American Vines

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

American Vines mepican 'ines. \ s AMERICAN VINES (RESISTANT STOCK) THEIR ADAPTATION, CULTURE, GRAFTING AND PROPAGATION BY P. VIALA Inspector-General of Viticulture, Professor of Viticulture (National Agronomic Institute, Paris) AND L. RAVAZ Professor of Viticulture, National School of Agriculture (Montpellier) COMPLETE TRANSLATION OF THE SECOND EDITION BY RAYMOND DUBOIS, B. Sc., F.R.C. S. Ingenieur Agricole, Viticulturist to the Government of Cape Colony AND EDMUND H. TWIGHT B. Sc. Ingenieur Agricole, Assistant Professor of Viticulture and Enology, College of Agriculture, University of California, Berkeley, Cal., U. S. A. 1903. PRESS OF FREYGANG-LEARY Co., 113-119 DAVIS ST., SAN FRANCISCO. O-C PREFACE TO CALIFORNIA EDITION (TRANSLATION.) The translation of the book which Messrs. Raymond Dubois and Edmund H. Twight are now presenting to California viti- culturists is a summary of the efforts accomplished by the viticulturists of France in the struggle against phylloxera, and of the new knowledge they have definitely gained for the reconstitution of vineyards. This knowledge has been revised to date for the present translation, and all new facts which actually permit to direct the reconstitution of vineyards are brought together in this California translation. The viticulturists of California are practically working under the same conditions as the viticulturists of the South of France, therefore the facts acquired in that region should be applied in their vineyards. These facts are simple, and consist, above all, in having recourse to the American vines most resistant to phylloxera, that is to say, in using pure species (V. Riparia, V. Rupestris, V. Berlandieri), or hybrids of these species (V. Riparia X V. Rupestris, V. Rupestris X V. Berlandieri, and V. Riparia X V. Berlandieri). The essential condition is to select different graft-bearers, accord- ing to the diverse classes of soils, and we trust that this book will assist California viticulturists in that direction. The course to be followed in the struggle against phylloxera is nowadays definitely established. The immense efforts accomplished by our French viticulturists have vanquished an unprecedented crisis; their work, crowned with success, should benefit the viticulturists of the whole world. The most definite and general conclusion derived from this strug- gle is the superiority of reconstitution with American vines resisting the attacks of the insects. France possessed, before 4 PREFACE the phylloxera invasion, over 5,000,000 acres of vines; more than three-fourths of that area have been destroyed by phylloxera. By 1899, 2,500,000 acres were reconstituted with American vines. The production of wine, which had fallen to 638,000,000 gallons, exceeded, in 1900, 1,430,000,000 gallons; further, the average production was 1,100,000,000 gallons before the appearance of phylloxera. The Depart- ment of the Herault, in which 450,000 acres were formerly under vines, had, by 1900, reconstituted 445,435 acres with American vines. All other processes or methods of combating phylloxera can only be of transitory value, and only prepare, more or less progressively, the way for eventual reconstitution with American vines. The following comparative figures estab- lish this beyond a doubt: Bisulphide of carbon was applied in France in 1890 to 155,595 acres; in 1900, it was only applied to 90,500 acres, American vines, on the contrary, show the following pro- gressive increase: 1880 16,102 acres. 1885 188,230 acres. 1890 1,090,045 acres. 1900 '. 2,404,895 acres. The use of American vines necessitates, however, greater supplementary care in culture; but these difficulties (selection of graft-bearers for different classes of soils and grafting) are insignificant for those who possess a sound knowledge of adaptation. The main object of this translation is to impart that knowledge, and we trust that the viticulturists of Cali- fornia will profit by the work which the translators have so willingly performed. P. VIALA, Inspector-General of Viticulture. PARIS, December, 1902. TRANSLATOR'S INTRODUCTION. As the area of phylloxera-attacked vineyards in California increases rapidly every year, and the insect has now obtained a firm footing in our most important viticultural centers, we may safely assume, in the light of the history of the rapid spread of phylloxera in European vine-growing countries, that at no distant date every vineyard in California will be devastated by this terrible insect. Already we have seen the destruction it caused in the Napa, Sonoma, Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys, reach- ing thousands of acres in extent, and it will spread slowly but surely to Southern California. The signal and world- wide failure of the extinction method to check the progress of the phylloxera should be clearly recognized by all Califor- nian vine growers. In looking over many serial writings published some twenty years ago, during the early period of phylloxera history in France, and bearing in mind that at present almost the whole of the French vineyards are phylloxerated