Case Study on Use of Decant Water for Cultivation Near

ISSN 2277-2685 IJESR/May 2019/ Vol-9/Issue-5/14-21 Arti Pasi et. al., / International Journal of Engineering & Science Research

CASE STUDY ON USE OF DECANT WATER FOR CULTIVATION NEAR NTPC RAMAGUNDAM SUPER THERMAL POWER PLANT TELANGANA (ANDHRA PRADESH) Arti Pasi*1, RK Srivastava1, Avinash Jain1 1Dept. of Environmental Science, Govt. Science College, Department Of Ecology TFRI Jabalpur (M.P), India. ABSTRACT The present study encompassed the contamination of water by the fly ash released from Ramagundam Super Thermal Power Plant(TPPs), the current largest Thermal Power Plant in south India, it is a 2600 MW Thermal Power Station situated in Peddapalli district in the Indian state of Telangana, Fly ash is a by-product of the combustion of pulverized coal in power station. Fly ash is an amorphous glassy material consisting of silica, aluminum, iron and calcium oxides plus other minor constituents. Basically the releasing of huge amount of fly ash affects the water resources. Detected higher concentration of Ca, Mg, Na, K and many more element in the sample of some sites while detected minimum in some site in all the collected samples.

Keywords: Fly ash, amorphous, pulverized, Ramagundam (TPPs), Peddapalli. INTRODUCTION Since coal contains trace levels of trace elements (e.g. arsenic, barium, beryllium, boron, cadmium, chromium, thallium, selenium, molybdenum and mercury), fly ash obtained after combustion of this coal contains enhanced concentrations of these elements, and therefore the potential of the ash to cause groundwater and surface water pollution needs to be evaluated. Environmental pollution by the coal based TPP all over the globe is cited to be one of the major sources of pollution affecting the general aesthetics of our environment in terms of air, soil, water and vegetation pollution. Coal Combustion Residues namely fly ash, bottom ash and fluidized bed combustion ash from coal based TPP contains significant amounts of fine powdered ferro-alumino-silicate material with Al, Ca, Mg, Fe, Na and Si as the predominant elements and toxic metals such as As, Ba, Hg, Cr, Ni, V, Pb, Zn and Se. The coal fly ashes occupy more space in the premises of industrial plants and are mixed with water to discharge into fly ash settling ponds or landfills. Large quantities of coal fly ashes are stored in the form of waste heaps or deposits, whose contamination poses a serious threat to the environment in general and can have deleterious effects on soils, surface water, and ground water Fly ash disposal and management of Ramagundam Super Thermal Power Plant, the current largest Thermal Power Plant in south India, it is a 2600 MW Thermal Power Station situated in Peddapalli district in the Indian state of Telangana, India has become a major issue of concern. The fly ash is dump in the dumping ponds and slurry from these ponds directly flows through canals into the surrounding land and water is used for the agriculture purpose. Chemical Composition of Fly Ash Formula Percentage (%)

Silica SiO2 62 Iron oxide Fe2O3 63 Aluminum Al2O3 26 Titanium oxide TiO2 1.8 Potassium oxide K2O 1.28 Calcium oxide CaO 1.13 Magnesium oxide MgO 0.49 Phosphorus pentaoxide P2O5 0.40 Sulfate SO4 0.36 Disodium oxide Na2O 0.28

*Corresponding Author www.ijesr.org 14

Arti Pasi et. al., / International Journal of Engineering & Science Research

METHODOLOGY

1. Collection and testing of ash pond decant water, and ground water for physical and chemical parameters. Samples are to be collected from fields where ash pond decant water is being used for cultivation purpose. All the precautions shall be taken into consideration for sample collection. 2. In order to evaluate the susceptibility level of crops due to water usage, all parameters as per ground water and surface water quality standard to be studied. 3. Conducting modelling study to access the water usage in the agriculture field for short and long term 4. The scope shall clearly conclude the impact of ash pond decant water due to usage in agriculture and shall come out with an implementable action plan both short term and long term for the mitigation actions, if required. 5. Water for, pH, conductivity, TDS), Chemical parameters (Alkalinity, hardness, Cl, SO4, Na, K, Mg, F, Silica, Oil and grease (and heavy metals As. Pb, Cd, Hg, Total Cr, Cr(6), total Cr, Cu, Zn, Se, Fe, Pb, ) any other required for agriculture investigations. 6. The scope inter alia also includes additional requirements of any kind, if observed necessary during the course of execution, without any additional cost implications. 7. Controlled experiments are also to be performed in the laboratory to assess the impact of ash pond decant water. SELECTION OF SITES The selected sites beginning from ash ponds and throughout the course of decant water flow upto Godavari river at regular interval. A total of ten sampling locations were selected during the two tours conducted at NTPC Ramagundam:

