714-351-6402 Resource Area: CALIENTE Key Area Name: RED MOUNT AIN/EL PASO Phone No.: 805-861-4236 MOUNTAINS Key Area Name: SPANISH NEEDLES Habitats: SOU SHR Habitats: SHR Total Acres: 300000 Acres BLM: 280000 Total Acres: UNK Acres BLM: UNK Land-use Actions: MIN GRA URB ORV BOO Land-use Actions: HIK ROC BOO Cooperators: STA Cooperators: PRI STA CON SHF: CLI ROC TAL WAS ROD SHF: C1.J ROC Species: AQCHR FAMEX Species: PAPER 44. State: CA District: DESERT 38. State: CA District: DESERT Resource Area: RIDGECREST Resource Area: BARSTOW Phone No.: 714-351-6402 Phone No.: 714-351-6402 Key Area Name: ROBBER'S ROOST Key Area Name: HARPER DRY LAKE Habitats: SHR Habitat~: SHR WET Total Acres: 4000 Acres BLM: 4000 Total Acres: 14000 Acres BLM: 4000 Land-use Actions: ROC Land-use Actions: PES PHO SHF: CLI ROC WAS SHF: TRE MAR Species: FAMEX Species: CICYA ASFLA BUREG ASOTU 45. State: CA District: SUSANVILLE 39. State: CA District: DESERT Resource Area: ALTURAS Resource Area: BARSTOW Phone No.: 916-233-4666 PhoneNo.: 714-351-6402 Key Area Name: FALL RIVER MILLS BALD EAGLE Key Area Name: NEWBERRY/GRANITE MOUNTAINS NEST AREA Habitats: SOU SHR Habitats: CON RIP Total Acres: 250000 Acres BLM: 160000 Total Acres: 2500 Acres BLM: 1130 Land-use Actions: MIN GRA URB ORV BOO Land-use Actions: URB FIR HAR HIK ORV Cooperators: STA Cooperators: UFS PRI STA SHF: CLI ROC TAL WAS SHF: TRE SNA STR Species: AQCHR FAMEX Species: HALEU

40. State: CA District: DESERT 46. State: CA District: SUSANVILLE Resource Area: BARSTOW Resource Area: ALTURAS PhoneNo.: 714-351-6402 Phone No.: 916-233-4666 Key Area Name: SUPERIOR VALLEY Key Area Name: HAT CREEK BALD EAGLE NEST AREA Habitats: SHR Habitat~: CON RIP Total Acres: 50000 Acres BLM: 25000 Total Acres: 2320 Acres BLM: 920 Land-use Actions: URB ORV BOO Land-use Actions: UTI GRA FIR HIK Cooperators: STA Cooperators: ST A SHF: ROC WAS ROD TRE SHF: TRE SNA LAK Species: BUJAM BUVIR Species: HALEU FEBRUARY, 1989 RAPTOR MANAGEMENT ON PUBUC LANDS 61

47. State: CA District: SUSANVILLE 53. State: CA District: SUSANVILLE Resource Area: ALTURAS Resource Area: SURPRISE Phone No.: 916-233-4666 PhoneNo.: 916-279-6101 Key Area Name: LOWER KLAMA1H BASIN Key Area Name: HIGH ROCK CANYON Habitats: CON SHR WET Habitat~: SHR Total Acres: 198400 Acres BLM: 11760 Total Acre~: 78000 Acres BLM: 77000 Land-use Actions: MIN UTI FAR FIR PES Land-use Actions: GRA ORV PUB BOO Cooperators: FWS UFS NPS STA Cooperators: STA SHF: CLI ROC TRE SNA OLD ROD LAK ROO SHF: CLI ROC TAL MEA WAS STR Species: HALEU BUSWA AQCHR FAMEX BUJAM Species: AQCHR FAMEX FAPER FAPER ASOTU BUVIR CICYA ASFLA 54. State: CA Di!!trict: SUSANVILLE 48. State: CA District: SUSANVILLE Resource Area: SURPRISE Resource Area: ALTURAS Phone No.: 916-279-6101 Phone No.: 916-233-4666 Key Area Name: SURPRISE VALLEY Key Area Name: PIT RIVER CANYON Habitat~: SHR Habitats: RIP SHR Total Acres: 200000 Acres BLM: 90000 Total Acres: 7440 Acres BLM: 6640 Land-use Actions: DAM GRA URB PRE Land-use Actions: NON Cooperators: STA Cooperators: PRI STA SHF: CLI ROC TRE ROD PON LAK STR UTI ROO SHF: CLI ROC TAL HOM Species: FAMEX AQCHR BUJAM BUVIR FAPER Species: HALEU AQCHR FAMEX BUSWA HALEU PAHAL TYALB FASPA 55. State: CA District: SUSANVILLE 49. State: CA District: SUSANVILLE Resource Area: SURPRISE Resource Area: EAGLE LAKE PhoneNo.: 916-279-6101 Phone No.: 916-257-5381 Key Area Name: WALL CANYON Key Area Name: EAGLE LAKE COMPLEX Habitat~: SHR Habitat~: CON LAC Total Acres: 7500 Acres BLM: 7000 Total Acres: 36000 Acres BLM: 13000 Land-use Actions: GRA Land-use Actions: LOG ROA UTI URB FIR HIK ORV Cooperators: STA Cooperators: UFS PRI STA CON SHF: CLI ROC MEA STR SHF: TRE SNA OLD LAK ROO Species: AQCHR FAMEX Species: HALEU PAHAL 56. State: CA District: UKIAH 50. State: CA District: SUSANVILLE Resource Area: ARCATA Resource Area: EAGLE LAKE Phone No.: 707-462-3873 Phone No.: 916-257-5381 Key Area Name: BUTTE CREEK MANAGEMENT AREA Key Area Name: ROUND VALLEY BALD EAGLE Habitats: CON NESTING TERRITORY Total Acres: 2500 Acres BLM: 2500 Habitat~: CON LAC Land-use Actions: LOG ROA FIR HIK Total Acres: 2720 Acres BLM: 280 Cooperators: UFS Land-use Actions: LOG URB FIR SHF: SNA OLD Cooperators: PRI STA Species: STOCC ACGEN SHF: RES Species: HALEU 57. State: CA District: UKIAH Resource Area: CLEAR LAKE 51. State: CA District: SUSANVILLE Phone No.: 707-462-3872 Resource Area: EAGLE LAKE Key Area Name: CACHE CREEK Phone No.: 916-257-5381 Habitats: RIP Key Area Name: SKEDADDLE!AMADEE COMPLEX Total Acre~: 24000 Acres BLM: 8000 Habitats: SHR GRA Land-use Actions: MIN DAM FIR HAR PUB BOO Total Acres: 16000 Acres BLM: 15000 MET HIK Land-use Actions: NON Cooperators: FWS PRJ STA CON IND Cooperators: STA SHF: RES DAM STR UTI ROO TRE SNA MEA CLI SHF: CLI ROC BUR Species: AQCIIR FAMEX FASPA BUJAM CAAUR Species: HALEU AQCI-IR FAMEX BUVIR TYALB ATCUN ASOTU 58. State: CA District: UKW-I 52. State: CA District: SUSANVILLE Resource Area: NORTHWESTERN CA Resource Area: SURPRISE Phone No.: 707-462-3873 Phone No.: 916-279-6101 Key Area Name: PEREGRINE FALCON PROJECT Key Area Name: HAYES CANYON Habitats: CON Habitats: SHR Total Acres: UNK Acres BLM: UNK Total Acres: 10000 Acres BLM: 9750 Land-use Actions: ROA UTI HAR ORV PUB ROC Land-use Actions: GRA PES PRE URB Cooperators: STA Cooperators: FWS UFS PRI STA COU SHF: CLI ROC TAL TRE WAS STR SHF: CLI ROC GAL MEA PON LAK RES ISL STR Species: AQCHR FAMEX Species: FAPER 62 OLENDORFF ET AL. RRRNO. 8

59. State: CO District: CANON CfiY 65. State: CO District: CANON CfiY Resource Area: ALAMOSA Resource Area: ROYAL GORGE Phone No: 719-589-4975 Phone No.: 799-275-0631 Key Area Name: BLANCA WILDLIFE HABITAT Key Area Name: TABLE MOUNTAIN AREA Habitats: SHR Habitats: WET Total Acres: UNK Acres BLM: UNK Total Acres: 5750 Acres BLM: 5750 Land-use Actions: MIN GRA HIK Land-use Actions: HIK Cooperators: STA CON Cooperators: UBR STA SHF: CLI ROC TAL SNA GAL BUR MEN ROD SHF: 1RE MEA PON LAK SPR SPR STR Species: HALEU BUVIR CICYA AQCHR FAMEX Species: FAPER AQCHR FAMEX BUJAM CAAUR BUJAM BUSWA BULAG FAPER FACOL 66. State: CO District: CRAIG 60. State: CO District: CANON CfiY Resource Area: KREMMLING Resource Area: ALAMOSA Phone No.: 303-724-3437 Phone No: 719-589-4975 Key Area Name: SHEEP MOUNTAIN Key Area Name: LOWER RIO GRANDE RIVER Habitat~: SHR Habitats: RIP GRA Total Acres: 1600 Acres BLM: 1020 Total Acres: 5120 Acres BLM: 1440 Land-use Actions: NON Land-use Actions: GRA HIK Cooperators: STA SHF: CLI 1RE STR ROO SHF: CLI ROC TAL 1RE STR Species: HALEU AQCHR BUJAM FAMEX BUVIR Species: AQCHR FAMEX FACOL FAPER 67. State: CO District: CRAIG 61. State: CO District: CANON CfiY Resource Area: LITTLE SNAKE Resource Area: NORTHEAST Phone No.: 303-824-4441 Phone No.: 303-236-4399 Key Area Name: HIAWATIIA-POWDER WASH- Key Area Name: CATHEDRAL SPIRES VERMILLION CREEK Habitat~: CON Habitats: SHR Total Acres: UNK Acres BLM: 240 Total Acres: 187175 Acres BLM: 176735 Land-use Actions: DAM HIK ROC Land-use Actions: O&G PIP ORV BLA Cooperators: STA ACE IND Cooperators: FWS STA SHF: CLI ROC STR SHF: CLI ROC WAS ROD Species: FAPER Species: BUREG AQCHR BUJAM FAMEX ALL

62. State: CO District: CANON CfiY 68. State: CO District: CRAIG Resource Area: NORTHEAST Resource Area: LITTLE SNAKE Phone No.: 303-236-4399 Phone No.: 303-824-4441 Key Area Name: SOlJfH PLATIE RESERVOIRS Key Area Name: ILES-DUFFY-WILLIAMS FORK MTNS. Habitats: LAC Habitat~: SHR Total Acres: 16151 Acres BLM: 7100 Total Acres: 111665 Acres BLM: 59126 Land-use Actions: GRA LOG Land-use Actions: O&G MIN DAM BLA Cooperators: STA Cooperators: FWS STA SHF: 1RE PON RES STR ROO SHF: CLI ROC 1RE STR Species: HALEU Species: AQCHR ALL

