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NELSON IVAN MENDOZA ALDERETE.Pdf (965.7Kb) UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA AGRARIA ANTONIO NARRO UNIDAD LAGUNA DIVISIÓN DE CARRERAS AGRONÓMICAS EFECTO DE PORTAINJERTO Y DENSIDAD DE PLANTACIÓN SOBRE LA PRODUCCIÓN DE UVA Y VIGOR DE LA PLANTA EN LA VARIEDAD RUBIRED, BAJO CONDICIONES DE SEQUIA. POR NELSON IVAN MENDOZA ALDERETE TESIS PRESENTADA COMO REQUISITO PARCIAL PARA OBTENER EL TÍTULO DE: INGENIERO AGRÓNOMO EN HORTICULTURA TORREÓN, COAHUILA, MÉXICO Febrero de 2009 Dedicatorias A dios: Por darme la vida para alcanzar esta meta, por la oportunidad que me dio para concluir satisfactoriamente una etapa más de mi vida y por tantas cosas buenas y maravillosas que me ha brindado. A mis padres: Lázaro Mendoza Almaraz Y María Trinidad Alderete Marrufo A mi padre por haberme otorgado siempre su apoyo incondicional, para terminar mi carrera universitaria, así como sus consejos que me ayudaron a forjarme un carácter fuerte de convicciones concretas, y por creer en mí. A mi madre por toda su dulzura, su cariño y comprensión, y por toda la confianza que deposito en mí…. Y a ambos por haberme dado esta herencia tan grande que nunca hubiera logrado sin su apoyo incondicional. A mi novia Jeny que me apoyo en todo momento y estuvo conmigo cuando necesite de ella. A mis hermanos: Juan Carlos Mendoza Alderete y Osbaldo Mendoza Alderete, por todo su apoyo, respeto y cariño que me han brindado. GRACIAS. A mis abuelos, tíos, primos y a toda mi familia que de una u otra manera influyeron en mi carrera y contribuyeron para que lograra alcanzar mi meta … a todos ellos ….GRACIAS… i AGRADECIMIENTOS A dios por darme la oportunidad de vivir este momento tan satisfactorio de mi vida y por ayudarme a ser una persona de bien y mostrarme el camino correcto para alcanzar mis metas. A mi alma terra mater por haberme cobijado en mi paso por esta carrera tan maravillosa que solo me ha dado satisfacciones y por haberme brindado los elementos necesarios para formarme como un buen profesionista. Con respeto a mi asesor el Dr. Eduardo Madero Tamargo, por su valiosa orientación apoyo y dedicación pero sobre todo por la paciencia que tuvo para realización de este trabajo de investigación. Al Dr. Ángel Lagarda Murrieta por todas las enseñanzas y consejos que me brindo para que yo llegase a concluir satisfactoriamente mis estudios universitarios. Al Dr. Pablo Preciado por todo su apoyo su tiempo y dedicación que tuvo para la realización de este trabajo de investigación. Al Ing. Francisco Suárez García por su valioso tiempo y por toda la dedicación que mostró para la revisión de este trabajo. A todos mis profesores del departamento que contribuyeron en mi formación como profesionista, pero especialmente a mis profesores del departamento de horticultura el Dr. Eduardo madero Tamargo, Dr. Ángel Lagarda Murrieta , Ing. Francisco Suárez García , Dr. Pedro Cano Ríos y al Ing. Lucio Leos. A mis compañeros de grupo pero en especial a Carlos Esquivel y Anastasio Moreno que contribuyeron a la realización de este trabajo de investigación y por todo el apoyo incondicional que a lo largo de la carrera me brindaron. ii Nunca consideres al estudio como una obligación, sino como una oportunidad para penetrar en el bello y maravilloso mundo del saber. Albert Einstein. De todas las actividades del hombre, no hay otra más noble que la agricultura. Marco Tulio Cicerón Tu mismo debes ser el cambio, que tu quisieras ver en el mundo. Mahatma Gandhi Poca ciencia te aleja de dios, mucha te acerca a dios. Luis Pasteur iii RESUMEN La Región Lagunera es una zona vitícola en donde se pueden producir tanto uva de mesa como industriales en donde estas se pueden diversificar en producción de uva para jugo, concentrado, sobresaliendo en este caso la variedad Rubired, que por ser tintorera puede aparte de diversificar su producción, da jugo muy intenso en color. En la actualidad la producción de jugo concentrado de color puede utilizarse como endulcolorante, en la industria farmacéutica, para mejorar el color de diferentes tipos de bebidas (vinos, jugos, refrescos, etc.) así como en cosmetología y otros usos. La variedad Rubired es sensible a filoxera (Dactylosphaera vitifoliae Fitch) por lo que para su explotación es necesario injertarla sobre portainjertos resistentes a este insecto. Al tener que utilizar un portainjerto es necesario considerar, su adaptación al suelo, su vigor, su compatibilidad con la variedad deseada y la distancia entre plantas. El objetivo del presente trabajo es: determinar el efecto del portainjerto y densidad de plantación sobre la producción de uva y vigor de la planta en la variedad Rubired, bajo condiciones de sequia. Los resultados indican que en el riego marzo-mayo el portainjerto 110-R y la densidad 3 x 1 fue el más productor por unidad de superficie con una media de 8.78 ton por ha y para el calendario de riego marzo – junio los resultados mas elevados se obtuvieron con el portainjerto 140-Ru y la densidad 3 x 1 con una media de 7.099 ton por ha. Palabras clave: vid, portainjerto, densidades, vigor, filoxera, nematodos, sequia etc. Se sugiere seguir evaluando este experimento. iv ÍNDICE GENERAL PAGINAS DEDICATORIAS……………………………………………………………………..