Tobacco Jhamanijm Jouth America
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TOBACCO AND JHAMANIJM IN JOUTH AMERICA Tobacco and Shamanism in South America JOHANNES WILBERT Y~'Unjversity Press ""'.~,1,.·· ,·. Newli.avcn and London CopyrightC 1!,187by YaleUniversity. All rights rcscrvcd. This boot maynot be reproduced,in whole or in put. in anyform, includingillustrations (beyond that copyingpermitted by Sections107 and loB of the U.S. CopyrightLaw and exceptby reviewersCot the publicpress), without wrim:n permissionfrom the publishers. Designedby JamesJ. Johnson . and set in Gallwd Roman. Printed in the United Statesof Americaby BookCrwrs, Inc., Cliclsca,Michigan. Li/miry of °"'Pm ~.;,..pulJli&imon DRl4 Wilbert,Johannes. Tobacco and shamanismin South America. (Psychoactiveplants of the world) Bibliogtaphy:p. I.nc.lwb index. 1. Indians of South America-Tobacco use. :i. Indians of South America-Religionand mythology. 3. Shamanism-South America. 4. Nicotinc-Physiologkal cffi::ct. I. Tide. II. Series. FUJ0.1.T63Wg 1!,187 394-.1'.... o8998 ISBN 0-300-031179-s The paperin this book meets the guidclineafor pcnnancncc and durabilityof the Committccon Production Guidclinea CotBook Longevityof the Councilon Library .llcsourccs. 109S76s43:i1 To GEORGE E. HALL and OLGA C. HALL Contents list of IUustrfltions ix A~ xiii Prefaa xv l. Wild 11114~ Nicotilmas 1 2. MethodsofTobllC&O Use in SouthAmerica. 9 EAIU.Y HISTORICAL ACCOUNI'S 9 CHEWING 19 DRINKING 29 LICKING +o ENEMA +6 SNUFFING 4,8 SMOICING 6+ DISTlUBtmON OF TOBACCO USE 123 3. PharmacolbgyofSouthAmeri&R.n Tobll&&O Use 133 THE NICOTINE ALKALOID 133 ABSORPTION OF NICOTINE 137 DISTlUBUl'ION AND BIOTBANSFOJ.lM.A.TIONOF NICOTINE I+.S NICOTINE AND ACETYLCHOLINE I+6 NICOTINE, AMINES, AND HALLUCINOGENS I+7 +. TobtlaOSh"'111mi.rm I+9 NATURALMODELING IN TOBACCO SHAMANISM I.SO INITIATOB.Y SICICNBSS, DEATH, AND OB.DE.-\U 1$6 THE WAYS OF THE TOBACCO SHAMAN 171 Bwliogrt,phy 203 1111/.t,e 2111 Illustrations FIGURES r. Nicotianarustica.(Goodspeed 1954, fig. 67; Courtesy Chronica Botanica Co.) 5 2. Nicotianatabacum. ( Goodspeed 19.54,fig. 74; Courtesy Chron- ica Botanica Co.) 7 3. Curing shamans on Hispaniola. (Benwni 1565) 12 4. Tupinamba smoking cigar. {Thevet 1557) 13 5. Tupinamba council of smoking men. (Staden 1557) 14 6. Brazilian Indians smoke blowing during war dance. (De Bry 1592) 15 7. Yanoama chewing tobacco. (Courtesy Karl Weidmann) 20 8. Campa men using V-shaped insuffiator. (Drawing after Riou in Marcoy 1869) 49 9. Tobacco snuff container of snail shell. (Courtesy Museum fiir Volkerkunde Berlin, inv. no.VB 5558) 59 xo. container Snuff of bamboo. (Courtesy Museum fur Volker- kunde Berlin, inv. no. 10984) 60 n. Telescoping double insuffiator. (Wassen 1965:56,57,figs. 22, 23; Courtesy Etnografiska Museet, Goteborg. Original piece in Oslo University Ethnographical Museum, inv. no. 1216) 62 12. InsufHators with nose piece extensions in the fonn of birds' heads. (A, Munde, after photograph by Franz Caspar; B, Salumay, length, 66 cm, Sammlung fur V6Ikerkunde der Uni versitat Zurich, inv. no. u307; C-D, Tupari, Museum fur Volkerkunde, Basel, inv. no. NC 9052, length, 88 cm). (Com- IX X ILLUSTRATIONS posite by Wassen 1965=27,fig. 3; Courtesy Etnografiska