Geschichte Der Venezianischen Malerei. Bd. 4: Tizian Und Sein

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Geschichte Der Venezianischen Malerei. Bd. 4: Tizian Und Sein Günter Brucher GESCHICHTE DER VENEZIANISCHEN MALEREI Bd. 4: Tizian und sein Umkreis 2015 BÖHLAU VERLAG WIEN ∙ KÖLN ∙ WEIMAR Veröffentlicht mit Unterstützung des Austrian Science Fund (FWF): PUB 255-V23 Gedruckt mit der Unterstützung durch: Amt der Steiermärkischen Landesregierung Stiftungs- und Förderungsgesellschaft der Paris-Lodron-Universität Salzburg © 2015 by Böhlau Verlag Ges.m.b.H & Co. KG, Wien Köln Weimar Wiesingerstraße 1, A-1010 Wien www.boehlau-verlag.com Umschlagabbildung: Tizian, Bacchanal der Andrier (Ausschnitt) © Madrid, Museo Nacional del Prado Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Dieses Werk ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung außerhalb der engen Grenzen des Urheberrechtsgesetzes ist unzulässig. Umschlaggestaltung : Michael Haderer, Wien Satz : Michael Rauscher, Wien Druck und Bindung : Balto Print, Vilnius Gedruckt auf chlor- und säurefrei gebleichtem Papier Printed in the EU ISBN 978-3-205-79630-5 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Tizian ..................................... 7 Früher Ruhm und Aufbruch zum eigenen Stil (1516–1530) ....... 14 Altarbilder ............................... 16 Andachtsbilder ............................. 50 Porträts ................................. 65 Mythologische Werke ......................... 77 1530–1540 ................................. 88 Porträts ................................. 91 Venus von Urbino ...........................105 Tempelgang Mariens ..........................109 1540–1547 .................................114 Dornenkrönung .............................117 Ecce Homo ...............................121 Tizian im Dienst der Farnese ......................130 Porträts ...................................134 1548–1562 .................................155 Im Dienst der Habsburger: Karl V. und Philipp II. ............158 Mythologische Themen .........................172 Die poesie für Philipp II. .........................173 Venus-Bilder ..............................196 Sakrale Werke ..............................207 1562–1576 .................................228 Porträts .................................233 Sakrale Werke ..............................244 Profane Werke .............................269 Tizians Umkreis (1520–1550) ........................293 IlPordenone – Initiator des Manierismus inOberitalien ..........293 Paris Bordone ...............................319 Bonifacio de‘ Pitati (genannt Bonifazio Veronese) .............337 Giovanni Girolamo Savoldo ........................345 Exkurs ...................................357 Lorenzo Lotto in Venedig ........................357 Andrea Schiavone ............................365 Anmerkungen ................................371 Literatur ...................................401 Bildnachweis .................................415 5 TIZIAN izians Rang als führender Repräsentant der venezianischen Malerei ist bis T heute unbestritten. Für jene, die der Farbe gegenüber der von der klassischen Kunsttheorie geprägten Zeichnung (dem ‚disegno‘) den Vorrang einräumen, ver- körpert dessen Werk sogar den Höhepunkt der gesamten europäischen Malerei. Wie J. Neumann zu Recht bemerkt, ist in Tizians „koloristischer Disposition die Zukunft der europäischen Malerei enthalten“.1 Seinen Niederschlag findet dies zunächst auf venezianischem Boden, bei Künstlern wie Tintoretto und Veronese. Im 17. Jahrhundert erreicht die tizianeske Koloritrezeption mit Künstlern wie Ve- lázquez, Rubens und Van Dyck überregionale Dimensionen, und im 18. Jahrhun- dert ist es vor allem Watteau, der sich Tizians Farbgebung zum Vorbild nimmt. Im 19. Jahrhundert folgen u. a. Goya, Delacroix, Manet und Renoir, die dem großen Venezianer ihre Reverenz erweisen.2 Bei Delacroix lässt die Epochen übergreifende Hommage an Tizian fast schon obsessive, an die Grenzen des Mythos stoßende Züge erkennen. Offenbar unter dem Eindruck der vor allem das Spä twerk des Far- benmagiers kennzeichnenden Ausdrucksqualitäten vermerkt Delacroix in seinem Tagebuch: „Wenn man hundertzwanzig Jahre alt würde, würde man nur noch Tizian betrachten.