63. State: CO District: CANON CfiY 69. State: CO District: CRAIG Resource Area: ROYAL GORGE Resource Area: LITTLE SNAKE Phone No.: 799-275-0631 Phone No.: 303-824-4441 Key Area Name: BEAVER CREEK Key Area Name: YAMPA, WILLIAMS FORK, LITTLE Habitat~: CON SNAKE RIVER Total Acres: 20750 Acres BLM: 20750 Habitats: RIP Land-use Actions: HIK Total Acres: 57000 Acres BLM: 13000 Cooperators: STA CON Land-use Actions: O&G MIN DAM GRA BLA SHF: CLI ROC TAL SNA OLD MEA SPR STR Cooperators: FWS STA Species: FAPER FAMEX AQCHR ACCOO BUJAM SHF: CLI 1RE STR ROO PAHAL ACGEN CAAUR FASPA Species: HALEU

64. State: CO District: CANON CfiY 70. State: CO District: GRAND JUNCTION Resource Area: ROYAL GORGE Resource Area: GRAND JUNCTION Phone No.: 799-275-0631 Phone No.: 303-243-6561 Key Area Name: BROWNS CANYON Key Area Name: DOLORES RIVER Habitats: CON Habitats: RIP Total Acres: 6614 Acres BLM: 6614 Total Acres: 26465 Acres BLM: 24985 Land-use Actions: ROA HIK Land-use Actions: MIN ROA UTI GRA FIR HAR HIK Cooperators: STA ORV ROC BLA SHF: CLI ROC TAL 1RE SNA OLD MEA WAS Cooperators: FWS STA SPR STR SHF: CLI TRE STR Species: FAMEX AQCHR ACCOO BUJAM CAAUR Species: FAPER HALEU AQCHR FAMEX FEBRUARY, 1989 RAPTOR MANAGEMENT ON PUBLIC LANDS 63

71. State: CO District: GRAND JUNCfiON SHF: CLI BUR MAN MEA WAS SPR PON RES Resource Area: GRAND JUNCfiON UTI HOM Phone No.: 303-243-6561 Species: BUREG BUSW A AQCIIR BUJAM BULAG Key Area Name: RUBY-HORSETHIEF CANYON Habitats: RIP 77. State: ID District: BURLEY Total Acres: 25550 Acres BLM: 24272 Resource Area: DEEP CREEK Land-use Actions: MIN ROA UTI DAM GRA FIR Phone No.: 208-766-4766 HIK ORV ROC PRE Key Area Name: BOWEN CANYON Cooperators: FWS UBR PRI STA Habitats: CON SHF: CLI TRE SNA STR Total Acres: 13830 Acres BLM: 10959 Species: FAPER HALEU Land-use Actions: LOG MIN FIR ORV PUB Cooperators: PRI 72. State: ID District: BOISE/VALE, OR SHF: SNA Resource Area: CASCADE/BAKER Species: HALEU Phone No: 208-334-1582 Key Area Name: BROWNLEE/OXBOW RESERVOIRS 78. State: ID District: COEURD'ALENE Habitats: LAC Resource Area: EMERALD EMPIRE Total Acres: 83000 Acres BLM: 40000 Phone No.: 208-765-1551 Land-use Actions: DAM Key Area Name: WOLF LODGE BAY Cooperators: ST A Habitats: CON SHF: ROC TAL RES ROO Total Acres: 2000 Acres BLM: 332 Species: HALEU Land-use Actions: PUB Cooperators: STA 73. State: ID District: BOISE SHF: SNA OLD LAK ROO Resource Area: BRUNEAU Species: HALEU Phone No.: 208-334-1582 Key Area Name: SNAKE RIVER BIRDS OF PREY 79. State: ID District: IDAHO FALLS AREA Resource Area: BIG BUITE Habitats: SHR GRA Phone No.: 208-529-1020 Total Acres: 601000 Acres BLM: 482640 Key Area Name: AMERICAN FALLS RES. ROOST Land-use Actions: GEO ROA UTI DAM FAR GRA Habitats: RIP FIR MIL ORV HIK Total Acres: UNK Acres BLM: UNK Cooperators: FWS DOD SW A CON SER Land-use Actions: DAM HIK SHF: CLI ROC TAL TRE BUR MAN ROD RES Cooperators: STA STRU11 SHF: OLD STR Species: FAMEX AQCHR BUJAM BTJREG CICYA Species: HALEU TYALB ASOTU OTASI ATCUN HALEU 80. State: ID District: IDAHO FALLS 74. State: ID District: BOISE Resource Area: MEDICINE LODGE ReRource Area: JARBIDGE Phone No.: 208-529-1020 Phone No.: 208-334-9241 Key Area Name: DEER PARK ROOST Key Area Name: JARBIDGE RIVER Habitat~: RIP Habitat~: COA Total Acres: UNK Acres BLM: UNK Total Acres: UNK Acres BLM: UNK Land-use Actions: LOG FIR Land-use Actions: GRA FIR HIK ORV BOO Cooperators: STA Cooperators: STA SHF: OLD STR SHF: CLI ROC TAL BUR STR Species: HALEU Species: AQCHR BUJAM FAMEX FASPA BUREG BUVIR OTASI ATCI.JN CAAUR 81. State: ID District: IDAHO FALLS Resource Area: MEDICINE LODGE 75. State: ID District: BOISE Phone No.: 208-529-1020 Resource Area: OWYHEE/BRUNO Key Area Name: SOUTH FORK SNAKE RIVER Phone No.: 208-334-9241 Habitats: RIP Key Area Name: OWYHEE RIVER Total Acres: UNK Acres BLM: 15352 Habitat~: SHR Land-use Actions: LOG UTI DAM GRA URB Total Acres: 180000 Acres BLM: 180000 Cooperators: FWS UFS UBR STA CON Land-use Actions: GRA FIR HIK ORV BOO SHF: CLI ROC DAM STR Cooperators: ST A Species: HALEU SHF: CLI ROC TAL STR UTI Species: HALEU AQCHR BUJAM FAMEX FASPA 82. State: ID District: IDAHO FALLS CICYA BUVIR OTASI ATCUN CAAUR Resource Area: POCATELLO Phone No.: 208-236-6869 76. State: ID District: BURLEY Key Area Name: LOWER BLACKFOOT RIVER Resource Area: DEEP CREEK Habitats: SHR Phone No.: 208-766-4766 Total Acres: 10691 Acres BLM: 6468 Key Area Name: BLACK PINE VALLEY Land-use Actions: UTI DAM FAR GRA HIK ORV Habitats: LAC SHF: CLI ROC TAL TRE ROD STR UTI ROO TotaiAcres: 218070 AcresBLM: 161140 Species: BUJAM BUSWA AQC1-IR FAMEX FASPA Land-use Actions: PIP UTI GRA FIR CICYA BUVIR ASOTU ASFLA HALEU 64 OLENDORFF ET AL. RRRNO. 8

83. State: ID District: SALMON Habitats: WET Resource Area: CHALLIS Total Acres: 290000 Acres BLM: 85000 Phone No.: 208-756-5428 Land-use Actions: LOG 0&0 ROA URB BLA Key Area Name: THOUSAND SPRINGS WETLAND Cooperators: FWS STA CON Habitats: WET SHF: CLI OLD PON LAK RES STR Total Acres: 7000 Acres BLM: 3300 Species: PAPER HALEU BUREO BUSWA STNEB Land-use Actions: FAR ORA ACOEN CICYA ASFLA BUJAM Cooperators: FWS STA CON SHF: CLI MEA SPR PON STR 89. State: MT District: BUTTE Species: PAPER AQCHR CICYA ASFLA FAMEX Resource Area: DILLON Phone No: 406-683-2337 84. State: ID District: SALMON Key Area Name: LIMA FOOTHILLS Resource Area: CHALLIS/LEMHI Habitats: ORA Phone No.: 208-756-5400 Total Acres: 220000 Acres BLM: 140000 Key Area Name: UPPER SALMON RIVER CORRIDOR Land-use Actions: 0&0 FAR ORA HAR Habitat~: RIP SHF: ROC ROD Total Acres: 42165 Acres BLM: 18860 Species: BUREO BUSWA HALEU FAMEX AQCHR Land-use Actions: LOG MIN ROA ORA URB FIR PAPER CICYA BUJAM FASPA HAR HIK BULAO Cooperators: STA SHF: CLI ROC TAL TRE SNA GAL WAS STR 90. State: MT District: BUTTE ROO Resource Area: DILLON Species: PAHAL HALEU PAPER FAMEX AQCHR Phone No: 406-683-2337 Key Area Name: LOWER BEAVERHEAD-BIOHOLE 85. State: ID District: SHOSHONE RIVER Resource Area: BENNETT HILLS Habitats: WET Phone No: 208-886-2206 Total Acres: 35000 Acres BLM: 5000 Key Area Name: BENNETT HILLS/WENDELL Land-use Actions: LOG ORA HIK PLANNING UNIT Cooperators: STA CON Habitats: SHR SHF: TRE STR Total Acres: 700000 Acres BLM: 500000 Species: HALEU PAPER PAHAL BUJAM Land-use Actions: ROA FAR ORA HAR ORV PRE 91. State: MT District: BUTTE Cooperators: STA Resource Area: DILLON SHF: ROC BUR MAN ROD Phone No: 406-683-2337 Species: ATCUN Key Area Name: MADISON RIVER Habitats: RIP 86. State: ID District: SHOSHONE Total Acres: 32000 Acres BLM: 5100 Resource Area: BENNETT HILLS Land-use Actions: LOG 0&0 UTI ORA URB HAR Phone No: 208-886-2206 HIK Key Area Name: CAMAS PRAIRIE Cooperators: FWS STA CON Habitat~: WET SHF: TRE SNA RES STR Total Acres: 285120 Acres BLM: 85000 Species: HALEU PAPER PAHAL FAMEX BUREO Land-use Actions: UTI FAR ORA HAR PRE BUSWA ACOEN CICYA Cooperators: STA UNI SHF: TRE MAN MEA WAS ROD RES STR 92. State: MT District: BUTTE UTI Resource Area: DILLON Species: BUREO BUSWA FAMEX BUJAM ATCUN Phone No: 406-683-2337 BULAO FASPA Key Area Name: SWEETWATER BREAKS Habitats: ORA 87. State: ID District: SHOSHONE Total Acres: 131000 Acres BLM: 33000 Resource Area: BENNETT HILLS Land-use Actions: 0&0 FAR ORA HAR Phone No: 208-886-2206 Cooperators: STA Key Area Name: SNAKE RIVER CANYON SHF: CLI ROC ROD Habitats: RIP Species: BUREO BUSWA FAMEX AQCHR Total Acre.~: 1880 Acres BLM: 225 BUJAM Land-use Actions: MIN UTI DAM FAR HAR Cooperators: FWS STA 93. State: MT District: LEWISTOWN SHF: CLI ROC TAL TRE SNA ROD RES DAM Resource Area: GREAT FALLS STR UTI Phone No.: 406-727-0503 Species: HALEU AQCHR FAMEX BUREO BUJAM Key Area Name: KEVIN RIM (SPECIAL MANAGEMENT BUVIR PAHAL FASPA AREA) Habitats: ORA 88. State: MT District: BUTTE Total Acres: UNK Acres BLM: 4657 Resource Area: DILLON Land-use Actions: 0&0 PIP Phone No: 406-683-2337 SHF: CLI ROC Key Area Name: CENTENNIAL VALLEY Species: FAMEX AQCHR BULAO FEBRUARY, 1989 RAPTOR MANAGEMENT ON PUBLIC LANDS 65