Mu- seet, Goteborg) 62 13. Double snuff tube. (Courtesy Museum filr Volkerkunde Berlin, inv. no.VB 3816) 62 14-.Earliest depiction ofY-shaped insuffiator/inhalator. (Oviedo y Valdes 1535) 62 15. V-shaped insuffiators. (Composite by Wassen 1965:92,fig. 50, after Farabee 1922;Courtesy Etnografiska Museet, Goteborg) 62 16. Smoke blowing at Cuna council. (Wafer 1934-:102;Courtesy The Hakluyt Society, Second Series No. 73, Oxford 1934-) 78 17. Yupa man smoking elbow pipe. (Courtesy Luis T. Laffer) 81 18. Yupa woman smoking elbow pipe. (Courtesy Luis T. Laffer) 82 19. Warao shaman preparing ritual cigar with Euterpepalm wrap- per. (Photograph Johannes Wilbert) s+ 20. Warao shaman holding carafia resin to lighted end of ritual cigar. (Photograph Johannes Wilbert) 8+ 21. Warao shaman smoking ritual cigar. (Photograph Johannes Wilbert) 8+ 22. Large ritual cigar, Tucano. (Courtesy Museum filr Volker- kunde Berlin, inv. no. V B 5633) 91 23. Tucano cigar holders. (Courtesy Rautenstrauch-Joest Mu seum, Cologne. Original pieces in Linden Museum filr Vol- kerkunde, Stuttgart) 92 24-. Tucano man smoking with cigar holder while seated on cere- monial bench. (Koch-Grunberg 1909) 94- 25. Cake of pressed tobacco. (Courtesy Museum filr Volkerkunde Berlin, inv. no. VB 1799) 95 26. Jivaro smoke blowing. (Rivet 1907: fig. 21) 99 27. Conical bowl pipes. (Farabee 1922,81, fig. 7; Courtesy Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University) 100 28. Tubular pipes. (Nordenskiold 1908(19):294:fig. 19) II2 29. Effigy pipes. (Koch 1902: fig.+) II3 30. Monitor pipes. (Outes 1905:figs. 172, 173;Courtesy Smithso nian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bull. 14-3,fig. ~aj I~ 31. Warao shaman offering tobacco smoke to the gods. (Photo· graph Johannes Wilbert) 181 32. Warao shaman in nicotine-induced trance healing a patient. (Courtesy Peter T. Furst) 185 33. Tupinamba curing by tobacco smoke blowing. (Thevet 1557) 187 34-. Rucuyen treated by tobacco smoke blowing. (Crevaux 1883) 188 35-38. Nicotine intoxication during Tapirape thunder ceremony. (Courtesy Charles Wagley) 201 ILLUSTRATIONS xi MAPS 1. Natural world distribution of the three subgenera of Nicotiana (Goodspeed 195+, courtesy Chronica Botanica Co.} 3 2. Distribution of tobacco chewing 21 3. Distribution of tobacco drinking 30 +. Distribution of tobacco licking +1 5. Distribution of tobacco snuffing 51 6. Distribution of tobacco smoking 65 7. Distribution of tobacco pipes 66 8. Distribution of tobacco food of supematurals 175 TABLES 1. Native Use of Tobacco in South America: Chewing 22 2. Native Use of Tobacco in South America: Drinking 31 3. Native Use of Tobacco in South America: Licking 4-2 +. Native Use of Tobacco in South America: Snuffing 52 5. Native Use ofTobacco in South America: Smoking 67 6. Methods ofTobacco Use in South America 125 7. Alkaloids ofNicotiana Species 135 8. Tobacco: Food of Supematurals 174- Acknowledgments Grateful acknowledgment is made for use of the following material: Abo Akademis Bibliotek, Abo, Finland, for extracts from Ideas and Customs Relating to Agriculture among the Jibaros and Canelos Indians of Eastern Ecuador, Contribu twns to the Socwlogyof the Indian Tribesof Ecuadur, 1-35, by Sigfrid Rafael Karsten. Acta