DOCSLIB.ORG

Byzantine Ship Graffiti from the Church of Prophitis Elias in Thessaloniki

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Byzantine Ship Graffiti from the Church of Prophitis Elias in Thessaloniki 2011-Skyllis-11-Heft-1-Quark-2-.qxd 13.01.2012 00:28 Seite 8 8 Byzantine ship graffiti · A. Babuin – Y. Nakas Byzantine ship graffiti from the church of Prophitis Elias in Thessaloniki Andrea Babuin – Yannis Nakas Abstract – This paper aims in presenting for the first time a series of medieval ship graffiti preserved on the walls of the Byzantine church of the Prophet Elias in Thessalonica. The church was erected around 1360-1385 and func- tioned as a monastic church only for a couple of decades, since in 1394 it was turned into a mosque by the Ottoman Turks who had conquered the city. The Muslim covered with plaster the walls of the church, thus the graffiti can be safely dated in the last quarter of the 14th century. The ships belong to various types ranging from small boats to large merchantmen and galleys. Thanks to the fact that they form a chronologically closed group of images, they give us a rare insight into the form of the ships which travelled to and from the harbour of Thessalonica during the turbulent years of the end of the 14th century. Some contemporary historical sources concerning ships from this area will also be addressed. Inhalt – Dieser Beitrag stellt erstmals eine Reihe mittelalterlicher Schiffsgraffiti vor, die an den Wänden der byzantinischen Kirche des Propheten Elias in Thessaloniki erhalten sind. Diese wurde um 1360-85 erbaut und diente nur einige Jahrzehnte als Klosterkirche, da sie 1394 von den osmanischen Eroberern in eine Moschee ver- wandelt wurde. Die Moslems bedeckten die Kirchenwände mit Putz, weshalb die Graffiti sicher in das letzte Viertel des 14. Jhs. datiert werden können. Die Schiffe gehören verschiedenen Typen von kleinen Booten bis zu großen Frachtern und Galeeren an. Dank dem Umstand, dass sie eine chronologisch geschlossene Bildergruppe bilden, geben sie uns einen seltenen Einblick in die Schiffsformen, die während der turbulenten Jahre des ausgehenden 14. Jhs. in den Hafen Thessalonikis ein- und ausfuhren. Einige zeitgenössische historische Quellen zu Schiffen dieser Region werden ebenfalls behandelt. The church and the dating of the nation „Sarayli Camii“, the Otto- fy in Badrali Mustafa Pasha – a graffiti man name of the building. This was high official that lived at the time considered by some 19th century of Sultan Murad II (1404-1451) – The imposing church of Prophitis European scholars the corrupted the responsible for this transforma- Elias in Thessaloniki is one of the form of an original Greek denomi- tion8. Be that as it may, the building most important buildings of the nation „Saint Elias“ that in fact had is listed already as a Muslim place late Byzantine period in the city never existed3. In recent years, the of worship in the first surviving (Fig. 1). It is located in the upper church has been tentatively identi- Ottoman cadastral survey of town (Ano Poli), in the general fied with the monastery of Akap- Thessaloniki („defter“ in Turkish area where the Byzantine palace niou, a foundation related with the language), dating to the year 14789. and later the Ottoman governor’s imperial family of the Palaeologues4. house stood. Determining when Prophitis Elias According to general opinion, the became a Muslim place of worship Unfortunately, we do not know church of Prophitis Elias was built is of paramount importance, be- which its original dedication was and decorated in the third quarter cause it allows us to pin down a re- and so it is impossible to establish of the 14th century5. The exact date of liable terminus ante quem for the if the naval graffiti on its walls are its transformation into a mosque is graffiti. When a church was con- connected with the cult of a partic- not known, and while it has been verted into a mosque, it was com- ular holy person especially venera- suggested that this happened already mon practice to spread over its fresco ted in this place (Saint Nicholas, during the first Ottoman occupa- decoration a layer of plaster or the patron saint of sailors and mer- tion of Thessaloniki, between the whitewash. In Prophitis Elias, the chants being the first name that years 1387 and 14026, it seems safer marks left by the pick-axes used for springs to mind)1. The present-day to assume that it was converted anchoring the plaster on the walls dedication of the church to the into a Muslim temple after the affect almost all the carved images Prophet Elias2 is the result of the definitive Ottoman conquest of the of ships, proving beyond any doubt wrong interpretation of the desig- city in 14307. Some sources identi- that these graffiti were executed 2011-Skyllis-11-Heft-1-Quark-2-.qxd 13.01.2012 00:28 Seite 9 11. Jahrgang 2011 · Heft 1 9 Meinardus – who published prelim- inary drawings of four of them in 197211 – they have never appeared in full until today. The ship graffiti A total of 28 ship graffiti were recorded during our research on the walls of Prophitis Elias’ church, it is nevertheless almost certain that more exist. Images of ships are found practically on every surface which preserves the original pain- ted decoration, including the exter- nal walls of the