94. State: MT District: LEWISTOWN 100. State: MT District: LEWISTOWN Resource Area: GREAT FALLS Resource Area: VALLEY Phone No.: 406-727-0503 Phone No.: 406-228-4316 Key Area Name: ROCKY MOUNTAIN EAST FRONT Key Area Name: ROCK CREEK CANYON Habitats: CON Habitats: RIP Total Acres: UNK Acres BLM: 19518 Total Acres: 9600 Acres BLM: 3960 Land-use Actions: O&G PIP BOO BLA Land-use Actions: GRA Cooperators: FWS UFS STA CON IND Cooperators: PRI SHF: CLI ROC TAL STR SHF: CLI ROC TRE STR Species: AQCHR CICYA BUJAM BUSWA BUREG Species: FAMEX FASPA FACOL AQCHR FAMEX BUVIR ABACA FAPER

95. State: MT District: LEWISTOWN 101. State: MT District: LEWISTOWN Resource Area: HAVRE, GREAT FALLS Resource Area: VALLEY Phone No.: 406-265-5891 Phone No.: 406-228-4316 Key Area Name: MARIAS RIVER Key Area Name: ROCK CREEK-THOENY AREA Habitats: RIP Habitats: RIP Total Acres: 4140 Acres BLM: 1120 Total Acres: 8960 Acres BLM: 5840 Land-use Actions: O&G PIP DAM FAR GRA Land-use Actions: ROA UTI FAR GRA Cooperators: UBR PRI STA Cooperators: PRI SHF: CLI ISL STR SHF: TRE SNA ROD STR UTI HOM Species: HALEU FAMEX FAPER AQCHR Species: BUSWA BUREG CICYA

96. State: MT District: LEWISTOWN 102. State: MT District: LEWISTOWN Resource Area: HAVRE & JUDITH Resource Area: VALLEY Phone No.: 406-265-5891 Phone No.: 406-228-4316 Key Area Name: UPPER MISSOURI RIVER Key Area Name: TIMBER CREEK Habitats: RIP Habitats: RIP Total Acres: 5380 Acres BLM: 1880 Total Acres: 11520 Acres BLM: 9560 Land-use Actions: PIP UTI FAR GRA PUB Land-use Actions: GRA Cooperators: NPS PRI STA COU Cooperators: FWS PRI SHF: CLI TRE ISL STR SHF: CLI ROC TRE SNA BUR WAS RES STR Species: HALEU FAMEX FAPER AQCHR HOM Species: FAMEX FASPA PAHAL AQCHR FAPER 97. State: MT District: LEWISTOWN Resource Area: JUDITH 103. State: MT District: MILES CITY Phone No.: 406-538-7461 Resource Area: POWDER RIVER Key Area Name: MISSOURI RIVER WILD & SCENIC Phone No.: 406-232-4331 RIVER Key Area Name: HOWREYS ISLAND Habitat~: RIP Habitats: RIP Total Acres: UNK Acres BLM: 1500 Total Acres: 631 Acres BLM: 631 Land-use Actions: O&G FAR GRA PES MET PRE Land-use Actions: BOO Cooperators: UBR PRI STA Cooperators: FWS PRI STA SHF: CLI ROC TRE SNA GAL ROD ISL STR ROO SHF: SNA OLD ISL STR ROO HOM Species: HALEU Species: HALEU FAMEX 104. State: MT District: MILES CITY 98. State: MT District: LEWISTOWN Resource Area: POWDER RIVER Resource Area: PHILLIPS Phone No.: 406-232-4331 Phone No.: 406-654-1240 Key Area Name: LITTLE MISSOURI RIVER WINTER Key Area Name: BIG BEND OF THE MILK RIVER ROOST Habitats: RIP Habitats: RIP Total Acres: 38000 Acres BLM: 4000 Total Acres: 1490 Acres BLM: 20 Land-use Actions: LOG Land-use Actions: NON SHF: SNA STR Cooperators: FWS PRI STA Species: HALEU SHF: SNA STR ROO Species: HALEU 99. State: MT District: LEWISTOWN Resource Area: VALLEY 105. State: MT District: MILES CITY Phone No.: 406-228-4316 Resource Area: POWDER RIVER Key Area Name: MILK RIVER Phone No.: 406-232-4331 Habitat~: RIP Key Area Name: LONE TREE MANAGEMENT AREA Total Acres: 35200 Acres BLM: 1400 Habitats: CON Land-use Actions: ROA UTI DAM FAR GRA URB Total Acres: 80773 Acres BLM: 70393 HIK PUB Land-use Actions: GRA ORV Cooperators: FWS UBR PRI Cooperators: FWS STA SHF: TRE SNA DAM STR UTI ROO HOM SHF: ROC TRE SNA MAN WAS ROD RES UTI Species: HALEU AQCHR BUJAM FASPA Species: BUREG 66 OLENDORFF ET AL. RRRN0.8

106. State: ND District: DICKINSON Key Area Name: LAKE HOLLOMAN Phone No.: 701-225-9148 Habitat~: SOU LAC Key Area Name: TOBACCO GARDEN/WILLISTON Total Acres: 1695 Acres BLM: 1055 Habitats: GRA Land-use Actions: UTI DAM HAR ORV PUB BOO Total Acres: 262600 Acres BLM: 900 PES MET PHO Land-use Actions: O&G PIP FAR GRA BLA PES PRE Cooperators: FWS DOD STA CON Cooperators: FWS UBR STA SHF: TRE PON RES STR UTI SHF: CLI ROC TRE WAS ROD RES STR HOM Species: PAPER BUSWA CICYA CAAUR FASPA Species: AQCHR BUREG FAMEX BUSWA BUJAM ACCOO AQCHR FAMEX

107. State: NM District: ALBUQUERQUE I 13. State: NM District: ROSWELL Resource Area: FARMINGTON Resource Area: CARLSBAD Phone No.: 505-325-358 I Phone No.: 505-887-6544 Key Area Name: BALD EAGLE ACEC Key Area Name: BIG CANYON Habitat~: LAC Habitats: CON RIP DEC Total Acre.~: 3600 Acres BLM: 3300 Total Acres: 3840 Acres BLM: 700 Land-use Actions: O&G HIK ORV Land-use Actions: NON Cooperators: FWS UFS UBR Cooperators: FWS UFS PRI STA SHF: TRE SNA MAN RES DAM STR ROO SHF: CLI ROC SNA GAL WAS SPR Species: HALEU BUVIR PAPER Species: STOCC FAFEM PAPER

108. State: NM District: ALBUQUERQUE I 14. State: NM District: ROSWELL Resource Area: FARMINGTON Resource Area: CARLSBAD Phone No.: 505-325-358 I Phone No.: 505-887-6544 Key Area Name: CHACO COAL AREA Key Area Name: EAST GUADALUPE FOOTIIILLS Habitat~: SOU Habitats: RIP SHR GRA SOU Total Acre.~: 400000 Acres BLM: 80000 Total Acres: 1000000 Acres BLM: 500000 Land-use Actions: O&G MIN PIP HAR PUB BLA Land-use Actions: O&G MIN ROA PIP UTI GRA Cooperators: FWS BIA tND FIR HAR ORV BLA SHF: C..'LI ROC ROD Cooperators: UFS NPS PRI STA Species: BUREG AQCHR FAMEX SHF: CLI ROC TRE BUR WAS PON STR UTI HOM 109. State: NM District: LAS CRUCES Species: BUJAM FASPA BUVIR BUSWA AQCHR Resource Area: LAS CRUCES/LORDSBURG CICYA ASFLA FAMEX BUREG HALEU Phone No.: 505-525-8228 Key Area Name: APACHE BOX 115. State: NM District: ROSWELL Habitat~: RIP SHR GRA Resource Area: CARLSBAD Total Acres: 400 Acres BLM: 400 Phone No.: 505-887-6544 Land-use Actions: PUB ROC Key Area Name: LOS MEDANOS RAPTOR AREA Cooperators: FWS PRI STA Habitat~: SOU SHF: CLI ROC TRE STR Total Acres: 89000 Acres BLM: 80000 Species: PAPER FASPA BUJAM Land-use Actions: O&G MIN ROA PIP lTfl GRA HAR ORV BLA HER I 10. State: NM District: LAS CRUCES Cooperators: FWS PRI STA CON Resource Area: LAS CRUCES/LORDSBURG SHF: TRE MAN ROD PON UTI HOM Phone No.: 505-525-8228 Species: PAUNI BUSWA BUVIR TYALB CICYA Key Area Name: GILA RIVER LOWER BOX BUJAM FASPA BUREG ACCOO FAMEX Habitat~: RIP Total Acre.~: 2631 Acres BLM: 2631 116. State: NM District: ROSWELL Land-use Actions: DAM GRA HAR HIK ORV Resource Area: ROSWELL SHF: CLI GAL STR ROO Phone No.: 505-624-I 790 Species: BUALB HALEU BUANT PAPER FAMEX Key Area Name: MACHO WILDLIFE HABITAT AREA MIWHI AQCHR BUJAM TYALB BUNIT Habitats: GRA Total Acres: 1750000 Acres BLM: 634700 II I. State: NM District: LAS CRUCES Land-use Actions: GRA Resource Area: LAS CRUCES/LORDSBURG SHF: ROC WAS Phone No.: 505-525-8228 Species: HALEU AQCHR Key Area Name: GILA RIVER MIDDLE BOX Habitat~: RIP 117. State: NM District: ROSWELL Total Acrea,: 720 Acres BLM: 720 Resource Area: CARLSBAD Land-use Actions: MIN DAM HIK Phone No.: 505-887-6544 Cooperators: FWS Key Area Name: SOUTHERN GYPSUM AREA SHF: CLI STR Habitats: RIP GRA SOU Species: PAPER FAMEX BUJAM CAAUR Total Acres: 80000 Acres BLM: 75000 Land-use Actions: O&G MIN GRA ORV I I 2. State: NM District: LAS CRUCES Cooperators: PRI STA Resource Area: WHITE SANDS SHF: CLI TRE BUR SPR STR UTI PON Phone No.: 505-525-8228 Species: BUSW A BUJAM BUVIR ACS'IR ACCOO FEBRUARY, 1989 RAPTOR MANAGEMENT ON PUBLIC LANDS 67