S. No. Site Geo-coordinates Habitat/Surrounding features 18045’20.3” N 4 Ash lagoons N1, N2, S1, S2, herbs and grasses 1. Ash ponds 79024’59.8” E coming on flyash Altitude – 198 m 18045’15.3” N Vegetation mix of trees, shrubs and herbs, decant Starting point of 2. 79025’41.1” E water from 4 ash lagoons coming and start of decant water canal Altitude – 175 m decant water canal 18047’32.3” N A large number of trees, shrubs and herbs 3. Peddumpet village 79026’9.2” E present, domestic waste adding to the canal Altitude – 155 m 18045’35.4” N A good number of shrubs and herbs present near 4. Railway colony 79025’59.0” E the road bridge, partly waterlogged site Altitude – 171 m 18047’34.4” N Amijumbodu village Agriculture land cultivating paddy using decant 5. 79026’46.9” E (Decant water) water Altitude – 153 m Ramagundam 18047’50” N Near Amijumbodu village, agriculture land 6. Village (Decant 79027’9.2” E cultivating paddy using decant water water) Altitude – 146.30 m 18049’21.6” N Scattered vegetation comprising herbs and Last point of decant 7. 79027’41.4” E grasses, last point of canal before joining water canal Altitude – 122 m Godavari river 18049’33.4” N Godavari river almost dry in May but sufficient 8. Godavari river 79027’46.1” E water in September, herbs and grasses found on Altitude – 126 m the bank of river 18048’04” N Lingapur village Control site. Agriculture land cultivating paddy 9. 79027’45.1” E (Normal water) and vegetables using normal water Altitude – 149.35 m 18047’2.2” N Control site on upper side of ash ponds. Lambadi tanda 10. 79024’11” E Agriculture land cultivating paddy using normal (Normal water) Altitude – 187.76 m water

Arti Pasi et. al., / International Journal of Engineering & Science Research

COLLECTION OF SAMPLES A portable sampling kit was used to collect water, samples were collected in May and September 2017. Water samples Representative water samples were collected from the ash pond, ash pond canal (downstream), a pond in the course of the canal (Peddumpet Cheruvu) and bore wells near habitation (villages). Polypropylene bottles of 250 and 500 ml were used to collect and store water samples. The bottles were opened there only and firstly rinsed with sample water and then the samples were collected in bottles. pH and EC was measured using portable pH and EC meter at the time of collection of samples. 2-3 drops of Conc. HNO3 was added in the water samples. Visible features such as turbidity, color, foamy nature and odour were noted down on the field records. The collected water samples were brought to laboratory for physico-chemical analysis in the laboratory. Water samples were analyzed for trace elements and heavy metals by Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometer (ICP) by following method: Step 1- In water sample there is no need to perform digestion method, and directly 20ml water sample was taken after filtration by filter paper. Step 2- Qtegra setting with sample water. Step 3– Select the element, and each element have multiple wavelength at least two wavelengths were selected which shows better graph. Step 4- Identify the standard viz. 0.05ppm, 0.25ppm, etc and define radial and axial mode of selected elements. The filtered water samples were injected to ICP, created lab book using Qtegra tool, selected analysts viz. Na, Mg, K, Ca, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Hg, B, Al, As, Se, Pb. Selected two or three wavelengths of each element to avoid collision between two elements and minimize the error. Radial mode was selected for Na, Mg, Ca, Fe, K and Axial mode was selected for Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Hg, B, Al, As, Se and Pb.

Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometer

Arti Pasi et. al., / International Journal of Engineering & Science Research

Table 1: Macro and micro-elements of water samples analyzed through ICP collected from NTPC Ramagundam (Telangana) (May 2016)

S.no Sample Site ICP analysis Physico chemical characteristics Mg K Na Ca As Pb Cd Hg Cr Ni Zn Cu Mn B Al Se Fe pH EC millivolt milli simen Water sample ppm 1 Source 1 Starting point 310.2 22.2 97.44 255 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 20 0 0 0 7.6 1113 Borewell of decant 2 Source 2 water 406.9 19.9 95.94 241 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 0 0 0 7.8 974 Borewell 3 Decant 66.21 23.0 58.85 229 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 17 1 0 0 7.6 4190 water 4 Surface Peddumpet 222.3 20.3 55.44 204 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 0 7.9 1030 water Village 5 Borewell 1523 7.55 154 331 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0.1 15 0 0 0 8.0 1024 water 6 Decant Railway 93.18 22.5 62.47 205 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 2 0 0 7.1 1075 water colony 7 Borewell 100.2 18.5 118 337 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 19 0 0 0 8.0 1005 8 S1N1 Ash pond 7.48 14.1 149.9 258 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 11 55 0 0 8.0 891 ash pond 9 N2 ash 144.5 44.8 286 159 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 8.5 1 0 0 8.3 1577 pond water 10 Decant Last point of 508.1 39.1 338.3 162 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 1 0 0 7.2 1420 water decant canal 11 river 511.7 42.7 347.3 167 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 13 2 0 0 9.2 889 water