anteroom. Other graffiti show stylized human figures, Fig. 1: The Church of Prophet Elias in Thessaloniki as it is today. weapons (axes), unintelligible lines and shapes and Ottoman inscrip- before the conversion into a mosque represent an extremely interesting, tions (on the external walls) (Fig. 2). of the building, in all likelihood be- firmly dated sample of the sailing tween the years 1370 and 1451 and vessels in use in the Eastern Medi- In the main church only one ship in any case no later than the year terranean area between the last graffito (ship 13) survives. This does 1478. quarter of the 14th and the first half not surprise us, since almost the of the 15th century10 While their im- whole wall decoration in this area In other words, the ship images carv- portance had already been recogniz- has been obliterated during the ed on the walls of Prophitis Elias ed almost forty years ago by Otto years this functioned as a mosque. Fig. 2 a-b: Various graffiti and marks on the frescoes on the walls of the Church of Prophet Elias. 2011-Skyllis-11-Heft-1-Quark-2-.qxd 13.01.2012 00:28 Seite 10 10 Byzantine ship graffiti · A. Babuin – Y. Nakas Another crude depiction of an oared vessel is ship 18, where the low and slender hull with its stern castle indicate a galley but without any further details. The complicat- ed rigging seems to comprise three masts with lateen sails. Given the scarcity of details, it is difficult to propose a firm dating for these images (Fig. 3). Ships 9, 10, 11 and 12 on the other hand are much more accurate, notwithstanding their small size (Fig. 4). They depict slender oared vessels with long spurs at their bow and curved sternposts, equipped with stern rudders. 27 to Fig. 3: Graffiti of galleys at the church of Prophet Elias. 23 oars are pictured, a number which seems to correspond to the regular number of rowing benches galleys had since the 13th century. It is un- clear whether these ships are tri- remes rowed with the alla senzile system12, common for 14th and 15th century galleys. Overstructures in- clude a stern castle with its awning and a protective rail over the oars. Fig. 4: The „galley fleet“ graffiti at the church of Prophet Elias. Rigging includes one mast with a big lateen sail and its shrouds. Flags The image is carved on the intra- south of the main entrance, six more of various sizes are pictured on the dos of one of the lateral windows ship graffiti survive. Ships 13 and mast, at the stern and at the bow, of the naos. Three more graffiti can 20 represent round ships (Fig. 10), the latter on an inclined post. be found in the north lateral chap- whereas a group of four galleys in a Worthy of attention is a roughly el, nowadays dedicated to Saint row (ships 9, 10, 11 and 12; Fig. 4) rectangular or cylindrical device Nektarios. These depict ships 2, 3 forms a small flotilla. Two more protruding from the end of the rail and 4, carved on the south niche of graffiti can be found on the external over the foredeck. the chapel (Figs. 3 and 9). It has not western wall, in niches with paint- been possible to investigate the ed decoration (Figs. 3 and 9).An The general arrangement of ships walls of the second chapel, built on oblique representation of a three- 9-12 corresponds to the appearance the south side of the building. masted merchantman (ship 21) of almost every Mediterranean gal- has been carved on the northern- ley known through iconography The anteroom or lité preserves most most niche and a similar image of a and texts after the 14th century (Figs. of the church’s painted surfaces three-masted galley can be found 5-6)13. Their dating is difficult, but and the largest number of ship on the niche south of the main en- the single lateen sail, as well as the graffiti. Ships 5, 6, 7, 8 and 14 were trance (ship 18). inclined flag post at the stern, can carved between the two pillars be found in other depictions of 15th close to the door on the southern The ship graffiti of the church of wall (Figs. 8-9), while two more Prophitis Elias can be divided into depictions of round ships (ships 1 two broad categories, oared vessels and 17; Fig.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • MEDIEVAL SEAMANSHIP UNDER SAIL by TULLIO VIDONI B. A., The
    MEDIEVAL SEAMANSHIP UNDER SAIL by TULLIO VIDONI B. A., The University of British Columbia, 1986. A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Department of History) We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standards THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA September 19 8 7 <§)Tullio Vidoni U 6 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of The University of British Columbia 1956 Main Mall Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Y3 DE-6(3/81) ii ABSTRACT Voyages of discovery could not be entertained until the advent of three-masted ships. Single-sailed ships were effective for voyages of short duration, undertaken with favourable winds. Ships with two masts could make long coastal voyages in the summer. Both these types had more or less severe limitations to sailing to windward. To sail any ship successfully in this mode it is necessary to be able to balance the sail plan accurately. This method of keeping course could not reach its full developemnt until more than two sails were available for manipulation.