118. State: NM District: TULSA 124. State: OR District: BURNS Resource Area: OKLAHOMA Resource Area: ANDREWS Phone No.: 405-231-5491 Phone No.: 503-573-5241 Key Area Name: RED RIVER PUBLIC LANDS Key Area Name: CATLOW RIM Habitats: RIP Habitats: SHR Total Acres: UNK Acres BLM: UNK Total Acres: 6460 Acres BLM: 5310 Land-use Actions: O&G MIN FAR GRA ORV Land-use Actions: HAR Cooperators: STA S.HF: CLI ROC STR S.HF: CLI TRE STR Species: AQCHR FAMEX FASPA BUJAM BUVIR CAAUR 119. State: NV District: ELKO Resource Area: WELLS 125. State: OR District: BURNS Phone No.: 702-738-9711 Resource Area: ANDREWS Key Area Name: GOSHUfE MOUNfAIN MIGRATION Phone No.: 503-573-5241 AREA Key Area Name: PICKETT RIM Habitats: CON Habitats: SHR Total Acres: UNK Acres BLM: UNK Total Acres: 4000 Acres BLM: 4000 Land-use Actions: MIN UTI GRA BOO Land-use Actions: HAR Cooperators: FWS CON S.HF: CLI ROC SHF: C'LI ROC Species: AQCHR FAMEX FASPA Species: ALL 126. State: OR District: BURNS 120. State: NV District: ELKO Resource Area: THREE-RIVERS Resource Area: WELLS Phone No.: 503-573-5241 Phone No.: 702-738-4071 Key Area Name: RATTLESNAKE/COFFEEPOT/MILL Key Area Name: JACKPOT YEARLONG USE AREA CREEK BALD EAGLE ROOSTS Habitat~: SHR Habitats: CON Total Acres: 1000 Acres BLM: 1000 Total Acre~: 120 Acres BLM: 60 Land-use Actions: SHO HIK PUB Land-use Actions: FIR Cooperators: FWS STA Cooperators: FWS UFS STA S.HF: CLI ROC DAM STR UTI ROO S.HF: ROO Species: HALEU Species: HALEU

121. State: NV District: ELKO 127. State: OR District: BURNS Resource Area: WELLS Resource Area: THREE-RIVERS Phone No.: 702-738-4071 Phone No.: 503-573-5241 Key Area Name: SALT LAKE ACEC Key Area Name: SILVER CREEK Habitat~: SHR Habitats: CON Total Acres: 6037 Acres BLM: 6037 Total Acres: 14 Acres BLM: 14 Land-use Actions: SI-10 I-IlK ORV PUB BOO Land-use Actions: ROA PRE Cooperators: FWS UFS STA Cooperators: FWS DOD STA CON SHF: SNAROO S.HF: CLI ROC MEA SPR PON LAK Species: HALED Species: PAPER 128. State: OR District: BURNS 122. State: NV District: ELKO Resource Area: THREE-RIVERS Resource Area: WELLS Phone No.: 503-573-5241 Phone No.: 702-738-9711 Key Area Name: STINKING WATER MOUNfAINS Key Area Name: SOUTH GOSHUfE ROOST SITE Habitats: SHR Habitats: CON Total Acre~: I Acres BLM: 1 Total Acres: 5 Acres BLM: 5 Land-use Actions: NON Land-use Actions: MIN FIR BOO PRE Cooperators: FWS STA S.HF: CLI ROC SNA OLD WIN S.HF: SNA Species: HALED AQCHR Species: HALEU

123. State: NV District: ELY 129. State: OR District: EUGENE Resource Area: EGAN Resource Area: COAST RANGE Phone No: 702-289-4865 Phone No: 503-683-6600 Key Area Name: DRY MOUNfAIN, NEW ARK Key Area Name: SIUSLAW RIVER (COAST RANGE) VALLEY Habitat~: CON RIP Habitats: SHR Total Acres: 70000 Acres BLM: 31000 Total Acres: 380000 Acres BLM: 380000 Land-use Actions: LOG ROA FIR Land-use Actions: O&G MIN GEO GRA BLA HAR Cooperators: FWS STA UNI UFS Cooperators: PRI STA S.HF: TRE SNA OLD STR SHF: TRE ROD Species: HALEU PAHAL STOCC BUJAM OTASI Species: BUREG FAMEX GLGNO AEACA ACCOO ACS1R 68 OLENDORFF ET AL. RRRNO. 8

130. State: OR District: EUGENE Habitat~: CON RIP Resource Area: COAST RANGE Total Acres: 20000 Acres BLM: 5000 Phone No: 503-683-6600 Land-use Actions: LOG ROA URB FIR ORV Key Area Name: TRIANGLE LAKE Cooperators: FWS UFS UNI ACE Habitat~: CON SHF: CLI ROC TRE SNA OLD RES STR Total Acres: 22000 Acres BLM: 8000 Species: HALEU PAHAL STOCC BUJAM Land-use Actions: LOG ROA URB FIR ORV AQCHR BUVIR OTASI GLGLO Cooperators: FWS STA UNI ABACA FASPA SHF: TRE SNA OLD STR LAK Species: HALEU PAHAL STOCC BUJAM 136. State: OR District: EUGENE BUVIR OTASI GLGNO ABACA Resource Area: SOUTH VALLEY FASPA ACCOO Phone No: 503-683-6600 Key Area Name: DORENA LAKE 131. State: OR District: EUGENE Habitats: CON RIP Resource Area: COAST RANGE Total Acres: 23000 Acres BLM: 6000 Phone No: 503-683-6600 Land-use Actions: LOG ROA FIR ORV Key Area Name: WINDY PEAK Cooperators: FWS STA UNI ACE Habitat~: CON RIP SHF: CLI ROC TRE SNA OLD RES Total Acres: 6000 Acres BLM: 6000 Species: HALEU PAHAL STOCC Land-use Actions: LOG ROA FIR Cooperators: UFS FWS STA UNI 137. State: OR District: EUGENE SHF: TRE SNA STR Resource Area: SOUTH VALLEY Species: STOCC BUJAM BUVIR OTASI GLGNO Phone No: 503-683-6600 ABACA ACCOO ACSTR Key Area Name: SIUSLAW RIVER (SOUTH VALLEY) 132. State: OR District: EUGENE Habitats: CON RIP Resource Area: MCKENZIE Total Acres: 59000 Acres BLM: 29000 Phone No: 503-683-6600 Land-use Actions: LOG ROA FIR Key Area Name: COBURG HILLS Cooperators: FWS STA UNI Habitats: CON SHF: TRE SNA OLD STR Total Acres: 30000 Acres BLM: 7000 Species: STOCC BUJAM BUVIR OTASI GLGNO Land-use Actions: LOG ROA URB FIR PUB ORV ABACA ACCOO ACSTR SHO POI Cooperators: FWS PRI STA UNI 138. State: OR District: EUGENE SHF: CLI ROC TRE SNA OLD PON STR Resource Area: SOUTH VALLEY ROO PAS Phone No: 503-683-6600 Species: HALEU AQCHR BUJAM BUVIR Key Area Name: SOUTH VALLEY OTASI GLGNO ABACA FASPA Habitat~: CON RIP ACCIP Total Acres: 55000 Acres BLM: 28000 Land-use Actions: LOG ROA FIR 133. State: OR District: EUGENE Cooperators: FWS STA UNI UFS Resource Area: MCKENZIE SHF: CLI ROC TRE SNA OLD STR Phone No: 503-683-6600 Species: STOCC AQCHR BUJAM ACGEN Key Area Name: FALL CREEK LAKE BUVIR OTASI GLGNO ABACA Habitats: CON RIP FASPA ACCOO Total Acres: 42000 Acres BLM: 9000 Land-use Actions: LOG ROA URB FIR ORV 139. State: OR District: LAKEVIEW Cooperators: FWS STA UNI Resource Area: HIGH DESERT SHF: TRE SNA OLD RES STR PhoneNo.: 503-947-2177 Species: HALEU PAHAL STOCC BUJAM BUVIR Key Area Name: ABERT RIM/CHEW AUCAN MARSH OTASI GLGNO ABACA FASPA ACC.1P Habitat~: COA Total Acres: 45000 Acres BLM: 30000 134. State: OR District: EUGENE Land-use Actions: MIN Resource Area: MCKENZIE SHF: CLI ROC TAL MAN MEA ROD LAK STR Phone No: 503-683-6600 UTI Key Area Name: MCKENZIE RIVER Species: AQCHR FAMEX BUSWA BUJAM BULAG Habitats: CON RIP HALEU Total Acres: 66000 Acres BLM: 17000 Land-use Actions: LOG ROA URB FIR ORV PUB 140. State: OR District: LAKEVIEW Cooperators: FWS STA UNI Resource Area: KLAMATH SHF: TRE SNA OLD STR Phone No.: 503-947-2177 Species: HALEU PAHAL STOCC BUJAM BUVIR Key Area Name: BRYANT MOUNTAIN OTASI ABACA FASPA ACCIP Habitats: CON Total Acres: 2500 Acres BLM: 1700 135. State: OR District: EUGENE Land-use Actions: LOG ROA UTI FIR Resource Area: SOUTH VALLEY Cooperators: FWS STA Phone No: 503-683-6600 SHF: SNA OLD LAK RES ROO Key Area Name: COTTAGE GROVE LAKE Species: HALEU FEBRUARY, 1989 RAPTOR MANAGEMENT ON PUBUC LANDS 69

141. State: OR District: LAKEVIEW 147. State: OR District: SALEM Resource Area: KLAMATH Resource Area: ALL 5 RESOURCE AREAS Phone No.: 503-947-2977 Phone No: 503-399-5662 Key Area Name: GERBER RESERVOIR Key Area Name: SPOTTED OWL HABITAT SITES Habitats: CON Habitat~: CON Total Acres: 8000 Acres BLM: 7000 Total Acres: 100000 Acres BLM: 40000 Land-use Actions: LOG ROA FIR HIK PUB Land-use Actions: LOG Cooperators: FWS UBR STA Cooperators: STA SHF: SNAOLD SHF: OLD Species: HALEU PAHAL ACGEN Species: STOCC ACGEN

142. State: OR District: LAKEVIEW 148. State: OR District: VALE Resource Area: WARNER LAKES Resource Area: NORTH & SOUTH Phone No.: 503-947-2177 Phone No.: 503-473-3144 Key Area Name: FISH CREEK RIM/WARNER VALLEY Key Area Name: OWYHEE RIVER CANYON Total Acres: 75000 Acres BLM: 12000 Habitats: SHR GRA RIP Land-use Actions: GEO URB PES PRE Total Acres: 38400 Acres BLM: 33720 SHF: CLI TRE MEA PON LAK STR Land-use Actions: FIR HIK Species: FAPER HALEU AQCHR FAMEX BUVIR Cooperators: STA SHF: CLI ROC TAL TRE BUR MAN WAS ROD 143. State: OR District: MEDFORD SPR STR Resource Area: ALL 5 RESOURCE AREAS Species: HALEU AQCHR BUREG BUSWA FASPA Phone No.: 503-776-3758 CICYA BUJAM PAHAL Key Area Name: SPOTTED OWL MANAGEMENT AREAS 149. State: OR District: VALE Habitats: CON Resource Area: NORTH MALHEUR Total Acres: 20387 Acres BLM: 20387 Phone No.: 503-473-3144 Land-use Actions: LOG MIN ROA UTI FIR SHO Key Area Name: CHALK BUTTE RAPTOR AREA Cooperators: STA COU CON ACE Habitat~: SHR GRA SHF: SNA OLD STR Total Acres: 50690 Acres BLM: 47490 Species: STOCC BUVIR ACGEN BUJAM PAHAL Land-use Actions: MIN GEO ROA ORV SHO Cooperators: FWS STA 144. State: OR District: MEDFORD SHF: ROC MAN ROD Resource Area: GRANTS PASS Species: BUREG AQCHR FAMEX BUJAM Phone No.: 503-776-3758 ATCUN Key Area Name: HELLGATE RECREATION SECTION, ROGUE RIVER 150. State: UT District: CEDAR CITY Habitats: RIP Resource Area: BEAVER RIVER Total Acres: 7780 Acres BLM: 5300 Phone No.: 801-586-2458 Land-use Actions: MIN URB FIR HIK PUB Key Area Name: KENARRA CANYON Cooperators: FWS UFS PRI STA COU Total Acres: 3000 Acres BLM: 2500 SHF: CLI ROC TAL TRE SNA OLD MEA WAS STR Land-use Actions: NON Species: PAHAL HALEU Cooperators: FWS NPS SHF: ROC CLI 145. State: OR District: PRINEVILLE Species: FAPER Resource Area: CENTRAL OREGON Phone No.: 503-447-41l5 151. State: UT District: CEDAR CITY Key Area Name: UPPER CROOKED RIVER/BEAVER Resource Area: BEAVER RIVER CREEK Phone No.: 801-586-2458 Habitat~: GRA RIP SHR Key Area Name: RUSH LAKE Total Acres: 30000 Acres BLM: 30000 Habitats: CON Land-use Actions: LOG FAR GRA Total Acres: 50 Acres BLM: 10 Cooperators: UFS PRI STA Land-use Actions: NON SHF: CLI TRE SNA MEA ROD RES ROO Cooperators: FWS Species: HALEU AQCHR BUREG BUSW A BUJAM SHF: ROO ROC TRE FAMEX Species: AQCHR HALEU