Arti Pasi et. al., / International Journal of Engineering & Science Research

12 Godavari Godavari 482.5 36.3 320.8 152 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9.9 2 0 0 11.5 1671 pump river house river water 13 Decant Anijumbodu 469.5 48.6 350.3 198 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 3 0 0 8 933 water village

14 Borewell Lingapur 200.3 63.5 136.1 755 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0 6.7 3 0 0 9 938 15 Surface Ramagundam 444.4 60.3 409.9 232 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0.1 16 4 0 0 10.2 941 decant water 16 Borewell 487.5 82.2 351.1 171 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0.1 10 4 0 0 7.4 1905

17 Borewell Lambadi 153.9 35.9 278.2 298 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0.1 1 4 0 0 7.7 1012 source 1 tanda 18 Borewell 738.7 19.2 300.2 259 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0.3 0.1 1.5 4 0 0 7.1 1304 source 2 19 Large 148.1 31.7 72.32 257 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0.1 0.8 4 0 0 7.4 1173 well

Arti Pasi et. al., / International Journal of Engineering & Science Research

RESULT AND DISCUSSION The ICP analysis of macro and micro elements of Ramagundam water samples showed that the element Magnesium (Mg) was found to be maximum (47.17ppm) in the samples from Peddumpet village while minimum (0.04ppm) in the samples from S1 ash pond bottom ash (pond looking green). Potassium (K) in the Ramagundam samples ranged from 17.19 to 2.61 ppm. It was found maximum in the water samples of S1 ash pond bottom ash, while minimum in the water sample from Peddumpet village. The sodium (Na) percent in Ramagundam water analysis showed that maximum concentration of 217.34 ppm was present in the water samples collected from Peddumpet village while minimum sodium (65.35 ppm) was detected from the water collected from Lambadi tanda hand pump. The water sample analysis showed that the element iron (Fe) was under permissible limit in all the collected water samples but maximum in water samples of starting point of decant water canal (0.29 ppm) followed by water samples collected from N2 ash pond without cenosphere (0.18 ppm). Iron was found to be absent from the water samples collected from Railway colony (nalla), S1 ash pond bottom ash, Godavari river and Near well. Calcium (Ca) element was found to range from 641.9 to 41.21 ppm. Maximum calcium concentration was found in the water samples of N2 ash pond with cenosphere, while minimum calcium was detected in the water samples from Hand pump water of Lambadi Tanda village. Trace elements and heavy metals like arsenic, cadmium and mercury were found to be absent from the collected water samples of Ramagundam. Lead was absent in all the water samples of the selected sites beside the water collected from the site of N2 ash pond with cenosphere where lead was found to be in permissible limit concentration of 0.01 ppm. Micro elements like chromium, nickel, zinc, copper, manganese and selenium were found to be absent from most of the collected water samples. Chromium was found to be in exceeding limit and maximum (0.16ppm) in water samples collected from S1 ash pond bottom ash followed by water samples of N2 ash pond (0.12 ppm). Element zinc and copper were found in permissible limits and found to be maximum in the water samples collected from N2 ash pond with cenosphere where these elements are present in 0.15 ppm and 0.05 ppm quantity respectively. Manganese was found to be absent in most of the sites but present in Peddumpet village, Lamadi Tada village and N2 ash pond with cenosphere where it is found in 0.58, 0.40 and 0.29 ppm respectively. The element selenium was found only in 0.01 ppm quantity in the samples of N2 ash pond with cenosphere and S1 ash pond bottom ash. The quantity of element boron was found to be high in all the collected water samples of Ramagundam beside samples collected from Lambadi Tanda village which is normal water extracted from hand pump and where boron is found in 0.06 ppm. Aluminium was found maximum in water samples of N2 ash pond with cenosphere (8.73 ppm). It is found to be absent in water samples collected from Peddumpet village.

Arti Pasi et. al., / International Journal of Engineering & Science Research

PHOTOGRAPHS

Collecting decant water from ash pond

Water sample collection

Decant water

Arti Pasi et. al., / International Journal of Engineering & Science Research

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