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Late Quaternary Paleolakes of Butie Valley, Siskiyou County, California

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Late Quaternary Paleolakes of Butie Valley, Siskiyou County, California CALIFORNIA GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY Vol. XXXN, 199 4 LATE QUATERNARY PALEOLAKES OF BUTIE VALLEY, SISKIYOU COUNTY, CALIFORNIA Guy King t times of decreased temperature and/or increased precipitation Aduring the 1. 8 million years spanning the Quaternary Period, most hydrologically-closed drainage basins in the Western United States con­ tained lakes that were larger than at present (Figure 1). Mosrof these Quaternary paleolakes, such as Lakes Bonneville and Lahontan, were lo­ cated in the Great Basin which is the largest contiguous area of closed drainage on the North American continent. However, a few paleolakes occurred west of the Great Basin. The largest of these were Lake Le Conte which occupied the Salton Sea Basin and had a maximum area of 4600 km2, Quaternary Tulare Lake which had a maximum area of 4100 km2, and Modoc Lake which occupied the Klamath Lakes Basin with a maximum area of 280 0km2 (Smith and Street-Perrott 1983, Dicken 198 0). One of the smaller Quaternary paleolakes occupied Butte Valley, located just south of the Klamath Lakes Basin in northeastern Siskiyou County. At its greatest extent, the Butte Valley Basin Quaternary paleolake was 189 km2 in area and had a maximum depth of 14 m. The purpose of this study is to examine the late Quaternary paleolake history of Butte Valley. Field work during August of 1994 was under­ taken at the request of the Archaeological Research Program of California State University, Chico which is conducting ongoing excava­ tions at the Butte Valley Wildlife Area for the California Department of Fish and Game. No extensive study of Butte Valley Quaternary paleoen­ vironments had been done. Previous work on the paleoenvironments of the Butte Basin have been done as part of the geological surveys of Dr. King is an Associate Professor in the Department of Geography and Planning at California State University, Chico. 41 42 THE CALIFORNIA GEOGRAPHER IDAHO BUTIE VALLEY LAKE CALIFORNIA LAKE TULARE ·:J. AIHZONA 0 100 200km '-----'---'-----'-----' Figure 1. Quaternary Paleolakes of the Western United States. Modern lakes shown in black. Wood (1 960 ) and Williams (1949 ) who, respectively, briefly mention the Quaternary lacustrine and glacial deposits of the Basin. Hydrologically, Butte Valley is a closed drainage basin that lies be­ tween the Klamath River Basin to the north and the Sacramento River Basin to the south. Geologically, Butte Valley is located in the Modoc Plateau transition zone between the Cascades continental volcanic arc to the west and the Basin and Range Province of normal faulting to the east LATE QUATERNARY PALEOLAKES 43 (Thornbury 1965) . The late Quaternary history of the Butte Valley Basin is dominated by both extensive volcanic eruptions, and wide-spread normal faulting. The major Quaternary paleoenvironmental features of the Butte Valley Basin are the shorelines and lake deposits left by relatively exten­ sive lakes that occupied the valley floor, and the glacial moraines and cirques found in the headwaters of Butte and Antelope Creeks. The Butte Valley Drainage Basin The present closed drainage basin of Butte Valley is approximately 1115 km2 in extent (Figure 2). The lowest elevation in the Basin is 1288 m at the bottom of Meiss Lake, while its highest elevation is the top of The Whaleback at 259 9 min the southwestern part of the drainage basin. Between the Whaleback and Haight Mountain to the east, lie the head­ waters of Butte Creek which is the largest stream feeding into Butte Valley. Drainage changes caused by late Quaternary Volcanism. As the result of Cascadian volcanic activity, the drainage basin of Butte Valley has un­ dergone major changes during late Quaternary time. Lava and pyro­ clastic eruptions have disrupted the drainage of the area so that past tributaries of Butte Creek have been cut off to form their own closed basins. Two examples illustrate these drainage changes. The first is Antelope Creek, which lies to the east of Butte Creek. Like Butte Creek, Antelope Creek's headwaters are in high mountains that were glaciated during the Quaternary. Eruption of the Butte Valley Basalt flows dur­ ing late Pleistocene and/or Holocene time (Wood 1960 : 29 ) resulted in Antelope Creek being cut off from the Butte Creek drainage basin. At present, the Creek ends in Antelope Sink, which is just south of Cedar Mountain (Figure 2). An abandoned distributary channel that splits off from Antelope Creek about one kilometer upstream from the commu­ nity of Tennant shows Antelope Creek has recently flowed into Round Valley. Evidence from aerial photographs and topographical maps sug­ gests that Round Valley contained a late Quaternary lake that over­ flowed into the