146. State: OR District: ROSEBURG 152. State: UT District: CEDAR CITY Resource Area: DRAIN Resource Area: BEAVER RIVER Phone No.: 503-672-4491 Phone No.: 801-586-2458 Key Area Name: UMPQUA RIVER CORRIDOR Key Area Name: SUMMIT CANYON ROOST SITE Habitats: CON RIP Habitats: RIP Total Acres: UNK Acres BLM: 3662 Total Acres: 150 Acres BLM: 150 Land-use Actions: LOG ROA FIR PUB SHO Land-use Actions: NON Cooperators: STA Cooperators: FWS STA SHF: SNA OLD STR SHF: ROO TRE STR Species: HALEU PAHAL STOCC Species: HALEU 70 OLENDORFF ET AL. RRRNO. 8

153. State: UT District: MOAB SHF: TRE MEA WAS ROD PON STR UTI ROO Resource Area: GRAND HOM Phone No.: 801-259-8193 Species: HALEU AQCHR BULAG FAMEX BUJAM Key Area Name: CISCO DESERT BUREG ATCUN Habitats: SOU Total Acres: 242560 Acres BLM: 203750 159. State: UT District: MOAB Land-use Actions: O&G PIP BLA Resource Area: PRICE RIVER Cooperators: FWS STA CON Phone No.: 801-637-4584 SHF: CLI ROC TRE ROD Key Area Name: BOOKCLIFF RAPTOR NESTING Species: AQCHR BUREG BUSWA HALEU BUJAM AREA BULAG FAMEX Habitats: SHR Total Acres: 31000 Acres BLM: 80 154. State: UT District: MOAB Land-use Actions: MIN ROA BLA Resource Area: GRAND Cooperators: FWS STA Phone No.: 801-259-8193 SHF: CLI ROC MAN Key Area Name: COLORADO RIVER-PORTAL/DEAD Species: AQCHR FAMEX BUJAM HORSE POINT Habitats: DEC 160. State: UT District: MOAB Total Acres: 100000 Acres BLM: 9500 Resource Area: PRICE RIVER Land-use Actions: O&G HAR PUB Phone No.: 801-637-4584 Cooperators: FWS Key Area Name: DESOLATION CANYON SHF: CLI STR Habitats: RIP Species: PAPER Total Acres: 4000 Acres BLM: 2000 Land-use Actions: NON 155. State: UT District: MOAB Cooperators: STA Resource Area: GRAND SHF: CLI ROC TRE GAL ISL STR ROO Phone No.: 801-259-8193 Species: HALEU PAPER Key Area Name: DOLORES TRIANGLE Habitats: DEC 16l. State: UT District: MOAB Total Acres: 100000 Acres BLM: 100000 Resource Area: SAN JUAN Land-use Actions: MIN BLA PhoneNo.: 801-587-2141 Cooperators: FWS STA Key Area Name: SAN JUAN RESOURCE AREA SHF: CLI STR EXCLUDING RIVER Species: PAPER BUJAM Habitat~: RIP SHR GRA SOU Total Acres: UNK Acres BLM: 1800000 156. State: UT District: MOAB Land-use Actions: O&G MIN ROA UTI DAM FAR Resource Area: GRAND ORV ROC BOO BLA Phone No.: 801-259-8193 Cooperators: FWS UFS NPS STA Key Area Name: PROFESSOR VALLEY/MCGRAW SHF: CLI SNA BUR MAN ROD RES DAM STR BOTTOM UTI ROO Habitats: RIP Species: PAPER FAMEX HALEU BUJAM Total Acres: 5000 Acres BLM: 4500 CICYA FASPA ACCOO BULAG Land-use Actions: MIN GRA LOG BUREG AQCHR Cooperators: FWS STA SHF: TRE 162. State: UT District: MOAB Species: HALEU Resource Area: SAN JUAN Phone No.: 801-587-2141 157. State: UT District: MOAB Key Area Name: SAN JUAN RIVER Resource Area: GRAND Habitats: RIP Phone No.: 801-259-5006 Total Acres: 7200 Acres BLM: 5400 Key Area Name: WESTWATER CANYON/FISH FORD Land-use Actions: O&G UTI FAR FIR BLA Habitats: SOU Cooperators: FWS STA ITR Total Acres: 10000 Acres BLM: 9500 SHF: CLI TRE SNA MAN ROD ISL STR Land-use Actions: MIN UTI Cooperators: FWS STA CON Species: HALEU BUJAM BUVIR PAPER SHF: CLI TRE STR ROO Species: HALEU PAPER AQCHR 163. State: UT District: MOAB Resource Area: SAN RAFAEL 158. State: Uf District: CEDAR CITY Phone No.: 801-637-4584 Resource Area: KANAB Key Area Name: CASTLE GATE CLIFFS Phone No.: 801-644-2672 Habitats: CON Key Area Name: PANGUITCH Total Acres: 103680 Acres BLM: 69120 Habitats: RIP SHR Land-use Actions: GEO ORV MIN Total Acres: 50000 Acres BLM: 18000 Cooperators: UFS Land-use Actions: UTI GRA HAR PRE SHF: CLI TAL Cooperators: PRI SER Species: AQCHR FAMEX BUJAM FEBRUARY, 1989 RAPTOR MANAGEMENT ON PUBLIC LANDS 71

164. State: UT District: MOAB 170. State: UT District: RICHFIELD Resource Area: SAN RAFAEL Resource Area: SEVIER RIVER Phone No.: 801-637-4584 Phone No.: 801-896-8221 Key Area Name: GREEN RIVER,ILABYRINTII CANYON Key Area Name: PIUTE RESERVOIR Habitat~: RIP Habitats: LAC Total Acres: 43520 Acres BLM: 37760 Total Acres: 10240 Acres BLM: 3200 Land-use Actions: HIK Land-use Actions: UTI FIR HAR HIK ORV BLA Cooperators: STA Cooperators: STA SHF: CLI ROC TAL STR SHF: TRE SNA ROD RES DAM STR UTI Species: HALEU BUJAM FAPER ROO Species: HALEU 165. State: UT District: RICHFIELD Resource Area: HENRY MOUNTAlN 171. State: UT District: RICHFIELD Phone No.: 801-542-3461 Resource Area: SEVIER RIVER Key Area Name: BIG HOLLOW RAPTOR AREA Phone No.: 801-896-8221 Habitats: SOU Key Area Name: WILLOW CREEK Total Acres: 9185 Acres BLM: 8718 Habitats: CON Land-use Actions: O&G HAR ORV PUB Total Acres: 15135 Acres BLM: 9860 Cooperators: PRI STA COU CON Land-use Actions: FIR HAR ORV BLA SHF: CLI ROC TAL TRE SNA WAS ROD STR ROO Cooperators: STA Species: HALEU AQCHR FAPER SHF: CLI ROC TRE SNA MAN ROD RES DAM S1R ROO 166. State: UT District: RICHFIELD Species: HALEU AQCliR Resource Area: HOUSE RANGE PhoneNo.: 801-743-6811 172. State: UT District: RICHFIELD Key Area Name: DEF..P CREEK MOUNTAINS Resource Area: SEVIER RIVER Habitats: CON GRA Phone No.: 801-896-8221 Total Acres: 210490 Acres BLM: 176131 Key Area Name: YUBA RESERVOIR Land-use Actions: FIR BOO Habitat~: LAC Cooperators: FWS PRI STA Total Acres: 13000 Acres BLM: 9000 SHF: CLI ROO TAL TRE SNA MEA WAS ROD Land-use Actions: UTI FIR HAR HIK ORV BLA SPR STR Cooperators: STA Species: HALEU AQCHR ACCOO BUJAM BUREG SHF: ROC SNA ROD RES DAM STR Uri ACGEN PAHAL FACOL FAPER CICYA Species: HALEU AQCHR BULAG BUJAM

167. State: UT District: RICHFIELD 173. State: UT District: RICliFIELD Resource Area: SEVIER RIVER Resource Area: WARM SPRINGS Phone No.: 801-896-8221 Phone No: 80 1-7 43-68 1 I Key Area Name: FOUNTAlN GREEN Key Area Name: CRIC"KETT Habitats: CON Habitats: SHR GRA Total Acres: 15828 Acres BLM: 7482 Total Acres: 45800 Acres BLM: 38760 Land-use Actions: UTI FIR HAR ORV BLA Land-use Actions: MIN GEO GRA ORV Cooperators: STA Cooperators: FWS STA SHF: ROC SNA ROD STR UTI SHF: CLI ROC WAS ROD UTI BOX Species: HALEU AQCHR BUJAM BULAG Species: BUREG AQCHR FAMEX BUJAM BULAG CICYA ACSTR 168. State: UT District: RICHFIELD Resource Area: SEVIER RIVER 174. State: UT District: RICHFIELD Phone No.: 801-896-8221 Resource Area: WARM SPRINGS Key Area Name: LOST CREEK PhoneNo: 801-743-6811 Habitat~: RIP Key Area Name: DEADMAN'S WASH Total Acres: 13579 Acres BLM: 6164 Habitats: Sl-IR CON Land-use Actions: FIR HAR HIK BLA Total Acres: 6200 Acres BLM: 5100 Cooperators: STA Land-use Actions: MIN GRA BOO SHF: CLI ROC TRE SNA MAN SPR PON STR Cooperators: FWS STA Species: HALEU AQCHR SHF: CLI ROC TAL TRE WAS ROD Species: AQCHR FAMEX 169. State: UT District: RICHFIELD Resource Area: SEVIER RIVER 175. State: UT District: RICHFIELD Phone No.: 801-896-8221 Resource Area: WARM SPRINGS Key Area Name: OTTER CREEK RESERVOIR Phone No: 801-743-6811 Habitats: SHR LAC Key Area Name: LEDGER CANYON Total Acres: 16640 Acres BLM: 14080 Habitats: SHR CON Land-use Actions: UTI FIR HAR HIK ORV PUB BLA Total Acres: 2700 Acres BLM: 2060 Cooperators: STA IND Land-use Actions: MIN GRA BOO SHF: CLI ROC ROO SNA ROD SPR RES DAM Cooperators: FWS STA STR Uri SHF: CLI ROC TAl, TRE WAS ROD Species: HALEU AQCHR PAHAL Species: AQCHR FAMEX BUJAM 72 OLENDORFF ET AL. RRRNO. 8