and reconstituted, nothing now appears more ludicrous than the constantly reiterated advice tendered by authorities in vine districts free from the insect to unfortunate growers in attacked districts to persevere in their attempts at "total extinction" and not to plant American vines "because the phylloxera and other dis- eases lived on them." Authorities in European States free from phylloxera were especially loud in their praises of the extinction method, but undoubtedly their motives in recom- mending total extinction were not purely disinterested. Mill- ardet one of the early advocates of reconstitution, quaintly remarked that the opponents of the American grafting stock 8 INTRODUCTION. had really adduced the strongest argument in their favor, namely, the fact that the phylloxera lived on them without causing injury. The indisputable fact should be clearly grasped that phylloxera comes to stay, that the extinction method has proved an utter failure in Europe, no matter how thoroughly and expensively carried out, as in France, Switzerland, Germany, Austro-Hungary, Roumania, Italy, Spain, Bulgaria, Portugal, Russia, Servia. In all of these countries without exception, phylloxera has spread and viticulturists bave been finally compelled to reconstitute their vineyards with phylloxera-resistant American vines. The vine growers of California have taken hold of that question for a good many years, and helped by the Agricul- tural Experiment Station of the University of California and also by the Viticultural Commission have been able to re- establish a great many of their vineyards. There seems nevertheless to be a need for more knowledge on the subject, a thorough understanding of these resistant vines. Their properties, grafting affinity with European stock, degree of resistance, adaptation to soils, becomes a matter of primary necessity as the first step towards permanent reconstitution on a phylloxera-resistant basis. The difficult problems which were necessarily connected with the early culture of American resistant stock have been solved in the most manner in the culture of practical Europe ; resistant stock no longer presents any trouble to the intel- ligent grower, and as a result, during the last twenty years the areas successfully reconstituted total some millions of acres, bearing heavier ^nd finer crops than before the advent of the phylloxera. All the best knowledge and information on the culture of American vines^has been systematically gathered by Profes- sors Viala and Ravaz in their k world-renowned work, "Les INTRODUCTION. 9 Vignes Americaines : Adaptation, Culture, Greffage, Pep- inieres." We therefore deemed it advisable to translate the second edition of their book, which appeared in 1896. Professor Viala authorized the translation, and with great kindness undertook the laborious revision of the whole of the proof sheets, thus bringing the work to date 1902. We trust Californian Viticulturists will thoroughly appre- ciate Professor Viala's liberal-minded labours on their behalf, and benefit by the work he so willingly undertook for their guidance during the transition period through which all vine-growing countries seem compelled to pass of re-estab- lishing on a phylloxera-resistant basis. EDMUND H. TWIGHT, RAYMOND DUBOIS, Berkeley, Jan., 1903. Cape Town, Jan., 1903. U. S. A. AMERICAN VINES PART I. ADAPTATION. L INTRODUCTION. When the American vines were first cultivated in France on a large scale, it was soon apparent that they were not thriving equally well in all soils. Such varieties as were thriving well in one soil grew indifferently in another; and, in the same soil, they were not all growing in the same manner. Evidently, it would have been easy to foresee that this would be the case if beforehand, care had been taken to study the nature of the soils in which they were living in America. But, in the haste in which new vineyards were started, the mistake was made of thinking that American vines would grow in all kinds of soils just as the European (Vitis Vintferd) did. All the European vines belong to one species the V. Vinifera. Their pecularities and properties extend, with only slight differences, to all the varieties cultivated. With the American vines we have to deal with species not only differing from the V. Vinifera, but also very different from one another. Consequently, their numerous varieties, which had adapted themselves to special con- ditons, gave very different results when planted in similar conditions. But this was not taken into account. Hence, widely- spread failures were recorded; and extensive vineyards had to be uprooted after a few years growth. It wab only then seen that it was necessary to study beforehand each American variety to discover its qualities and deficiencies, and especially its power of adaptation to different soils. 12 AMERICAN VINES. Many of these failures were attributed to the action of the phylloxera. No doubt many of the American varie- ties cultivated had only a slight degree of resistance; but, with the greater number, the failures (and this has since been proved) were due only to their poor adaptation to the soil.
