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Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro

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Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA AGRARIA “ANTONIO NARRO” UNIDAD LAGUNA DIVISIÓN DE CARRERAS AGRONÓMICAS EVALUACIÓN DE LA INTERACCIÓN PORTAINJERTO-DENSIDAD DE PLANTACION SOBRE LA PRODUCCION Y CALIDAD DE LA UVA Y CALIDAD DE JUGO CONCENTRADO EN LA VARIEDAD RUBIRED. POR Argenis Roblero Rodríguez T E S I S PRESENTADA COMO REQUISITO PARCIAL PARA OBTENER EL TÍTULO DE: INGENIERO AGRÓNOMO TORREÓN, COAH. MÉXICO DICIEMBRE DE 2008 UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA AGRARIA “ANTONIO NARRO” UNIDAD LAGUNA DIVISIÓN DE CARRERAS AGRONÓMICAS EVALUACIÓN DE LA INTERACCIÓN PORTAINJERTO-DENSIDAD DE PLANTACION SOBRE LA PRODUCCION Y CALIDAD DE LA UVA Y CALIDAD DE JUGO CONCENTRADO EN LA VARIEDAD RUBIRED POR ARGENIS ROBLERO RODRIGUEZ TESIS PRESENTADA COMO REQUISITO PARCIAL PARA OBTENER EL TÍTULO DE: INGENIERO AGRÓNOMO TORREÓN, COAH. MÉXICO DICIEMBRE DE 2008 AGRADECIMIENTOS A mi ALMA TERRA MATER por ser una casa siempre para mi, por compartir sus conocimiento conmigo y todas sus cosas que guarda dentro, por hacerme un profesionista haciéndome sentir orgulloso de ella. AL Ph. D. Eduardo Madero Tamargo por la atención y paciencia que tuvo así a mi durante la realización de este trabajo de investigación. Por compartir parte de sus conocimientos conmigo, por platicar sus experiencias vividas en sus estudios exhortándome así a seguir adelante. Al M.C. Alfredo Ogaz, al Ph.D Angel Lagarda Murrieta, al Doc. Marcial I. Reyes Oliva por el apoyo incondicional en la elaboración del presente trabajo. A mis compañeros de clase, por ser buenos amigos, por hacerme sentir bien con ellos y por todos los momentos divertidos que pasamos. I DEDICATORIAS A MI DIOS: Mas que nada por haberme brindado unos padres maravillosos y una familia que en todos momentos estuvieron conmigo en las buenas y en las malas y me siento aun mas agradecido por mantenerlos con vida que es lo mas importante al igual agradecerle por mantener aun con vida a mis abuelitos que son aliento en mis estudios. Agradezco a dios por haber estado conmigo por que en todos momentos sentí que el estaba presente en todo lo que hacia y gracias a el las cosas me salieron bien, le doy las gracias por darme unos amigos que me brindaron sus compañía siempre. Gracias dios. A MIS PADRES: Heberto Artemio Roblero Pérez y Ermosina Rodríguez Morales. Por darme sus confianzas y paciencia durante todo este tiempo, por haberme brindado ese amor de padres que dichosamente los tengo, por sus comprensión y consejos, por los momentos que ellos estaban cuando yo mas los necesitaba y gracias por ser mis padres. A MIS HERMANOS: Julio Cesar Roblero Rodríguez, Osmar Obed Roblero Rodríguez, Galvani Roblero Rodríguez Gracias por todo el cariño que me han brindado, por aguantarme cuando estoy con ustedes, , a mi hermano por el apoyo que me brindo en mis estudios confiando siempre en mi II RESUMEN VITIS VINIFERA Es la especie de la cual se derivan la mayoría de las variedades de uva para producción, entre las cuales se encuentra la variedad Rubired, esta variedad es sumamente sensible a la Filoxera (Dactylosphaera vitifoliae Fitch). La comarca Lagunera por su ubicación geográfica (ubicada entre los paralelos 25 y 27° latitud norte y los meridianos 103 y 104° latitud oeste de Greenwich, teniendo una altura de 1129 msnm) con clima muy seco o desértico, semi-cálido, es una zona vitícola (una de las mas importantes de México) en donde se pueden producir tanto uva de mesa como industriales en donde estas se pueden diversificar en producción de uva para jugo, concentrado, sobresaliendo en este caso la variedad Rubired, que por ser tintorera puede aparte de diversificar su producción, da jugo muy intenso en color. En la actualidad la producción de jugo concentrado de color puede utilizarse como endulcolorante, en la industria farmacéutica, para mejorar el color de diferentes tipos de bebidas (vinos, jugos, refrescos, etc.) así como en cosmetología y otros usos. La variedad Rubired es sensible a filoxera (Dactylosphaera vitifoliae Fitch) por lo que para su explotación es necesario injertarla sobre portainjertos resistentes a este insecto. III Al tener que utilizar un portainjerto es necesario considerar, su adaptación al suelo, su vigor, su compatibilidad con la variedad deseada y la distancia entre plantas. Objetivo: El presente trabajo se realizo en el Campo Experimental la Laguna (INIFAP) en el municipio de Matamoros, Coah, México con el propósito de determinar el efecto del portainjerto y la densidad de plantación sobre la cantidad de la uva y calidad del jugo concentrado en la Variedad