176. State: UT District: RICHFIELD Habitats: RIP Resource Area: WARM SPRINGS Total Acres: 5400 Acres BLM: 2000 Phone No: 801-743-6811 Land-use Actions: O&G MIN PIP UTI URB FIR HAR Key Area Name: PAVANT BU1TE Cooperators: FWS NPS ST A Habitat~: SHR CON SHF: 'IRE SNA STR ROO Total Acres: 8400 Acres BLM: 7400 Species: HALEU AQCHR Land-use Actions: GRA ORV PES MEr Cooperators: FWS STA CON 182. State: UT District: VERNAL SHF: CLI ROC TAL 'IRE WAS ROD UTI PON Resource Area: DIAMOND MTN. Species: PAPER BUJAM BUREG AQCHR FAMEX Phone No.: 801-789-1362 ASOTU ATCUN BULAG CICYA Key Area Name: DRY FORK CANYON Habitats: SHR 177. State: UT District: RICHFIELD Total Acres: 3000 Acres BLM: 2500 Resource Area: WARM SPRINGS Land-use Actions: FAR ROC PhoneNo: 801-743-6811 Cooperators: FWS STA CON Key Area Name: SEVIER LAKE SHF: CLI ROC 'IRE SNA MEA STR Habitats: SHR Species: PAPER ACCOO ACSTR BUJAM Total Acres: 15400 Acres BLM: 13480 Land-use Actions: GRA ORV 183. State: UT District: VERNAL Cooperators: FWS STA Resource Area: DIAMOND MTN. SHF: WAS ROD UTI BOX PhoneNo.: 801-789-1362 Species: BUREG BULAG CICYA AQCHR Key Area Name: GREEN RIVER/BROWN'S PARK Habitats: RIP 178. State: UT District: SALT LAKE Total Acres: 2600 Acres BLM: 1600 Resource Area: BEAR RIVER Land-use Actions: ROA PUB Phone No.: 80 1-524-4453 Cooperators: FWS UPS UBR STA Key Area Name: CRAWFORD MOUNTAINS SHF: CLI ROC 'IRE STR ROO Habitat~: SHR Species: HALEU PAPER BUJAM Total Acres: 41988 Acres BLM: 23768 Land-use Actions: O&G MIN GRA BLA 184. State: UT District: VERNAL Cooperators: ST A Resource Area: DIAMOND MTN. SHF: CLI ROC 'IRE OLD ROD STR ROO Phone No.: 801-789-1362 Species: HALEU AQCHR BUSWA BUJAM Key Area Name: PARlETTE WETLAND FAMEX PAPER BUREG CAAUR DEVELOPMENT AREA FASPA BULAG Habitat~: WET Total Acres: 9000 Acres BLM: 7077 179. State: UT District: SALT LAKE Land-use Actions: O&G ORV PUB Resource Area: PONY EXPRESS Cooperators: FWS UBR STA Phone No.: 801-524-4453 SHF: CLI ROC 'IRE SNA MEA PON STR Key Area Name: RUSH VALLEY/CEDAR VALLEY/ ROO SKULL VALLEY Species: AQCHR HALEU FAMEX PAPER Habitats: SHR BULAG CICYA FASPA BUJAM Total Acres: 70720 Acres BLM: UNK ATCUN BUVIR Land-use Actions: MIN ROA PIP UTI FAR GRA FIR ORV PRE MIL 185. State: UT District: VERNAL Cooperators: FWS UPS PRI STA CON Resource Area: DIAMOND MOUNTAIN SHF: ROO CLI TRE Phone No.: 80 1-789-1362 Species: HALEU BUREG Key Area Name: PELICAN LAKE Habitats: LAC 180. State: UT District: VERNAL Total Acres: 400 Acres BLM: 400 Resource Area: BOOK CLIFFS Land-use Actions: FAR PUB HIK LOG Phone No.: 801-789-1362 Cooperators: ST A CON Key Area Name: BONANZA FERRUGINOUS HAWK SHF: 'IRE SNA LAK ROO AREA Species: HALEU Habitats: SHR Total Acres: 33000 Acres BLM: 22000 186. State: WA District: SPOKANE Land-use Actions: O&G ROA UTI ORV BLA Resource Area: BORDER Cooperators: FWS STA IND Phone No.: 509-456-2570 SHF: CLI 'IRE ROD Key Area Name: BADGER SLOPE Species: BUREG BUSW A AQCHR BUJAM ATCUN Habitat~: SHR HALEU BULAG CICYA FASPA Total Acres: 1500 Acres BLM: 600 Land-use Actions: ROA UTI FAR GRA URB FIR 181. State: UT District: VERNAL ORV Resource Area: BOOK CLIFFS Cooperators: STA PhoneNo.: 801-789-1362 SHF: CLI ROC BUR STR Key Area Name: GREEN RIVER BALD EAGLE AREA Species: FAMEX BUREG ATCUN FEBRUARY, 1989 RAPTOR MANAGEMENT ON PUBLIC LANDS 73

187. State: WA District: SPOKANE 193. State: WA District: SPOKANE Resource Area: BORDER/WENATCHEE Resource Area: WENATCHEE Phone No.: 509-456-2570 Phone No.: 509-662-4223 Key Area Name: COLUMBIA RIVER BREAKS Key Area Name: BREWSTER BALD EAGLE ROOST Habitat~: LAC Habitats: CON Total Acres: UNK Acres BLM: 500 Total Acres: 650 Acres BLM: 200 Land-use Actions: UTI DAM FAR FIR ORV ROC BOO Land-use Actions: LOG ROA UTI FAR FIR PUB Cooperators: NPS UBR ST A BOO SHF: CLI ROC TRE SNA ROD LAK RES DAM STR Cooperators: STA Species: AQCHR FAMEX BUREG SHF: CLI TAL TRE SNA RES UTI ROO Species: I-IALEU 188. State: WA District: SPOKANE Resource Area: BORDER/WENATCHEE 194. State: WA District: SPOKANE Phone No: 509-456-2570 Resource Area: WENATCHEE Key Area Name: CHANNELED SCAB LANDS Phone No: 509-662-4223 Habitat~: RIP SHR GRA WET Key Area Name: MOSES COULEE Total Acres: I 00000 Acres BLM: 3000 Habitats: RIP SHR Land-use Actions: MIN ROA UTI FAR GRA URB FIR Total Acres: 10000 Acres BLM: 2000 BOO BLA Land-use Actions: O&G MIN ROA UTI FAR GRA Cooperators: NPS UBR PRI STA COU FIR ORV BOO BLA SHF: CLI ROC TAL TRE MEA WAS ROD LAK Cooperators: STA STR UTI SHF: CLI ROC TAL MEA WAS SPR PON STR Species: BUJAM BUREG FAMEX PAPER AQCIIR Species: AQCIIR BUJAM BUREG HALEU FAMEX BUSWA BULAG NYSCA CICYA HALEU PAPER BUSWA BULAG CICYA

189. State: WA District: SPOKANE 195. State: WA District: SPOKANE Resource Area: BORDER Resource Area: WENATCHEE Phone No.: 509-456-2570 Phone No.: 509-662-4223 Key Area Name: GRANDE RONDE/SNAKE RIVER Key Area Name: NORTHRUP CANYON Habitats: SHR Habitat~: CON Total Acres: UNK Acres BLM: 1000 Total Acres: 800 Acres BLM: 160 Land-use Actions: ROA FAR GRA URB ROC Land-use Actions: HIK PUB BOO Cooperators: FWS PRI STA Cooperators: STA SHF: CLI ROC TAL STR SHF: CLI ROC TAL TRE SNA PON ROO HOM Species: PAPER FAMEX BUJAM AQCIIR Species: I-IALEU

190. State: WA District: SPOKANE 196. State: WA District: SPOKANE Resource Area: BORDER Resource Area: WENATCHEE Key Area Name: JUNIPERFOREST Phone No.: 509-662-4223 Phone No.: 509-456-2570 Key Area Name: SADDLE MOUNTAIN Habitat~: CON SI-IR GRA Habitats: SHR Total Acres: 14000 Acres BLM: 11000 Total Acres: 20000 Acres BLM: 6000 Land-use Actions: O&G ROA UTI FAR GRA FIR ORV Land-use Actions: ROA UTI GRA Cooperators: STA Cooperators: FWS STA SHF: TRE BUR ROD BOX SHF: CLI ROC BUR STR Species: BUREG BUSW A BULAG BUJAM BUVIR Species: FAMEX BUREG AQCHR BUJAM

191. State: WA District: SPOKANE 197. State: WA District: SPOKANE Phone No.: 509-456-2570 Phone No.: 509-662-4223 Resource Area: BORDER Resource Area: WENATCHEE Key Area Name: KETTLE RIVER Key Area Name: SAN JUAN ISLANDS Habitat~: RIP Habitats: COA Total Acres: UNK Acres BLM: 400 Total Acres: UNK Acres BLM: 300 Land-use Actions: LOG ROA FAR GRA PUB Land-use Actions: URB PUB Cooperators: UFS ST A Cooperators: PRI STA COU CON SHF: TRE SNA STR SHF: CLI SNA OLD LAK ISL Species: P AI-lAL I-IALEU AQCIIR Species: I-IALEU

192. State: W A District: SPOKANE 198. State: WA District: SPOKANE Resource Area: BORDER Resource Area: WENATCHEE Phone No: 509-456-2570 Phone No.: 509-662-4223 Key Area Name: PEND ORIELLE CANYON Key Area Name: SKAGIT RIVER BALD EAGLE Habitat~: CON RIP DEC WET LAC RESERVE Total Acres: 5000 Acres BLM: 1500 Habitats: CON RIP Land-use Actions: LOG MIN ROA UTI DAM ORV Total Acres: 400 Acres BLM: 40 BOO Land-use Actions: UTI FIR HIK PUB Cooperators: STA Cooperators: FWS CON SHF: CLI SNA OLD SPR PON RES ISL STR UTI SHF: SNA OLD STR Species: I-IALEU PAI-IAL ACGEN STNEB Species: I-IALEU P AI-lAL 74 OLENDORFF ET AL. RRRNO. 8

199. State: WA District: SPOKANE SHF: CLI ROC WAS ROD Resource Area: WENATCHEE Species: BUREG AQCHR Phone No.: 509-662-4223 Key Area Name: YAKIMA CANYON 205. State: WY District: RAWLINS Habitats: SHR RIP Resource Area: GREAT DIVIDE Total Acres: 32000 Acres BLM: 4000 Phone No.: 307-324-4841 Land-use Actions: O&G ROA UTI ORA FIR LOG Key Area Name: BOLTEN RIM Cooperators: ST A Habitats: SHR SHF: CLI ROC TAL SNA BUR WAS ISL DAM Total Acres: 16000 Acres BLM: 8000 STR UTI Land-use Actions: O&G ORA ROD Species: FAMEX AQCHR HALEU BUJAM Cooperators: PRI STA FASPA BULAG BUVIR ASJ:<"LA SHF: CLI ROC WAS ROD CICYA Species: FAMEX AQCHR BUREG