Recommended publications
  • Nesting Populations of California and Ring-Billed Gulls in California
    WESTERN BIR Volume 31, Number 3, 2000 NESTING POPULATIONS OF CLwO AND RING-BI--F-r GULLS IN CALIFORNIA: RECENT SURVEYS AND HISTORICAL STATUS W. DAVID SHUFORD, Point Reyes Bird Observatory(PRBO), 4990 Shoreline Highway, StinsonBeach, California94970 THOMAS P. RYAN, San FranciscoBay Bird Observatory(SFBBO), P.O. Box 247, 1290 Hope Street,Alviso, California 95002 ABSTRACT: Statewidesurveys from 1994 to 1997 revealed33,125 to 39,678 breedingpairs of CaliforniaGulls and at least9611 to 12,660 pairsof Ring-billed Gullsin California.Gulls nested at 12 inland sitesand in San FranciscoBay. The Mono Lake colonywas by far the largestof the CaliforniaGull, holding 70% to 80% of the statepopulation, followed by SanFrancisco Bay with 11% to 14%. ButteValley WildlifeArea, Clear Lake NationalWildlife Refuge, and Honey Lake WildlifeArea were the only othersites that heldover 1000 pairsof CaliforniaGulls. In mostyears, Butte Valley, Clear Lake, Big Sage Reservoir,and Honey Lake togetherheld over 98% of the state'sbreeding Ring-billed Gulls; Goose Lake held9% in 1997. Muchof the historicalrecord of gullcolonies consists of estimatestoo roughfor assessmentof populationtrends. Nevertheless, California Gulls, at least,have increased substantially in recentdecades, driven largely by trendsat Mono Lake and San FranciscoBay (first colonizedin 1980). Irregularoccupancy of some locationsreflects the changing suitabilityof nestingsites with fluctuatingwater levels.In 1994, low water at six sites allowedcoyotes access to nestingcolonies, and resultingpredation appeared to reducenesting success greatly at threesites. Nesting islands secure from predators and humandisturbance are nestinggulls' greatest need. Conover(1983) compileddata suggestingthat breedingpopulations of Ring-billed(Larus delawarensis)and California(Larus californicus)gulls haveincreased greafiy in the Westin recentdecades. Detailed assessments of populationstatus and trends of these speciesin individualwestern states, however,have been publishedonly for Washington(Conover et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Volcanic Legacy
    United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Pacifi c Southwest Region VOLCANIC LEGACY March 2012 SCENIC BYWAY ALL AMERICAN ROAD Interpretive Plan For portions through Lassen National Forest, Lassen Volcanic National Park, Klamath Basin National Wildlife Refuge Complex, Tule Lake, Lava Beds National Monument and World War II Valor in the Pacific National Monument 2 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................4 Background Information ........................................................................................................................4 Management Opportunities ....................................................................................................................5 Planning Assumptions .............................................................................................................................6 BYWAY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES ......................................................................................................7 Management Goals ..................................................................................................................................7 Management Objectives ..........................................................................................................................7 Visitor Experience Goals ........................................................................................................................7 Visitor
    [Show full text]
  • Christianbrothers00timorich.Pdf
    rafrM^ University of California Berkeley . All uses of this manuscript are covered by a legal agreement between the Regents of the University of California and Brother Timothy, dated 5 March, 1974. The manuscript is thereby made available for research purposes. All literary rights in the manuscript, including the right to publish, are reserved to The Bancroft Library of the University of California at Berkeley. No part of the manuscript may be quoted for publication without the written permission of the Director of The Bancroft Library of the University of California at Berkeley. Requests for permission to quote for publication should be addressed to the Regional Oral History Office, 486 Library, and should include identification of the specific passages to be quoted, anticipated use of the passages, and identification of the user. The legal agreement with Brother Timothy requires that he be notified of the request and allowed thirty days in which to respond. The Bancroft Library University of California/Berkeley Regional Oral History Office California Wine Industry Oral History Project Brother Timothy THE CHRISTIAN BROTHERS AS WINEMAKERS With an Introduction by Maynard A. Amerine An Interview Conducted by Ruth Teiser 1975 by The Regents of the University of California Brother Timothy Being interviewed at Mont La Salle, Photograph by Catherine Harroun. TABLE OF CONTENTS -- Brother Timothy PREFACE i INTRODUCTION by Maynard A. Amerine ill INTERVIEW HISTORY v THE CHRISTIAN BROTHERS 1 THE BEGINNING OF WINE MAKING AT MARTINEZ 4 THE MOVE TO