“3 Tizians Führungsrolle beruht nicht zuletzt darauf, dass er sich wie kein anderer venezianischer Künstler mit sämtlichen Themenbereichen der Malerei – von histo- rischen, mythologischen, allegorischen und religiösen Sujets bis zu Porträtdarstel- lungen – mit gleichem Niveauanspruch auseinandergesetzt hat. Damit hängt auch die unvergleichliche Vielfalt seiner Auftraggeber zusammen, „die nicht nur vermö- gend waren, sondern auch seinen Fähigkeiten und Intentionen mit angemessenen Aufgaben entgegenkamen“ (Walther). Zu seiner Klientel zählten zum einen die Regierung der Markusrepublik sowie Venedigs reiche Kaufleute und Patrizier, zum anderen der Klerus mit seinen Pfarr- und Klosterkirchen, darüber hinaus auch be- deutende italienische Adelsgeschlechter in den herzoglichen Zentren von Ferrara, Mantua und Urbino. Für eine europaweite Verbreitung der Reputation des Malers sorgten Kaiser Karl V., König Philipp II. von Spanien und Papst Paul III. Von da her auch der Ruf Tizians als „Malerfürst“, eine Nobilitierung, die auch in der in Vene- dig und Washington 1990 präsentierten Tizian-Ausstellung mit der Bezeichnung „Prince of Painters“ ihren Niederschlag fand.4 Im Reichtum seiner Ausdrucksmittel übertrifft Tizian alle seine zeitgenössischen Malerkollegen und Nachfolger. Den jeweiligen ikonografischen Bedingungen an - gepasst, betreibt er einen Stilpluralismus, der nicht selten vom Phänomen der „Un- gleichzeitigkeit des Gleichzeitigen“ (W. Pinder) geprägt ist. Letztlich aber entzieht er sich dem monolithischen Gebrauch der Stilbegrifflichkeit, insofern er häufig in 7 TIZIAN einem und demselben Kunstwerk gleichermaßen klassische wie manieristische oder protobarocke Tendenzen erkennen lässt – ein signifikantes Qualitätsmerkmal, das bei manchen großen Künstlern anzutreffen ist. Zur Charakterisierung von Ti- zians künstlerischem Potential bedarf es differenzierterer Hilfsmittel, etwa der Ver- wendung des Modus-Begriffs, dem man sinngemäß schon bei Vasari als „modi di fare“ begegnet. Wie bereits Jan Bialostocki erkannt hat, benötigt „der Kritiker und Historiker einen Begriff [eben den Modus-Begriff], der geeignet ist, verschie- dene, sogar manchmal auch unendliche Tendenzen im Schaffen eines Künstlers zusammen zu sehen“. Nach Meinung des Autors war es Poussin, der den Modus- Begriff der antiken Musik erstmalig in die Kunsttheorie integriert hat. Besonders aufschlussreich dafür sein Brief von 1647 an Paul Fréart de Chantelou, in dem er seinem Gönner das Wort „Modus“ mit dem Hinweis auf „Grund-Tonart oder Maß und Form“ erläutert. Später (1721) ist es Antoine Coypel, der den Modus-Begriff – noch stärker als Poussin in den Kontext der Musiktheorie einbeziehend – praxis- orientiert wie folgt definiert: „Schließlich braucht jedes Bild einen Modus, der es charakterisiert. Die daraus erwachsene Harmonie wird bald herb, bald weich, bald traurig, bald lustig sein, je nach Art der verschiedenen darzustellenden Gegen- stände. Man kann in dieser Richtung der Zauberkunst Musik folgen.“5 Wenn Bia- lostocki für eine neuerlich in Gang zu setzende Rezeption der Modus-Problematik plädiert, dann sollte dieser Appell bei der aktuellen Kunstwissenschaft mehr als bisher auf Aufnahmebereitschaft stoßen. Bestünde damit immerhin die Möglich- keit, die Vielfalt künstlerischer Äußerungen innerhalb des groben Rasters der Stil- begriffe differenzierter wahrzunehmen.6 Die frühesten Verkünder von Tizians Ruhm waren Lodovico Ariosto und Pietro Aretino. Mit Tizian befreundet, war Ariosto von 1518 bis 1526 am Hof von Al- fonso d’Este in Ferrara tätig, also in jener Zeit, als auch Tizian bedeutende Werke für den Herzog schuf. In der dritten Auflage seines Epos Orlando furioso (1532) rühmt der Dichter den Maler als den größten modernen Künstler, gleichrangig mit Raffael und Michelangelo.7 Indessen war Aretino der wohl bedeutendste und effizienteste Propagandist Tizians. Als ebenso angriffslustiger wie gefälliger Ver- fasser einer umfangreichen Briefkorrespondenz war er in höchsten Kreisen glei- chermaßen geachtet wie gefürchtet. Selbstbewusst nannte er sich die „Geisel der Fürsten“. Salopp gesagt: Wer es verstand, sich mit ihm gut zu stellen, hatte ausge- sorgt – so auch Tizian. Dies sieht auch Vasari so, wenn er schreibt: „Als Pietro Are- tino, hochberühmter Dichter [auch Kunstschriftsteller] unserer Zeit [1527], nach Venedig gekommen war, freundete er sich mit Tizian und [Jacopo] Sansovino an, was Tizian zu großem Ansehen und Vorteil verhalf, weil er dessen Ruf so weit trug, wie seine Feder reichte und besonders bis hin zu einflussreichen Fürsten.“8 Kon- geniale Persönlichkeiten finden einander und bilden ein künstlerisches Triumvirat, das – zunächst unter dem wohlwollenden Augenmerk des Dogen Andrea Gritti – die Kunstwelt Venedigs bis zur Jahrhundertmitte beherrschen sollte. Als Tizian 1531 in der Nähe der späteren Fondamenta Nuove in Venedig ein Haus erwarb, wurde dieses zu einem Versammlungszentrum seiner Freunde. Es handelte sich 8 um ein Anwesen, „das mehr dem Sitz eines Patriziers oder eines weit berühmten Humanisten glich als dem Wohnatelier eines Malers. Künstler, Schauspieler und TIZIAN Literaten, Gesandte, Fürsten und Könige wurden hier empfangen, bewirtet und in geistvolle Unterhaltungen mit einbezogen“.9 Suida zufolge „hat der Aretino mit seiner Weltklugheit die Verwertung von Tizians Kunst organisiert. […] Nicht zuletzt durch den Aretino ist die öffentliche Meinung der Welt Tizian gegenüber auf den Ton unbedingter Anerkennung und begeisterter Bewunderung eingestellt worden“.10 In Vasaris
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