Butte Creek drainage basin. The addition of the Antelope Creek drainage basin to the Butte Valley Basin would add ap­ proximately 208 km2 of watershed area. The second example of recent drainage changes in the Butte Valley Basin involves the Grass Lake area which lies to the west of Butte Creek. Lava flows from both Deer Mountain and Little Deer Mountain volca- 44 THE CALIFORNIA GEOGRAPHER Hamaker Mtn ; 2010 1 / l £r ·" �R����" California I Meiss � / !Macdoel / t. ·::. Wha/eback 2599 t 0 5 N Elevations in meters I Figure 2. The Butte Valley drainage basin. LATE QUATERNARY PALEOLAKES 45 noes (W illiams 1949 ), just east of Grass Lake , cut the drainage of this area off from Butte Valley during late Pleistocene and/or Holocene time. The present Grass Valley drainage basin is about 72 km2 in extent. Late Quaternary glaciation in the Butte Valley drainage basin. Both Wood (1 960: 38) and Williams (1949 : 45) mention the alpine glacial evi­ dence in the the Butte Creek watershed. Multiple cirque glaciers devel­ oped in upper Butte Creek and Alder Creek , which is a major tributary to Butte Creek in its upper part. The cirques produced by these glaciers are north or northeast facing and extend from about 2040 m down to about 1950 m elevation. The glaciers from these cirques produced a val­ ley glacier approximately 19 km long at its maximum extent. Below the moraines deposited by this valley glacier are glacial outwash deposits which extend for another 3 km. The upper wate:r:shed of Antelope Creek was also glaciated. Since Antelope Creek drained into Butte Creek during late Quaternary time, its glaciation evidence is relevant to the history of Butte Valley. The multiple cirque glaciers of Antelope Creek are fewer in number and cover a smaller area than those in the Butte Creek Basin. Antelope Creek glacial cirques are north or northeast facing and extend from about 2135 m to about 1950 m elevation. Antelope Creek Lakes and Hemlock Creek Lake occupy the largest cirques in the Antelope Creek Basin. The Butte Valley paleolake Scattered occurrences of lake-shore terraces around the edges of Butte Valley and extensive lake deposits on the valley floor are evidence of a large paleolake that covered Butte Valley. At its maximum elevation of about 1301 m, this paleolake had a perimeter of 104km , and an area of 189 km2 (Figure 3). At maximum elevation , the deepest part of this lake, which occurs in the bottom of present day Meiss Lake , was 14 m. The Butte Valley paleolake is comparable with Quaternary Eagle Lake in Lassen County which, at maximum extent , was 142 km2 in extent and 18 m deep (S nyder, Hardmen , and Zdenek 1964). Shore terrace evidence in Butte Valley. Compared to larger Quaternary paleolakes such as Lahontan in northwestern Nevada and Bonneville in western Utah , the paleolake shoreline evidence in Butte Valley is meager. Overall , the Butte Valley shore terraces are weakly de­ veloped and scattered in their occurrence. A major problem with study- 46 THE CALIFORNIA GEOGRAPHER I I I / § I I Maximum Shoreline of / ,Prehistoric Meiss Lake / •••• ,;;;------•• (1291 M Elev.) j nMeiss Lake / / (1289 M Elev.) , / I . , ,,. I� t .. / ,/ / I I t I I N i // I / / 0 2 Figure 3. Butte Valley showing Quaternary lake shorelines. LATE QUATERNARY PALEOLAKES 47 ing shore terraces in Butte Valley is their disturbance by human activity. There are about fifty ranches in Butte Valley (Lantis, Steiner , and Karinen 19 89 ). A number of Butte Valley ranchers have constructed houses and other buildings on the top of the terraces , and in many places the roads along the edge of Butte Valley have been built on the terraces. The best developed shoreline terrace in Butte Valley occurs at the pa­ leolake overflow elevation of 13 01 m. The widest 13 01 m elevation ter­ races occur in Butte Valley on its north and east sides. A good example of a 13 01 m terrace occurs along the southwestern edge of Mud Lake Ridge near Picard Cemetery (SE. 1I 4, Section 28, Township 48 N., Range 1 W.). Another good example of a 13 01 m terrace is dev,eloped along the southwestern edge of D Hill just east of Dorris (NW. 114, Section 32, Township 48 N. , Range 1 E. ). In the area of the latter 13 01 m elevation terrace occurrence, eolian sand deposits associated with the shore ter­ race are exposed in a borrow pit just north of the Dorris-Bromwell Road (NE . 114, Section 5, Township 47 N., Range 1 East ). Other weaker paleolake shorelines occur in Butte Valley at elevations of approximately 129 9 m and 1297 m. An example of the 129 9 m eleva­ tion shore terrace occurs on the end of Indian Point (SW 1I 4, Section 7, Township 47 N., Range 1 W.). This 1299 m terrace is approximately 10 m wide and consists of coarse beach sand with scattered angular talus boulders. A good example of the 1297 m elevation shore terrace is lo­ cated on the west side of Cedar Point (W 112, Section 7, Township 47 N., Range 1 E.).
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