    [Show full text]
  • A Typological Assessment of Anchors Used in Northern Europe During the Early and High Middle Ages, CE 750 - 1300
    A Typological Assessment of Anchors used in Northern Europe During the Early and High Middle Ages, CE 750 - 1300 Daniel Claggett A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Maritime Archaeology. College of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences Flinders University of South Australia 2017 Contents List of Figures .......................................................................................................................................... 3 List of Tables ........................................................................................................................................... 7 Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... 8 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................. 9 Declaration of Candidate ...................................................................................................................... 10 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 11 1.1 Aims............................................................................................................................................. 12 1.2 Project Rationale and Significance .............................................................................................. 13 1.3 Study
    [Show full text]
  • Who Rules the Waves? Reading the Sea in Late Medieval and Early Modern English Literature Kurt Eric Douglass Lehigh University
    Lehigh University Lehigh Preserve Theses and Dissertations 2012 Who Rules the Waves? Reading the Sea in Late Medieval and Early Modern English Literature Kurt Eric Douglass Lehigh University Follow this and additional works at: http://preserve.lehigh.edu/etd Recommended Citation Douglass, Kurt Eric, "Who Rules the Waves? Reading the Sea in Late Medieval and Early Modern English Literature" (2012). Theses and Dissertations. Paper 1389. This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by Lehigh Preserve. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Lehigh Preserve. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Who Rules the Waves? Reading the Sea in Late Medieval and Early Modern English Literature by Kurt E. Douglass A Dissertation Presented to the Graduate and Research Committee of Lehigh University in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in English Lehigh University January 2012 Copyright Kurt E. Douglass 2012 ii Approved and recommended for acceptance as a dissertation in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Kurt E. Douglass Who Rules the Waves? Reading the Sea in Late Medieval and Early Modern English Literature ____________________________________ Dr. Barbara H. Traister Dissertation Director _________________________________ Approved Date Committee Members: ____________________________________ Dr. Katherine Crassons ____________________________________ Dr. Scott Paul Gordon ____________________________________
    [Show full text]
  • Shipbuilding and the English International Timber Trade, 1300-1700: a Framework for Study Using Niche Construction Theory
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Nebraska Anthropologist Anthropology, Department of 2009 Shipbuilding and the English International Timber Trade, 1300-1700: a framework for study using Niche Construction Theory Jillian R. Smith Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/nebanthro Part of the Anthropology Commons Smith, Jillian R., "Shipbuilding and the English International Timber Trade, 1300-1700: a framework for study using Niche Construction Theory" (2009). Nebraska Anthropologist. 49. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/nebanthro/49 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Anthropology, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Nebraska Anthropologist by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Shipbuilding and the English International Timber Trade, 1300-1700: a framework for study using Niche Construction Theory Jillian R. Smith Abstract: Much scholarship has been undertaken with regards to the evolution of the European shipbuilding traditions and their physical changes, but few explanations for the changes are given. This paper seeks to identify the correlations between the expansion of the English timber trade in the fourteenth to seventeenth centuries and the changes in shipbuilding at the time, thereby creating a framework for future study of this correlation and its possible relatedness using Niche Construction Theory as a framework. Directions the research can take and the data needed are the focus of this work. English trade has long been dependent upon the sea as the main thoroughfare for goods traveling to and from the island. Boats and ships of various sizes, shapes, and varieties have in tum, until the last century with airplanes and the Channel Tunnel, been the primary means of leaving England for any purpose.
    [Show full text]
  • Medieval Shipping
    Medieval Shipping A Wikipedia Compilation by Michael A. Linton Contents 1 Caravel 1 1.1 History ................................................. 1 1.2 Design ................................................ 1 1.3 See also ................................................ 2 1.4 References ............................................... 2 1.5 External links ............................................. 2 2 Carrack 6 2.1 Origins ................................................ 8 2.2 Carracks in Asia ........................................... 10 2.3 Famous carracks ............................................ 10 2.4 See also ................................................ 12 2.5 References ............................................... 12 2.6 Further reading ............................................ 12 2.7 External links ............................................. 12 3 Cog (ship) 13 3.1 Design ................................................. 14 3.2 History ................................................. 14 3.3 Gallery ................................................. 15 3.4 See also ................................................ 15 3.5 References ............................................... 15 3.5.1 Footnotes ........................................... 15 3.5.2 Bibliography ......................................... 15 3.6 External links ............................................. 15 4 Fire ship 16 4.1 History ................................................. 16 4.1.1 Ancient era, first uses ....................................
