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Thrips of California

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Thrips of California BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY VOLUME 4, NO. 5 THE THRIPS OF CALIFORNIA PART I: SUBORDER TEREBRANTIA BY STANLEY F. BAILEY (Department of Entomology and Parasitology, University’ of California, Davis) UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY AND LOS ANGELES 1957 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY Editors: E. G. Linsley, S. B. Freeborn, P. D. Hurd, R. L. Usinger Volume 4, No. 5, pp. 143-220, plates 17-23 Submitted by Editors, March 28, 1956 Issued April 12, 1957 Price $1.50 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY AND LOS ANGELES CALIFORNIA CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON. ENGLAND PRINTED BY OFFSET IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA CONTENTS Introduction ........................................................................... 143 Methods and Materials for the Collection of Thrips ........................................ 143 Bionomics ........................................................................... 145 Distribution ......................................................................... 145 Systematics ............................................................................ 146 Key to the Genera of California Thysanoptera: Terebrantia ................................. 147 Aeolothrips ........................................................................ 151 Anaphothrips ...................................................................... 159 Ankothrips ........................................................................ 163 Aptinothrips ....................................................................... 166 Arpediothrips ...................................................................... 166 Bregmatothrips ..................................................................... 167 Chilothrips ........................................................................ 167 Chirothrips ........................................................................ 168 Dactuliothrips...................................................................... 170 Drepanothrips ...................................................................... 172 Echinothrips ...................................................................... 172 Etythrothrips ...................................................................... 172 Frankliniella ...................................................................... 174 Franklinothrips .................................................................... 177 Heliothrips ........................................................................ 177 Hercinothrips ...................................................................... 178 Hercotkips ........................................................................ 178 Heterothrips ....................................................................... 179 Isoneurothrips ...................................................................... 182 Kurtomathrips ...................................................................... 182 Leucothrips ........................................................................ 183 Limothrips ........................................................................ 184 Melanthrips ........................................................................ 185 Merothrips ........................................................................ 185 Monilothrips ....................................................................... 186 Odontothrips ....................................................................... 186 Oligothrips ........................................................................ 186 Orothrips .......................................................................... 187 Oxythrips ......................................................................... 188 Parthenothrips ..................................................................... 189 Plesiothrips ....................................................................... 189 Psilothrips ........................................................................ 190 Rhipidothrips ...................................................................... 190 Rhopalandrothrips .................................................................. 191 Scirtothrips ........................................................................ 192 Scolothrips ........................................................................ 193 Sericothrips ....................................................................... 195 Stomatothrips ...................................................................... 197 Taeniothrips ....................................................................... 197 Thrips ............................................................................ 202 Toxonothrips ....................................................................... 205 Literature Cited ........................................................................ 207 Plates ................................................................................ 209 Index to California Species of Thysanoptera . Part I: Terebrantia ............................. 218 THE THRIPS OF CALIFORNIA Part I: Suborder Terebrantia BY Stanley F. Bailey I NTRODUC'TION Insects belonging to the order Thysanoptera are omitted since this factor is not particularly generally called thrips. The order is divided into important in the order from a taxonomic stand- two suborders, the Terebrantia, in which the point. In the majority of cases, knowledge of the females have a sawlike ovipositor, and the host plants is not important as is !rue of aphids. Tubulifera, those in which the ovipositor is Therefore no host plant index has been compiled. lacking and both sexes have the terminal ab- Taeniothrips xanthitrs, Scirtothrips Zongipennis, dominal segments in the shape of a tube. The and Anaphothrips orchidii have been collected first suborder has four families, the Aeolothripi- only in greenhouses in this state. Bregmatothrips dae, Merothripidae, Heterothripidae, and Thripi- (Iridothrips) iridis (Watson) has been taken only dae, all of which are found in California. The in quarantine. metamorphosis of the group is intermediate be- The subgenus Mycterothrips is included under tween the simple and complete types. The small Taeniothrips, Microcepbalothrips under Thrips, size of thrips, from 0.5 to 5.0 mm. in length, and the various subdivisions of Anaphothrips makes accurate dorsal mounting on slides neces- under Anuphothrips. sary to see, measure, and illustrate the minute Every working systematist knows that a review, characters used in classification. This report revision, or summation of a group of organisms covers the Terebrantia only; an up-to-date review is never really completed. New specimens and of the Tubulifera of California is being published publications continually being received make it elsewhere. necessary periodically to re"ea1uate and modify The numbers of species of thrips recorded from concepts and relationships. This is true of this this state have increased as follows: Hinds summary of our present knowledge of California (1902), 4; Daniel (1904), 8; Moulton (1907), 25; thrips. A complete listing of all hosts and dis- Moulton (1911), 45; Watson (1923), 54; Bailey tributional records of the more common species (1935), 107. Bailey and Cott (1952) added several would add little, and only selected or "token" more. At this time we record 122 species of records are given. The collections of Moulton, Terebrant;a alone, 40 of which were described by Watson, Steinweden, Andre, Sakimura, P. R. Moulton. The suborder Tubulifera has about 60 Jones, Hinds, the Canadian National Museum, representatives in this state. The increase in the U.S. National Museum, and of the California numbers is not a true indication of the increase State Department of Agriculture have been studied of the fauna or the assiduity of each successive in part. The verification of many thousands of author. slides of common species in these collections, The key to the genera will be useful not only however, has not been attempted. for California but for most of the western area. The species of economic importance, their Keys are available to the specialist for most of biology and control have been described in detail the aeolothripid genera and species, as well as in other publications by W. E. Ebeling and myself. for North American Taeniothrips, Chirothrips, Limothrips, and FrankZinieIIa The principal METHODS AND MATERIALS FOR THE reviews helfpul in determining California thrips COLLECTION OF THRIPS are to be found in the references given in the terminal bibliography. No detailed published The average entomologist never collects thrips. keys are available for such large genera as In general, when he thinks of them, he recalls Anuphothrips, Scirtothrips, Thrips, and the he has seen them frequenting flowers. Although heliothripid complex in North America. it is true that flowers provide one readily avail- Unless otherwise noted the collections were able source of thrips, the collector will soon find made by me. The sex of the specimen has been that he is collecting large numbers of a few very 144 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY common thrips species over and over again. dry since the thrips are best dislodged under Therefore, it might be worth while to pass on to these conditions. collectors my experiences and those of Dr. H. Woody perennials.-Beating is perhaps the Edwin Cott. most effective sampling method. Dead branches (particularly those still bearing leaves) on a living
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