    [Show full text]
  • Official Journal of the European Communities No L 214/ 1
    16 . 8 . 80 Official Journal of the European Communities No L 214/ 1 I (Acts whose publication is obligatory) COMMISSION REGULATION (EEC) No 2164/80 of 8 August 1980 amending for the seventh time Regulation ( EEC) No 1608/76 laying down detailed rules for the description and presentation of wines and grape musts THE COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN on an additional label placed in the same field of COMMUNITIES , vision as the other mandatory information ; Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community, Whereas the nominal volume of containers with a volume of not less than 5 ml and not more than 10 1 suitable for putting up wines and grape musts which Having regard to Council Regulation (EEC) No are the subject of intra-Community trade is governed 337/79 of 5 February 1979 on the common organi­ by Council Directive 75/ 106/EEC of 19 December zation of the market in wine ('), as last amended by 1974 on the approximation of the laws of the Regulation (EEC) No 1988 / 80 (2 ), and in particular Member States relating to the making-up by volume Article 54 ( 5) thereof, of certain prepackaged liquids (8 ), as amended by Directive 79/ 1005 /EEC ( 9); whereas it is necessary, Whereas Council Regulation ( EEC) No 355 /79 of first, to adjust Regulation (EEC) No 1608 /76 in line 5 February 1979 laying down general rules for the with the amendments to that Directive and , secondly, description , and presentation of wines and grape in order to enable the wines and grape musts already musts (■'), as amended by Regulation (EEC) No
    [Show full text]
  • Relative Dating and the Rock Art of Lava Beds National Monument
    RELATIVE DATING AND THE ROCK ART OF LAVA BEDS NATIONAL MONUMENT Georgia Lee and William D. Hyder University of California, Los Angeles University of California, Santa Barbara ABSTRACT Dating rock art has long been a serious impediment to its use in archaeological research. Two rock art sites in Lava Beds National Monument present an unusual opportunity for the establishment of a relative dating scheme tied to external environmental events. In the case of Petroglyph Point, extended wet and dry climatic cycles produced changes in the levels of Tule Lake that successively covered, eroded, and then exposed the petroglyph bearing surfaces. Similarly, wet periods would have precluded painting at the nearby Fern Cave as the cave walls would have been too wet for paint to bond to the wall. The study of past climatic conditions, coupled with other archaeological evidence, allows us to present a model from which a relative chronology for Modoc rock art of Northeastern California covering the past 5,000 years can be constructed. INTRODUCTION Lava Beds National Monument is located in northeastern California, south of Klamath Falls, Oregon. Aside from a very interesting history that encompasses the Modoc Indians (and their predecessors) and the famous Modoc Wars of 1872-73, the Monument has numerous natural geological features of interest, as well as some outstanding rock art sites. It is also on the migratory bird flyway, making it a popular area for hunters and bird watchers alike. During World War II a Japanese internment camp was located nearby. These various attractions serve to draw a number of visitors to the Monument throughout the year.
    [Show full text]
  • California Grape Acreage 1991
    CALIFORNIA GRAPE ACREAGE 1991 California Agricultural Statistics Service P.O. Box 1258 Sacramento, CA 95812 (916) 654-0799 May 1992 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments ........................................................... 1 Foreword ................................................................. 1 Survey Methods ............................................................. 1 Data Limitations .......................................................... 2 Acreage Breakdown .......................................................... 3 Acreage Trends ............................................................. 3 Footnotes ................................................................ 31 TABLE 1. ALL GRAPES: Acreage standing by type, by year planted, California ................ 4 TABLE 2. RAISIN TYPE GRAPES: Acreage standing, by variety, by year planted, California ....... 4 TABLE 3. TABLE TYPE GRAPES: Acreage standing, by variety, by year planted, California ....... 4 TABLE 4. RED WINE TYPE GRAPES: Acreage standing, by variety, by year planted, California ......................................................... 5 TABLE 5. WHITE WINE TYPE GRAPES: Acreage standing, by variety, by year planted, California ......................................................... 5 TABLE 6. RAISIN TYPE GRAPES: Acreage standing, by variety, by year planted, by county, California ................................................. 6 TABLE 7. TABLE TYPE GRAPES: Acreage standing, by variety, by year planted, by county, California ................................................