……I AGRADECIMIENTOS…………………………………………………………………….II FRASES …………………………………………………………………………….…..III RESUMEN ……………………………………………………………………….……...IV ÍNDICE GENERAL …………………………………………………………………….…V ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS……………………………………………………………………VIII I.- INTRODUCCION.........................................................................1 1.2 Objetivo………………………………………………………………..….3 1.3 Justificación…………………………………………………………..….3 1.4 Hipótesis…………………………………………………………….……3 II.- REVISIÓN DE LITERATURA……………………………………..4 2.1 Antecedentes históricos del cultivo…………………………………….4 2.2 Estadísticas a nivel mundial…………………………………………….4 2.3 Estadísticas en México………………………………………..................4 2.4 Clasificacion botánica de la vid …………………………………………5 2.5 Morfología………………………………………………………………….6 2.6 Descripción de la variedad Rubíred……………………………………..7 2.7 Problemas parasicológicos del suelo……………………………….…...9 2.7.1 Filoxera………………………………………………...................9 2.7.2 Nemátodos………………………………………………..……..10 2.7.3 Pudrición Texana………………………………………….…….11 2.8 Especies utilizadas como porta injertos……………………………..…..12 2.9 Condiciones que deben reunir los porta injertos………………….……12 2.9.1 Resistencia a filoxera……………………………………….…...12 2.9.2 Resistencia a nematodos……………………………………….13 v 2.9.3 Resistencia a sequía…………………………….……………….14 2.9.4 Resistencia a caliza…………………………………...................15 2.10 Vigor de los portainjertos……………………………………...................16 2.11 Influencia del patrón sobre la variedad…………………………………..17 2.11.1 Influencia sobre el vigor……………………………..................17 2.11.2 Influencia sobre la precocidad………………………………….17 2.11. 3 Influencia sobre la productividad………………………………18 2.11.4 Influencia sobre el fruto………………………………………….18 2.11.5 Influencia sobre la longevidad………………………………….18 2.11.6 Influencia de la variedad sobre el patrón……………………...18 2.11.7 Influencia de los porta injertos sobre la producción y calidad de la uva…………………………………………………………..19 2.11.8 Influencia de los porta injertos sobre la producción y calidad de la fruta………………………………………………………….…....19 2.12 Fertilización…………………………………………………………………20 2.12.1 Demanda de nutrientes de la vid……………………………….20 2.13 Descripción de Portainjertos……………………………………………….22 2.13.1. - 110- Richter……………………………………………………..22 2.13.2. – Freedom…………………………………………………………23 2.13.3. - 1103 Paulsen…………………………………………………….23 2.13.4. - 140 Ruggeri ……………………………………………………..24 2.14 Densidades…………………………………………………………………...25 2.14.1 Densidad de plantación y rendimiento…………………………..26 2.14.2 Densidad de plantación y calidad de la cosecha……………….27 2.14.3 Densidad de plantación……………………………………………28 III MATERIALES Y METODOS…………………………………………….30 3.1 Procedimiento experimental…………………………………………………30 3.2 Material vegetal………………………………………………………………...30 3.3 Diseño experimental……………………………………………………………32 vi IV.- RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN……………………………………….33 4.1 Racimos de uva por planta…………………………………………………..33 4.2 kg de uva por planta…………………………………………………………..37 vii INDICE DE FIGURAS Figura 1. Efecto de los portainjertos sobre la producción de racimos de uva por planta en los años 2002, 2003 y 2004, bajo condiciones de sequia en la variedad Rubired en S. P. Coahuila.UAAAN-UL 2008…………………………………..33 Figura 2. Efecto del portainjerto sobre la producción de racimos de uva por planta en la suma de los años 2002, 2003 y 2004, bajo condiciones de sequia en la variedad Rubired en S. P. Coahuila.UAAAN-UL 2008………………………………………………………...…………………….34 Figura 3. Efecto de la densidad de plantación sobre la producción de racimos de uva por planta en los años 2002, 2003 y 2004, bajo condiciones de sequia en la variedad Rubired en S. P. Coahuila.UAAAN-UL 2008…………………….…..35 Figura 4. Efecto de la distancia entre plantas sobre la producción de racimos de uva por planta en la suma de los años 2002, 2003 y 2004, bajo condiciones de sequia en la variedad Rubired en S. P. Coahuila.UAAAN-UL 2008……………………………………………………………………………...36 Figura 5. Efecto de la densidad de plantación sobre la producción de kg de uva por planta en los años 2002, 2003 y 2004, bajo condiciones de sequia en la variedad Rubired en S. P. Coahuila.UAAAN-UL 2008………………………..37 Figura 6. Efecto de la densidad de plantación sobre la suma de producción de kg de uva por planta en los años 2002, 2003 y 2004, bajo condiciones de sequia en la variedad Rubired en S. P. Coahuila.UAAAN-UL 2008…………….38 Figura 7. Efecto de la interacción portainjerto – densidad sobre la producción de uva (kg de uva por planta) bajo condiciones de
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