    [Show full text]
  • The History and Development of Caravels
    THE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF CARAVELS A Thesis by GEORGE ROBERT SCHWARZ Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS May 2008 Major Subject: Anthropology THE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF CARAVELS A Thesis by GEORGE ROBERT SCHWARZ Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Approved by: Chair of Committee, Luis Filipe Vieira de Castro Committee Members, Donny L. Hamilton James M. Rosenheim Head of Department, Donny L. Hamilton May 2008 Major Subject: Anthropology iii ABSTRACT The History and Development of Caravels. (May 2008) George Robert Schwarz, B.A., University of Cincinnati Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Luis Filipe Vieira de Castro An array of ship types was used during the European Age of Expansion (early 15th to early 17th centuries), but one vessel in particular emerges from the historical records as a harbinger of discovery: the caravel. The problem is that little is known about these popular ships of discovery, despite the fair amount of historical evidence that has been uncovered. How big were they? How many men did it take to operate such a vessel? What kind of sailing characteristics did they have? How and by whom were they designed? Where did they originate and how did they develop? These questions cannot be answered by looking at the historical accounts alone. For this reason, scholars must take another approach for learning about caravels by examining additional sources, namely ancient shipbuilding treatises, archaeological evidence, surviving archaic shipbuilding techniques, and iconographic representations from the past.
    [Show full text]
  • AND SQUARE-RIGGED SHIPS (PART 1) Look at Mediterranean Lateen- and Square-Rigged Ships (Part 1)
    The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology (2008) 37.2: 347–359 doi: 10.1111/j.1095-9270.2008.00183.x ABlackwellF.NAUTICAL CASTRO Publishing ET ARCHAEOLOGY, AL.: LtdMEDITERRANEANQuantitative 37.2 LATEEN- AND SQUARE-RIGGED SHIPS (PART 1) Look at Mediterranean Lateen- and Square-Rigged Ships (Part 1) F. Castro Nautical Archaeology Program, Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843– 4352, USA N. Fonseca and T. Vacas Unit of Marine Technology and Engineering, Technical University of Lisbon, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049–001 Lisboa, Portugal F. Ciciliot Società Savonese di Storia Patria, via Guidobono 38/3, 17100 Savona, Italy Modern-day engineering can be a useful tool to help understand the technological changes which led to the development of the three-masted ships of the modern age of sail, in the beginning of the 15th century. Recent finding and excavation of an increasing number of medieval shipwrecks offers the opportunity, and the authors propose to build a database with technical characteristics of late-medieval vessels in the hope of finding patterns that will help understand the relatively-quick techno- logical evolution of Mediterranean merchant craft of the 14th and 15th centuries. © 2008 The Authors Key words: Lateen rigging, square rigging, Mediterranean seafaring, sailing performance, technological change. t is difficult to explain technological change lateen sails in the Mediterranean during the first in shipbuilding history. Any particular ship- half of the 6th century, at least in some types of I design is the result of a number of human craft? What were the main advantages of this new and natural factors.
    [Show full text]
  • Introductions to Heritage Assets: Ships and Boats: Prehistory to 1840
    Ships and Boats: Prehistory to 1840 Introductions to Heritage Assets Summary Historic England’s Introductions to Heritage Assets (IHAs) are accessible, authoritative, illustrated summaries of what we know about specific types of archaeological site, building, landscape or marine asset. Typically they deal with subjects which lack such a summary. This can either be where the literature is dauntingly voluminous, or alternatively where little has been written. Most often it is the latter, and many IHAs bring understanding of site or building types which are neglected or little understood. Many of these are what might be thought of as ‘new heritage’, that is they date from after the Second World War. Principally from the archaeological evidence, this overview identifies and describes pre-Industrial vessels (that is from the earliest times to about 1840) used on inland and coastal waters and the open sea, as well as ones abandoned in coastal areas. It includes vessels buried through reclamation or some other process: many of the most significant early boats and ships have been discovered on land rather than at sea. Vessels and wrecks pre-dating 1840 are relatively rare: the latter comprise just 4 per cent of known sites around the English coast. This guidance note has been written by Mark Dunkley and edited by Paul Stamper. It is one is of several guidance documents that can be accessed at HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/selection-criteria/listing-selection/ihas-buildings/ First published by English Heritage March 2012. This edition published by Historic England July 2016. All images © Historic England unless otherwise stated.