Rubired. Se evaluaron XII tratamientos con seis repeticiones cada uno, los cuales se resultaron de la combinación de cuatro diferentes distancias entre plantas las cuales fueron, 0.5, 0.8, 1.1 y 1.4 metros, y tres diferentes portainjertos 420 A, Teleki 5C, 110 R, con resistencia a filoxera y con diferente vigor. Evaluándose en cada planta el numero de racimos/planta, Kg. de uva/planta, peso promedio del racimo, sólidos solubles (ºbrix), volumen de las bayas y toneladas de uva/ha. Palabras clave: Producción, portainjerto, densidad, surcos, variedad, vigor. IV INDICE DE CONTENIDO Pág. AGRADECIMIENTO I DEDICATORIA II RESUMEN III ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS XII ÍNDICE DE CUADROS XI INDICE DE APENDICE XI I.- INTRODUCCIÓN 1 OBJETIVO 4 HIPOTESIS 4 II.- REVISION DE LITERATURA 5 2.1 Estadística a nivel mundial 5 2.2.- Viticultura en México 5 2.2.1.-Estadísticas en México 6 2.3.- Generalidades 7 2.3.1.-Origen de la vid (Vitis vinífera L) 8 2.4.- Clasificación botánica 9 2.4.1.- Especies productoras de uva 9 2.5.- Descripción de la variedad Rubired 10 2.6.- Partes de la planta 11 2.6.1.- la raíz 11 2.7.- El injerto 12 2.8.- El uso de portainjertos 12 2.8.1.- El portainjerto o patrón 13 2.8.2.- El uso de portainjertos en Vid 15 2.8.3.- Influencia de los portainjertos sobre la producción y 17 calidad de la fruta 2.9.- Fertilización 18 V 2.9.1.- Demanda de nutrientes de la Vid 18 2.10.- Descripción de portainjertos 20 2.10.1.- Teleki 5C 20 2.10.2.- 420-A 22 2.10.3.- 110-R 23 2.11.-Requerimientos climáticos 24 2.11.1.- Temperatura 24 2.11.2.- Humedad 24 2.11.3.- Suelo 24 2.12.- Densidades 25 2.12.1.- Espaciamiento de las vides 26 2.12.2.- Distancia en la plantación 26 2.13.- plagas de la vid 27 2.13.1.- Plagas que atacan a las hojas 27 2.13.2.- Plagas que atacan a la raíz 28 2.14.- Enfermedades de la Vid 31 2.14.1.- Enfermedades del follaje causadas por hongos 31 2.14.2.- Enfermedades de la madera 32 2.14.3.- Enfermedades de la raíz 32 III MATERIALES Y METODOS 34 3.1.- Procedimiento experimental 34 3.2.- Determinación del color en el jugo concentrado 38 3.2.1.- Método 38 3.2.2.- Procedimiento 39 IV RESULTADOS Y DISCUSION 40 4.1-PRODUCCION 40 4.1.1.- producción de uva por planta(Kg.) 40 4.1.2- Numero de racimos por planta 43 4.1.3- Peso promedio del racimo en (Kg.) 47 4.1.4 racimos por hectárea 49 VI 4.1.5.-Toneladas por hectárea 51 4.1.6.- volumen de la baya 55 4.2.- RESULTADO DE LA CALIDAD E INTENSIDAD DEL JUGO 58 CONCENTRADO 4.2.1.- Calidad del jugo concentrado para el factor distancia 58 entre plantas. 4.2.2.- Calidad del jugo concentrado para el factor portainjerto 60 4.2.3- Intensidad del color del jugo concentrado para el factor 61 distancia entre plantas. ( lectura a 520 nm). 4.2.4.- Intensidad del color del jugo concentrado para el factor 62 Portainjerto. 4.2.5-Sólidos solubles (ºBx) de la uva por planta 63 V CONCLUSIONES 66 VI LITERATURA CITADA 67 VII VII INDICE DE FIGURAS Figura 1. Influencia del patrón (Kramer 1982) 17 Figura 2. Efecto de las distancias entre planta en la Producción de 41 uva por planta (Kg.) en la variedad Rubired. UAAAN – UL. 2008. Figura 3.Efecto del portainjerto sobre la Producción de uva por 42 planta (Kg.) en la variedad Rubired. UAAAN – UL. 2008. Figura 4.Efecto de la interacción distancias -portainjerto sobre 43 la producción de uva por planta (kg) en la variedad Rubired. UAAAN- UL. 2008 Figura 5. Efecto de la distancia entre plantas sobre el número de 44 racimos por planta. UAAAN – UL. 2008 Figura 6. Efecto del portainjerto sobre el número de racimos por 45 planta. UAAAN – UL. 2008. Figura 7. Efecto de la interacción distancias-portainjerto entre 46 plantas sobre el número de racimo de uva por planta en la variedad Rubired. UAAAN- UL. 2008 VIII Figura 8. Efecto de la distancia entre planta sobre el peso promedio 48 del racimo (kg) en la variedad Rubired. UAAAN-UL 2008 . Figura 9. Efecto del portainjerto entre planta sobre el peso 49 promedio del racimo (kg) en la variedad Rubired. UAAAN-UL 2008 Figura 10. Efecto de la distancia entre plantas sobre la producción 50 de racimos de uva por hectárea en la variedad Rubired. UAAAN- UL.2008. Figura 11. Efecto del portainjerto sobre la producción de racimos de 51 uva por hectárea en la variedad Rubired. UAAAN-UL.2008 Figura 12. Efecto de densidades sobre la producción de uva por 52 unidad de superficie (ton/ha) en la variedad Rubired. UAAAN-UL. 2008 Figura 13. Efecto del portainjerto sobre el rendimiento promedio de 53 uva por hectárea en la variedad Rubired. UAAAN.-.UL. 2008. Figura 14. Efecto de la interacción distancia- portainjertos sobre el 54 rendimiento de uva por hectárea en la variedad Rubired. UAAAN- UL. 2008 IX Figura 15.
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