200. State: WY District: CASPER 206. State: WY District: RAWLINS Resource Area: BUFFALO Resource Area: GREAT DIVIDE Phone No.: 307-684-5586 Phone No.: 307-324-4841 Key Area Name: GILLETTE/POWDER RIVER BASIN Key Area Name: BROWN CANYON RIM Habitats: SHR Habitats: SIIR Total Acre.~: 3043840 Acres BLM: 236067 Total Acres: 12800 Acres BLM: 6400 Land-use Actions: O&G MIN ROA UTI BLA Land-use Actions: PIP UTI ORA ORV ROD Cooperators: FWS STA IND Cooperators: PRI STA SHF: C"LI ROC TRE ROO Species: BUREG AQCHR FAMEX Species: AQCHR BUREG FAMEX HALEU 207. State: WY District: RAWLINS 201. State: WY District: CASPER Resource Area: GREAT DIVIDE Resource Area: PLATfE RIVER Phone No.: 307-324-4841 Phone No.: 307-261-5861 Key Area Name: CHEROKEE Key Area Name: JACKSON CANYON ACEC Habitats: SHR Habitats: CON Total Acres: 16640 Acres BLM: 8320 Total Acres: 13760 Acres BLM: 3660 Land-use Actions: O&G ROA PIP UTI ORA ROD Land-use Actions: O&G FIR ORV PUB Cooperators: PRI STA Cooperators: STA Sl-IP: CLI ROC ROD SHF: OLD ROO Species: BUREG AQCHR Species: HALEU AQCHR 208. State: WY District: RAWLINS 202. State: WY District: CASPER Resource Area: GREAT D !VIDE Resource Area: PLATIE RIVER Phone No.: 307-324-4841 PhoneNo.: 307-261-5861 Key Area Name: DELANEY RIM Key Area Name: RED WALL Habitats: SHR Habitat~: SHR Total Acres: 17920 Acres BLM: 8960 Total Acres: 25360 Acres BLM: 16280 Land-use Actions: O&G BLA Land-use Actions: ORV Cooperators: PRI STA SHF: CLI TRE SNA OLD SHF: CLI ROC ROD Species: AQCHR BUJAM BUVIR FAMEX Species: AQCHR FAMEX BUREG

203. State: WY District: RAWLINS 209. State: WY District: RAWLINS Resource Area: GREAT DIVIDE Resource Area: GREAT DIVIDE Phone No.: 307-324-4841 Phone No.: 307-324-4841 Key Area Name: ATLANTIC RIM Key Area Name: DOTY MOUNTAIN Habitats: DEC SHR Habitats: SHR Total Acres: 23920 Acres BLM: 11960 Total Acres: 7680 Acres BLM: 3840 Land-use Actions: MIN ROA PIP UTI ORA Land-use Actions: O&G ORA ROD ROD Cooperators: PRI STA Cooperators: FWS PRI STA SHF: CLI ROC TRE ROD SHF: TRE BUR RES STR Species: BUREG AQCHR Species: ALL ACGEN ACCOO BUSWA AQCHR BUJAM ASOTU 210. State: WY District: RAWLINS Resource Area: GREAT DIVIDE 204. State: WY District: RAWLINS Phone No.: 307-324-4841 Resource Area: GREAT DIVIDE Key Area Name: FERRIS Phone No.: 307-324-4841 Habitats: CON SHR Key Area Name: BLUE GAP Total Acres: 9520 Acres BLM: 7840 Habitats: SHR Land-use Actions: UTI ROD Total Acres: 6360 Acres BLM: 5760 Cooperators: STA Land-use Actions: O&G ROA PIP UTI ORA SHF: CLI SNA OLD ROD Cooperators: ST A Species: FAMEX AQCHR BUJAM ACGEN FEBRUARY, 1989 RAPTOR MANAGEMENT ON PUBLIC LANDS 75

211. State: WY District: RAWLINS Cooperators: PRI STA Resource Area: GREAT DIVIDE SHF: ROC CLI ROD RES Phone No.: 307-324-4841 Species: AQCHR BUREG FAMEX Key Area Name: HANNA Habitat~: SHR 217. State: WY District: RAWLINS Total Acres: 10880 Acres BLM: 5440 Resource Area: GREAT DIVIDE Land-use Actions: MIN ROA PIP UTI PRE ROD Phone No.: 307-324-4841 Cooperators: PRI STA Key Area Name: SHAMROCK HILLS SHF: ROC CLI ROD STR Habitats: SHR Species: BUREG AQCHR FAMEX Total Acres: 35700 Acres BLM: 18330 Land-use Actions: O&G ROA PIP UTI GRA MIN 212. State: WY District: RAWLINS HARROD Resource Area: GREAT DIVIDE Cooperators: FWS PRI STA IND Phone No.: 307-324-4841 SHF: CLI ROC WAS ROD BOX Key Area Name: MUDDY CREEK Species: BUREG AQCHR FAMEX Habitat~: SHR Total Acres: 14400 Acres BLM: 11520 218. State: WY District: ROCK SPRINGS Land-use Actions: O&G ROA PIP UTI GRA ROD Resource Area: GREEN RIVER Cooperators: PRI STA Phone No: 307-362-6422 SHF: CLI ROC TRE ROD Key Area Name: CANYON CREEK Species: BUREG AQCHR FAMEX Habitats: SHR Total Acres: 3800 Acres BLM: 3640 213. State: WY District: RAWLINS Land-use Actions: O&G GRA Resource Area: GREAT DIVIDE Cooperators: PRI STA Phone No.: 307-324-4841 SHF: CLI ROC MEA WAS SPR STR Key Area Name: PEDRO MOUNTAINS BALD EAGLE Species: FAMEX AQCHR BUREG BUJAM CICYA ROOST ACSTR BUVIR Habitats: CON Total Acres: 2560 Acres BLM: 2560 219. State: WY District: ROCK SPRINGS Land-use Actions: GRA Resource Area: GREEN RIVER Cooperators: ST A Phone No: 307-382-5350 SHF: SNA OLD ROO Key Area Name: CEDAR CANYON Species: HALEU Habitats: SHR Total Acres: 8900 Acres BLM: 4300 214. State: WY District: RAWLINS Land-use Actions: O&G MIN ORV Resource Area: GREAT DIVIDE Cooperators: PRI CON Phone No.: 307-324-4841 SHF: CLI ROC TAL WAS ROD Key Area Name: PLATTE DIVIDE Species: FAMEX AQCHR BUREG BUJAM BUVIR Habitats: SHR FASPA Total Acres: 11200 Acres BLM: 5600 Land-use Actions: MIN ROA 220. State: WY District: ROCK SPRINGS Cooperators: PRI STA Resource Area: GREEN RIVER SHF: CLI ROC ROD STR Phone No: 307-382-5350 Species: AQCHR FAMEX BUREG Key Area Name: GREEN RIVER RIPARIAN Habitats: RIP 215. State: WY District: RAWLINS Total Acres: 2100 Acres BLM: 340 Resource Area: GREAT DIVIDE Land-use Actions: O&G MIN PIP UTI GRA HAR HIK Phone No.: 307-324-4841 Cooperators: FWS UBR PRI STA CON Key Area Name: RED RIM SHF: CLI ROC TRE SNA MEA ROD ISL STR ROO Habitat~: SHR HOM Total Acres: 12800 Acres BLM: 6400 Species: HALEU AQCHR FAPER FACOL BUSWA Land-use Actions: O&G MIN GRA BLA ROD BUJAM CICYA FAMEX BUVIR FASPA Cooperators: PRI STA SHF: CLI ROC ROD RES 221. State: WY District: ROCK SPRINGS Species: AQCHR FAMEX BUREG Resource Area: GREEN RIVER Phone No: 307-362-6422 216. State: WY District: RAWLINS Key Area Name: PINE BU'ITE/KINNEY RIM Resource Area: GREAT DIVIDE Habitats: SHR Phone No.: 307-324-4841 Total Acres: 3200 Acres BLM: 1400 Key Area Name: SEMINOE Land-use Actions: ORV UTI Habitats: SHR Cooperators: PRI STA Total Acres: 20480 Acres BLM: 10240 SHF: CLI ROC TAL TRE GAL WAS Land-use Actions: O&G MIN ROA PIP UTI DAM Species: FAPER FAMEX ACGEN AQCHR BUJAM GRA ORV BLA ROD BUREG 76 OLENDORFF ET AL. RRRNO. 8

222. State: WY District: ROCK SPRINGS 223. State: WY District: WORLAND Resource Area: GREEN RIVER Resource Area: CODY Phone No: 307-362-6422 Phone No.: 307-587-2216 Key Area Name: ROCK SPRINGS UPLIFf Key Area Name: BALD EAGLE RECOVERY AREA Habitats: SHR Habitats: RIP Total Acres: 223000 Acres BLM: 107000 Total Acre~: 230 Acres BLM: 230 Land-use Actions: O&G MIN ROA PIP UTI GRA Land-use Actions: LOG ORV HAR ORV Cooperators: ST A Cooperators: PRI STA COU CON FWS SHF: OLD STR SHF: CLI ROC TAL TRE MAN WAS ROD PON Species: HALEU AQCHR RES l.m Species: FAMEX AQCHR BUREG ATCUN BUJAM BUVIR CAAUR FEBRUARY, 1989 RAPTOR MANAGEMENT ON PUBLIC LANDS 77

APPENDIX2 Tables of Species Occurrence by State RAPTOR OCCURRENCE IN THE WESTERN UNITED STATES

Vultures, Kites. Hawks. Eagles. and Falcons

Black Vulture N-U Carogyps atratus W-U Turkey Vulture A N-C N-C N-C N-C N-C N-C N-C N-C N-C N-U N-C Cathartes aura W-R W-C W-A California Condor Gymnogyps californianus * Mississippi Kite N-U N-U N-U A Ictinia mississippiensis W-A Black-shouldered Kite N-C N-C A N-U N-R A Elanus caeruleus W-C W-C W-R W-U Bald Eagle N-C N-U N-U N-R N-U N-U N-R N-U N-R N-U N-U Haliaeetus leucocephalus W-C W-C W-C W-C W-C W-C W-U W-C W-C W-C W-C W-C Osprey N-U N-U N-C N-U N-C N-C N-R N-C N-U N-C N-C Pandion haliaetus W-U W-R Northern Harrier N-U N-R N-C N-C N-C N-C N-U N-U N-C N-C N-C N-C Circus cyaneus W-C W-C W-C W-C W-C W-C W-C W-C W-C W-C W-U Shrup-shinned Hawk N-C N-U N-C N-C N-C N-C N-C N-C N-C N-C N-C N-C Accipiter striatus W-R W-C W-C W-U W-U W-U W-C W-C W-C W-C W-U Cooper's Hawk N-C N-C N-C N-C N-C N-C N-U N-C N-C N-C N-U A. cooperii W-C W-C W-C W-U W-U W-U W-U W-C W-U W-C W-U Northern Goshawk N-C N-U N-U N-C N-U N-C N-C N-U N-C N-C N-U N-C A. gentilis W-U W-R W-U W-C W-U W-C W-U W-U W-C W-U W-U W-U Common Black Hawk N-U N-U N-R Buteogallus anthracinus Harris' Hawk N-U N-R A N-U A Parabuteo unicinctus W-U W-R W-U Gray Hawk N-U A Buteo nitidus Zone-tailed Hawk N-U N-R N-U Buteo albonotatus W-A A Red-shouldered Hawk N-C A A R A N-R R B.lineatus W-C W-R Broad-winged Hawk R A R A A R B. platypterus W-R 78 OLENDORFF ET AL. RRRNO. 8