    [Show full text]
  • Ports, Piracy and Maritime War Medieval Law and Its Practice
    Ports, Piracy and Maritime War Medieval Law and Its Practice Edited by John Hudson (St Andrews) Editorial Board Paul Brand (All Souls College, Oxford) Dirk Heirbaut (Ghent) Richard Helmholz (Chicago) Caroline Humfress (Birkbeck, London) Magnus Ryan (Cambridge) Stephen White (Emory) VOLUME 15 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/mlip Ports, Piracy, and Maritime War Piracy in the English Channel and the Atlantic, c. 1280–c. 1330 By Thomas K. Heebøll-Holm LEIDEN •• BOSTON 2013 This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the prevailing CC-BY-NC License at the time of publication, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched (KU). KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality content Open Access for the public good. More information about the initiative and links to the Open Access version can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org. Cover illustrations: The Battle of Sandwich, 1217. Matthew Paris, Historia Maior (CCC MS 16, f. 52r.) With kind permission of the Parker Library, Corpus Christi College. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Heebøll-Holm, Thomas K. Ports, piracy, and maritime war : piracy in the English Channel and the Atlantic, c. 1280– c. 1330 / by Thomas K. Heebøll-Holm. pages cm. — (Medieval law and its practice ; volume 15) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-23570-0 (hbk. : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-90-04-24816-8 (e-book) 1.
    [Show full text]
  • 1295: the Year of the Galleys Transcript
    1295: The Year of the Galleys Transcript Date: Thursday, 31 October 2013 - 1:00PM Location: Barnard's Inn Hall 31 October 2013 1295: The Year of the Galleys Dr Ian Friel In November 1294, King Edward I of England issued orders to various ports and cities for the construction of 20 large war galleys. The vessels are known to historians as the ‘1295 galleys’, from the year in which most of the building work took place. The accounts for their construction are the earliest-known detailed English shipbuilding records, and have been studied since at least the 1920s. The galleys were big vessels: the smallest of them, the Lyme galley, had 54 oars, and at least five of them had at least 100 oars or even more. They were clinker-built and one-masted, each carrying a single square sail, products of the technological tradition then prevalent across northern Europe. The aims of this paper are to try to bring the story of the galleys to a wider audience, to show how important they are as historical evidence, and to look at some of the ways in which these much-researched sources can yield new insights. This paper is a report on research still in progress, and in the longer term I plan to turn my researches into a full-length study. At least nine of these vessels were built, along with, in most cases, attendant oared barges and boats. Detailed financial accounts survive for seven of the galley-building projects, those at Lyme (Regis) in Dorset, Southampton, London (two galleys), Ipswich, York and Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
    [Show full text]
  • Warships and Cargo Ships in Medieval Europe Author(S): Richard W
    Warships and Cargo Ships in Medieval Europe Author(s): Richard W. Unger Source: Technology and Culture, Vol. 22, No. 2 (Apr., 1981), pp. 233-252 Published by: The Johns Hopkins University Press on behalf of the Society for the History of Technology Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3104899 . Accessed: 18/01/2011 17:32 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at . http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=jhup. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The Johns Hopkins University Press and Society for the History of Technology are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Technology and Culture.
    [Show full text]
  • Contents Medieval Ships 2 Vehicle Construction Kit: Medieval Ships Summary
    Contents Medieval Ships 2 Vehicle Construction Kit: Medieval Ships Summary ......................................2 Medieval Ships Crew ............................................................................................3 This supplement provides Dungeons & Dragons statistics for a variety of medieval ships. You do not require the Vehicle Galleys 4 Construction Kit to use these ships, but it is recommended for detailed information about a vehicle's components. ................................................................................... 4 Byrding Some ships in this supplement use weapons from VCK 4: Knarr .........................................................................................5 Artillery. Statistics are provided here so you can play without Longships ..............................................................................6 that supplement. However, it is recommended you use VCK 4 for more detail, including gunpowder and ammunition costs, ............................................................ 6 Longship, Light alternate ammunition types, and the magazine component. Longship, Medium .......................................................7 Recharge notation is given for rate-of-fire. Longship, Heavy ............................................................8 Birlinn .....................................................................................9 Credits 10 Dromon, Light ............................................................. Version 1.2 Dromon, Medium .......................................................11
    [Show full text]