    [Show full text]
  • View the Klamath Summary Report
    SPECIAL SUPPLEMENT — KLAMATH BASIN GENERAL STREAM ADJUDICATION From the top of a fault formed ridge overlooking the expansive Upper Klamath Lake, the rest of the world seems to fall away. Unbroken blue skies and dry, thin air stretches the horizon impossibly far. To the east, parched buttes roll through deep, green farm-filled valleys. To the west, only the rugged, snow- capped Cascades can rein in the view. The feeling of freedom that defines the American West is alive in this place. Prepared by the Oregon Water Resources Department — October 1999 he Klamath Basin defies the soggy Northwest stereotype. The Cascade TMountains steal the moisture from eastward winds, transforming the damp, green Oregon known to most of the country. Away from the mountainsides, Lodge Pole and Ponderosa Pines supplant the water-dependent firs. The moss-covered logs and thick tangles of plants of the western forests are gone. In their place, reddish- black volcanic rocks speckle hillsides adorned with dusty sage. Sandy pumice soils are exposed to the wind and sun by the sparse ground cover. Everything seems to crack and crumble underfoot. Despite these desert-like conditions, an oasis of lakes, rivers, and marshes teams with wildlife. The remnants of a huge prehistoric lake once provided a cache of resources that allowed the Basin’s earliest human inhabitants to thrive in an otherwise formi- dable environment. Much time has passed and cultures have changed, but the reliance on these same resources has not. For more than 100 years, settlers, homesteaders, and their descendants have defied the desert by transforming vast lakes and marshes into farms and pasture–creating a heritage in the process.
    [Show full text]
  • NELSON IVAN MENDOZA ALDERETE.Pdf (965.7Kb)
    UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA AGRARIA ANTONIO NARRO UNIDAD LAGUNA DIVISIÓN DE CARRERAS AGRONÓMICAS EFECTO DE PORTAINJERTO Y DENSIDAD DE PLANTACIÓN SOBRE LA PRODUCCIÓN DE UVA Y VIGOR DE LA PLANTA EN LA VARIEDAD RUBIRED, BAJO CONDICIONES DE SEQUIA. POR NELSON IVAN MENDOZA ALDERETE TESIS PRESENTADA COMO REQUISITO PARCIAL PARA OBTENER EL TÍTULO DE: INGENIERO AGRÓNOMO EN HORTICULTURA TORREÓN, COAHUILA, MÉXICO Febrero de 2009 Dedicatorias A dios: Por darme la vida para alcanzar esta meta, por la oportunidad que me dio para concluir satisfactoriamente una etapa más de mi vida y por tantas cosas buenas y maravillosas que me ha brindado. A mis padres: Lázaro Mendoza Almaraz Y María Trinidad Alderete Marrufo A mi padre por haberme otorgado siempre su apoyo incondicional, para terminar mi carrera universitaria, así como sus consejos que me ayudaron a forjarme un carácter fuerte de convicciones concretas, y por creer en mí. A mi madre por toda su dulzura, su cariño y comprensión, y por toda la confianza que deposito en mí…. Y a ambos por haberme dado esta herencia tan grande que nunca hubiera logrado sin su apoyo incondicional. A mi novia Jeny que me apoyo en todo momento y estuvo conmigo cuando necesite de ella. A mis hermanos: Juan Carlos Mendoza Alderete y Osbaldo Mendoza Alderete, por todo su apoyo, respeto y cariño que me han brindado. GRACIAS. A mis abuelos, tíos, primos y a toda mi familia que de una u otra manera influyeron en mi carrera y contribuyeron para que lograra alcanzar mi meta … a todos ellos ….GRACIAS… i AGRADECIMIENTOS A dios por darme la oportunidad de vivir este momento tan satisfactorio de mi vida y por ayudarme a ser una persona de bien y mostrarme el camino correcto para alcanzar mis metas.