Species AK AZ CA CO ID Mf NV NM OR UT WA WY Swainson 's Hawk N-R N-U N-U N-C N-C N-C N-U N-C N-C N-C N-C N-C B. swainsoni W-A Red-tailed Hawk N-U N-C N-C N-C N-C N-C N-C N-C N-C N-C N-C N-C B. jamaicensis W-C W-C W-C W-C W-C W-C W-C W-C W-C W-C W-U Ferruginous Hawk N-R N-R N-C N-C N-C N-C N-U N-U N-C N-U N-C B. regalis W-U W-C W-U W-U W-U W-U W-R W-A Rough-legged Hawk N-C B.lagopus W-R W-C W-C W-C W-C W-C W-U W-C W-C W-C W-C Golden Eagle N-U N-U N-C N-C N-C N-C N-C N-C N-C N-C N-C N-C Aquila chrysaetos W-U W-U W-C W-C W-C W-C W-C W-C W-C W-C W-C W-C Crested Caracara N-R A Polyborus plancus W-R American Kestrel N-C N-C N-C N-C N-C N-C N-C N-C N-C N-C N-C Falco sparverius W-C W-C W-C W-C W-C W-C W-C W-C W-C W-C W-U Merlin N-U N-R N-U N-R N-U N-U F. columbarius W-U W-U W-R W-R W-R W-U W-U W-U Aplomado Falcon A A F. femora/is Peregrine Falcon N-U N-U N-U N-U N-R N-R N-R N-U N-R N-U N-R N-R F. peregrinus W-U W-U W-U W-U W-R W-R W-U W-R Gyrfalcon N-U F. rusticolus W-U W-R W-R W-R W-R W-R W-R W-R W-R W-R Prairie Falcon N-C N-C N-C N-C N-C N-C N-C N-C N-C N-C N-C F. mexicanus W-C W-C W-C W-U W-U W-C W-C W-U W-C W-R W-U

Common Barn-Owl N-U N-C N-C N-C R N-C N-C N-C N-C N-U N-R Tyto alba W-U W-C W-U W-R W-C W-C W-C W-C W-U W-R Flammulated Owl N-C N-U N-U N-U N-U ? N-U N-U N-U N-U N-U A Otus flammeolus Western Screech-Owl N-R N-C N-C N-C N-C N-C N-C N-U N-C N-C N-C N-U 0. kennicottii W-R W-C W-C W-C W-C W-C W-C W-U W-C W-C W-C W-U Whiskered Screech-Owl N-U N-R 0. trichopsis Great-homed Owl N-C N-C N-C N-C N-C N-R N-C N-C N-C N-C N-C N-C Bubo virginianus W-C W-C W-C W-C W-C W-C W-C W-C W-C W-C W-C W-C Snowy Owl N-U Nyctea scandiaca W-U W-A W-R W-R W-R W-A W-R W-R W-R FEBRUARY, 1989 RAYfOR MANAGEMENT ON PUBUC LANDS 79

Species AK AZ CA CO ID Mr NV NM OR UT WA WY Northern Hawk-Owl N-U Surnia ulula W-U Northern Pygmy-Owl N-R N-U N-U N-U N-U N-U N-U N-U N-U N-U N-U N-U Glaucidiwn gnoma W-R W-U W-U W-U W-C W-U W-U W-U W-U W-U W-U W-U Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl N-R G. brasilianum W-R Elf Owl N-C N-U N-U Micrathene whitneyi Burrowing Owl N-U N-C N-C N-C N-C N-C N-C N-C N-C N-U N-C Athene cunicularia W-U W-C W-U Spotted Owl N-U N-U N-A N-U N-U N-U N-U Strix occidentalis W-U W-U W-A W-U W-U W-U W-U Barred Owl R N-R N-U N-U N-U N-U A S. varia W-U W-U W-U W-U W-U Great Gray Owl N-U N-U N-U N-U N-U N-R N-U S. nebulosa W-U W-U W-U W-U W-U W-R W-U Long-eared Owl N-U N-U N-C N-C N-R N-C N-U N-C N-C N-C N-C Asio otus W-U W-U W-C W-C W-R W-C W-U W-C W-C W-C W-C Short-eared Owl N-C N-R N-R N-C N-C N-C N-C N-C N-C N-C N-C A.flammeus W-U W-R W-C W-C W-C W-C W-U W-C W-C W-C W-C Boreal Owl N-U N-R N-R N-R N-R N-R N-R Aegolius funereus W-U W-R W-R W-R W-R W-R W-R Northern Saw-whet Owl N-R N-U N-U N-C N-C N-U N-U N-U N-U N-C N-U N-U A. acadicus W-R W-U W-U W-U W-C W-U W-U W-U W-U W-U W-U W-U

N = Nesting C = Common: Commonly occurs throughout most of the state or within its habitat W = Wintering U = Uncommon: Occurs at low densities and/or is sparsely distributed throughout the state R = Rare: Few individuals occur in the state A = Accidental: Recorded a few times for the state

* All taken from the wild by 1987. Only a captive population.

'This table was reviewed by R.G. Anthony, P.H. Bloom, J.C. Bednarz, G.R. Craig, C. Groves, G.B. Herron, K.R. McAllister, B.A. Millsap, R.J. Oakleaf, and D. Sherry. 80 OLENDORFF ET AL. RRRNO. 8

APPENDIX3

Key BLM Personnel with Raptor Expertise

The following full-time permanent employees of BLM have extensive raptor ex~rtise and are available under certain circumstances for consultation and field project review out~ide their normal areas of responsibtlity-- within and outside the Bureau. Generally, this requires payment of any travel expenses (per diem and lodging) by the BLM office requesting assistance, and salary considerations outside the Bureau. All are willing to help over the telephone, however. Olendorff, Kocher!, and Steenhof are usually more available, because teclmical assistance and information transfer are important aspects of their official duties.

Richard R. Olendorff Karen Steenhof Endangered Species Coordinator Analytical Wildlife Research Biologist U.S. Bureau of Land Management U.S. Bureau of Land Management California State Office Boise District Office 2800 Cottage Way 3948 Development Avenue Sacramento, CA 95825 Boise, ID 83705 (916) 978-4725 FfS 460-4725 (208) 334-9277 FfS 554-9277 Education: B.S. University of Washington 1967 Education: B.S. Colorado State University 1974 Ph.D. Colorado State University 1971 M.S. University of Missouri 1976 Post-doctoral Work, American Museum of Specialties: Shrubsteppe Raptors Natural History 1971-73 Data Management and Analysis Specialties: Endangered Raptors Bald Eagles Grassland Raptors Raptor Management Raptor Management Literature Raptor Inventory and Monitoring Raptor Management William A. Neitro Wildlife Biologist U.S. Bureau of Land Management Oregon State Office John R. Haugh 825 NE Multnomah Street Biological Scientist Portland, OR 97208 U.S. Bureau of Land Management (503) 231-6865 FfS 429-6865 Resource Sciences Staff Education: B.S. San Jose State University 1959 18th and C Streets, NW Specialties: Spotted Owls Washington, D.C. 20240 Coniferous Forest Raptors (202) 653-9200 FfS 653-9200 Education: B.S. Westminster College (Pennsylvania) 1962 Robert N. Lehman M.S. Syracuse University 1964 Wildlife Biologist Ph.D. Cornell University 1970 U.S. Bureau of Land Management Specialties: Raptor Migration Folsom Resource Area Research Administration 63 Natoma Street Arctic Raptors Folsom, CA 95630 (916) 985-4474 FfS 460-4177 Education: B.S. Humboldt State University 1979 Specialties: Bald Eagles Habitat Management Planning Michael N. Kochert Raptor Management Supervisory Raptor Research Biologist U.S. Bureau of Land Management Stephen J. Hawks Boise District Office Wildlife Biologist 3948 Development Avenue U.S. Bureau of Land Management Boise, ID 83705 Susanville District Office (208) 334-9279 FfS 554-9279 705 Hall Street Education: B.S. Purdue University 1969 Susanville, CA 96130 M.S. University of Idaho 1972 (916) 257-5381 Specialties: Shrubsteppe Raptors Education: B.S. Humboldt State University 1967 Golden Eagles Specialties: Habitat Management Planning Raptor Management Bald Eagle Habitat Management Raptor Inventory and Monitoring Raptor Inventory and Monitoring RAPTOR RESEARCH REPORTS

No. 1 Falconiform Reproduction: A Review. Part 1. The Pre-nestling Period. Richard R. Olendorff. 1971. Out of Print.*

No. 2 Management of Raptors. Proceedings of the Conference on Raptor Conservation Techniques, Fort Collins, Colorado, 22-24 March 1973 (Part 4). Frederick N. Hamerstrom, Byron E. Harrell and Richard R. Olendorff, Eds. 1974. Out of Print.*

No. 3 Population Status of Raptors. Proceedings of the Conference on Raptor Conservation Techniques, Fort Collins, Colorado, 22-24 March 1973 (Part 6). Joseph R. Murphy, Clayton M. White and Byron E. Harrell, Eds. 1975. Out of Print.*

No. 4 Suggested Practices for Raptor Protection on Power Lines. The State of the Art in 1981. Richard R. Olendorff, A Dean Miller and Robert N. Lehman. 1981. $20.00 us ($5.00) us

No. 5 Raptor Conserva:tion in the Next 50 Years. Proceedings of a Conference held at Hawk Mountain Sanctuary, Kempton, Pennsylvania, on 14 October 1984. Stanley E. Senner, Clayton M. White and Jimmie R. Parrish, Eds. 1986. $4.50 us ($3.50) us

No. 6 The Ancestral Kestrel. David M. Bird and Reed Bowman, Eds. 1987. $12.50 us (10.00) us

No. 7 The Raptor Research Foundation Bibliographic Index (1%7 - 1986). Richard R. Olendorff. 1989. $5.00 US (No Charge)

No. 8 Raptor Habitat Management Under the U. S. Bureau of Land Management Multiple-Use Mandate. Richard R. Olendorff, D. Dean Bibles, M. Thomas Dean, John R. Haugh and Michael N. Kochert. 1989.

* Available only as a photocopy please contact the Treasurer, Jim Fitzpatrick, for prices.

Contact Jim Fitzpatrick, Treasurer, The Raptor Research Foundation, Inc., 12805 St. Croix Trail, Hastings, MN 55033 USA Please add $2.50 per unit to cover postage (First Class) and handling. Make checks payable to The Raptor Research Foundation, Inc. Prices in parentheses are for current Raptor Research Foundation members only.