Academiae Aboensis. Humaniora 1(3). Turku /Abo/, 1920. Allen and Un win, for extracts from Yanoama, theNarrative of a White GirlKidnapped by Amazonian Indians, as told to Ettore Biocca, translated by Dennis Rhodes, 1969. Arents Collection, The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Founda· tions, for extracts from Tobacco:Its HistoryIllustrated by the Books,Manustripts, and Engravingsin the Library of GeorgeA rents,Jr., by Jerome E. Brooks, ed. New York: Rosenbach, 1937-52. Tobacco:A Catalogueof the Books,Manuscripts and EngravingsACIJuired since 194,1. ••• by S. A. Dickson and P. Hugh O'Neil. New York: New York Public Library, 1958- 69. Botanical Museum, Harvard University, for extracts from Chim6: An Unusual Form of Tobacco, BotanicalMuseum Leaflets23( 1), by Dorothy Kamen· Kaye, Research Asso ciate in Ethnobotany, 1971. CBS Educational and Professional Publishing, for extracts from Tobacco and Shaman istic Ecstasy among the Warao ... by Johannes Wilbert, in Flesh of the Gods,P. T. Furst, ed. Copyright© 1972,by Praeger Publishing. Reprinted by permission of Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. Chronica Botanica Company, for extracts from The GenusNicotiana: Origins, Relation· ships,and Evolution of Its Speciesin the Light of Their Distribution,Morphol.ogy, and Cytogenetia,by Thomas Harper Goodspeed, 1954. Judith Davidson, for the use of unpublished field data. E. P. Dutton, Inc., for extracts from Yanoama, the Narrativeof a White GirlKidnapped by Amazonian Indians, as told to Ettore Biocca, translated by Dennis Rhodes. English translation copyright© 1969 by E. P. Dutton and George Allen and Unwin xiii xiv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Ltd. Reprinted by permission of the publisher, E. P. Dutton, a division of NAL Penguin Inc. The Hakluyt Society for an extract from Ethnobotanyof Tobaccoin South America by Lionel Wafer, Second Series No. 73, Oxford 1934. Journal of American Folk-Lore for an extract from World View ofTapirape Indians, Journal ofAmerican Folk-lore, 53 (210), by Charles Wagley, 1940. Little, Brown and Co., Inc., for extracts from Pharmacology:Drug Actionsand Reactions, by Ruth R. Levine, 1983. Mouton de Gruyter, for extracts from Magico-religious Use ofTobacco among South American Indians, by Johannes Wilbert, in Spirits,Shamans, and Stars, D. L. Brow man and R. A. Schwarr, eds. Copyright 1980 Mouton Publishers. Reprinted by permission of Mouton de Gruyter, a division ofWalter de Gruyter and Co., Berlin, · Amsterdam, New York. Nationalmuseet, Copenhagen, for extracts from W aiwai: Religion and Societyof an AmazonianTribe, by Niels Fock, 1963. Niedersachsisches Landesmuseum, Hannover, for extracts from Shamanism and Politi cal Control among the Kuikuru, by Gertrude Dole, in Beitriige zur Volkerkunde Sudamerikas,Volkerkundliche Abhandlungen vol. 1, 1964. University ofTexas Press, for an extract from Under the Rainbow:Nature and Superna ture among the Panare Indians, by Jean-Paul Dumont (Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press, 1976), p. 154. Wenner-Gren Foundation, for extracts from Ethnographyof the Yagua, by Paul Fejos, Copyright 1943 Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research, Inc., New York.