    [Show full text]
  • Conservation Assessment and Management Plan for Breeding Western and Clark’S Grebes in California
    Conservation Assessment and Management Plan for Breeding Western and Clark’s Grebes in California Gary L. Ivey, Wildlife Consultant PO Box 2213 Corvallis, OR 97339-2213 [email protected] June 2004 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES.............................................................................................. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................. vi EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...........................................................................................................vii INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................1 BACKGROUND .............................................................................................................................2 Taxonomy ...............................................................................................................................2 Legal status .............................................................................................................................2 Description..............................................................................................................................2 Geographic distribution ..........................................................................................................3 Life history .............................................................................................................................5
    [Show full text]
  • Sources Dicken, S
    Tules By Frank A. Lang In Oregon and much of the western United States, tule is the common name for two species of emergent plants that grow in shallow water of marshes, muddy shores, and lakes. These sedges (family Cyperaceae) are named hard-stemmed (Schoenoplectus acutus var. occidentalis) and soft-stemmed (S. tabernaemontani) bulrushes. Tule, a Spanish name, is based on tollin, of Nahurtl Native American lingustic stock, meaning a rush. Older botanical literature places these bulrushes in Scirpus, a closely related genus with various species names attached. Tule, the basis of the name of the Klamath basin town of Tulelake in northern California, was named after the extensive shallow Tule Lake (not to be confused with ancient Lake Tulare in the Great Valley of California). Present-day Tule Lake is the remainder of Pluvial Lake Modoc, which filled the Klamath Basin during the Pleistocene. As climates changed, ancient Lake Modoc shrank, forming Upper and Lower Klamath Lakes and Tule Lake. Irrigation projects reduced the lakes to their present size. Oregonians are probably most familiar with the extensive marshes on the margins and in the shallows of the great interior Klamath Lakes and Marsh and Malheur lakes. The tall (three- to six-foot), round, green stems are topped with clusters of brown, seed-producing spikelets of flowers. This contrasts with the cattail (Typha latifolia, family Typhaceae), another common emergent aquatic plant with flat leaves and characteristic flower clusters at the end of a leafless round shoot. Tule bulrushes arise from an extensive rhizome system that forms vegetative mats with cattails and other graminoids (grasses and grass-like plants, including other sedges and rushes).
    [Show full text]
  • Grape Varieties for Wine Production 1
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA CIRCULAR 356 August, 1943 GRAPE VARIETIES FOR WINE PRODUCTION 1 M. A. AMERINE 2 and A. J. WINKLER 3 Although California Wineries have utilized a considerable tonnage of raisin and table grapes since repeal of Prohibition, their preferred material is wine grapes. In this state there are now only 170,000 acres of such grapes, pro- ducing about 600,000 tons per year. The average annual winery crush (1937 to 1941) has exceeded 900,000 tons, but the annual crush of wine grapes has not exceeded 450,000 ; hence wine grapes have constituted approximately only 50 4 per cent of the total crush. Should normal winery demands continue, the acreage of wine grapes could probably be expanded with profit. The grower is interested in planting varieties that produce well, but the consumer is con- cerned with securing a product of good quality. Interest in wine-grape adaptation to the climatic regions of California has extended from the time of Agoston Haraszthy in 1860 to the present. From 1880 until Prohibition, the California Agricultural Experiment Station con- ducted detailed studies, first under Dean E. W. Hilgard, later under Professor F. T. Bioletti. Since Prohibition repeal the studies have been continued, and the present circular summarizes the best information available. Table wines may be either sweet or dry. They contain less than 14.0 per cent of alcohol, and the dry types should have over 0.6 per cent acid. The sweet types contain 0.5 to 5.0 per cent sugar and appear balanced with only about 0.5 per cent acid.
    [Show full text]
  • Thrips of California
    BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY VOLUME 4, NO. 5 THE THRIPS OF CALIFORNIA PART I: SUBORDER TEREBRANTIA BY STANLEY F. BAILEY (Department of Entomology and Parasitology, University’ of California, Davis) UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY AND LOS ANGELES 1957 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY Editors: E. G. Linsley, S. B. Freeborn, P. D. Hurd, R. L. Usinger Volume 4, No. 5, pp. 143-220, plates 17-23 Submitted by Editors, March 28, 1956 Issued April 12, 1957 Price $1.50 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY AND LOS ANGELES CALIFORNIA CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON. ENGLAND PRINTED BY OFFSET IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA CONTENTS Introduction ........................................................................... 143 Methods and Materials for the Collection of Thrips ........................................ 143 Bionomics ........................................................................... 145 Distribution ......................................................................... 145 Systematics ............................................................................ 146 Key to the Genera of California Thysanoptera: Terebrantia ................................. 147 Aeolothrips ........................................................................ 151 Anaphothrips ...................................................................... 159 Ankothrips ........................................................................ 163 Aptinothrips ......................................................................
    [Show full text]