Sidney Mintz: Historia, Sociedad Y Cultura En El Caribe

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Sidney Mintz: Historia, Sociedad Y Cultura En El Caribe UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS POLÍTICAS Y SOCIOLOGÍA TESIS DOCTORAL Sidney Mintz: historia, sociedad y cultura en el Caribe MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Manuel Valle Morán DIRECTORAS Débora Betrisey Nadali Consuelo Naranjo Orovio Madrid © Manuel Valle Morán, 2019 UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS POLÍTICAS Y SOCIOLOGÍA PROGRAMA DE DOCTORADO EN SOCIOLOGÍA Y ANTROPOLOGÍA SOCIAL TESIS DOCTORAL Sidney Mintz: Historia, Sociedad y Cultura en el Caribe MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Manuel Valle Morán Directoras Débora Betrisey Nadali Consuelo Naranjo Orovio MADRID, 2019 2 Fig. 1. Mintz en una siembra en las montañas, Jamaica, 1957. Colección privada de Sidney y Jacqueline Mintz. 3 4 ÍNDICE PG. INTRODUCCIÓN 9 PARTE I. LA BIOGRAFÍA DE SIDNEY MINTZ COMO OBJETO DE ESTUDIO 21 CAPÍTULO 1. REFLEXIONES CONCEPTUALES Y METODOLÓGICAS: DEL ANÁLISIS DE LOS RELATOS A LA DEFENSA DE LA BIOGRAFÍA COMO PERSPECTIVA DE ANÁLISIS SOCIAL 23 1. El punto de partida del interés por la perspectiva biográfica: el “giro cultural” en las Ciencias Sociales. 23 2. Un punto de partida para la defensa de la perspectiva biográfica: el estudio de las narraciones en las Ciencias Sociales. 29 3. Del estudio de los relatos a la perspectiva biográfica en el análisis social. 37 4. La escritura en los trabajos académicos. 56 CAPÍTULO 2. EL CONTEXTO ACADÉMICO E INTELECTUAL DEL PERÍODO DE FORMACIÓN DE S. MINTZ COMO ANTROPÓLOGO 63 1. Breves apuntes sobre la trayectoria académica de Sidney Mintz. 64 2. Infancia y juventud: los orígenes familiares y su llegada a la Universidad de Columbia. 69 3. La Antropología social en la Universidad de Columbia. 77 4. La situación de la Antropología social norteamericana durante la postguerra. 92 5. Perspectivas teóricas de la Antropología de postguerra: materialismo y ecología cultural. La aportación de Julian Steward. 109 PARTE II. LA LLEGADA AL CARIBE Y EL PRIMER PROYECTO DE INVESTIGACIÓN EN PUERTO RICO 123 CAPÍTULO 3. “THE PEOPLE OF PUERTO RICO”: CONTEXTO, PROBLEMAS CONCEPTUALES Y TRABAJO DE CAMPO DEL PROYECTO DE J. STEWARD 125 1. Los objetivos y el contexto histórico-político del proyecto. 127 2. El contexto. Del interés de la Antropología estadounidense por el estudio de las sociedades contemporáneas a la situación de las Ciencias Sociales en Puerto Rico en los años cuarenta. 129 3. El desarrollo del trabajo de campo. 139 4. Los debates sobre el marco teórico y metodológico del trabajo. 146 5. Los resultados del Proyecto: “The People of Puerto Rico” y otros trabajos”. 157 6. La recepción de la obra y las críticas a “The People of Puerto Rico”. 165 5 CAPÍTULO 4. “CAÑAMELAR. LA SUBCULTURA DE UN PROLETARIADO RURAL DE UNA PLANTACIÓN DE AZÚCAR” 193 1. El análisis de “Cañamelar”. 193 2. La experiencia del trabajo de campo en “Cañamelar”. 214 PARTE III. LA HISTORIA DE VIDA DE TASO 223 CAPÍTULO 5. ALGUNAS REFLEXIONES ACERCA DE LAS HISTORIAS DE VIDA EN LA INVESTIGACIÓN SOCIAL 225 1. Las historias de vida en los análisis socio-antropológicos. Algunos problemas conceptuales y metodológicos. 225 1.1. La compleja definición de la historia de vida. 225 1.2. ¿Cómo narrar una vida? 234 1.3. Algunos problemas metodológicos para realizar una historia de vida. 240 1.4. El trabajo de escritura y de edición de las historias de vida. 245 2. Las historias de vida en la tradición de estudios de la Antropología Social norteamericana. 251 CAPÍTULO 6. LA HISTORIA DE VIDA DE UN TRABAJADOR DE UNA PLANTACIÓN DE CAÑA DE AZÚCAR: “WORKER IN THE CANE” 259 1. ¿Por qué realizar una historia de vida? 261 2. Anastacio Zayas Alvarado: Taso. 267 3. La pluralidad de las voces y de las fuentes en la historia de vida de Taso. 278 4. Algunas lecciones para abordar los problemas metodológicos en la realización de una historia de vida. 285 5. La historia de vida editada. 292 6. La vida de Taso: complejidad o sencillez en el relato. 296 7. El análisis de la historia de vida. 309 CAPÍTULO 7. MIRANDO HACIA ADELANTE: LAS LÍNEAS DE CONTINUIDAD DEL TRABAJO DE SIDNEY MINTZ 327 1. De Puerto Rico al Caribe. Y de allí a la constitución del sistema capitalista. 329 1.1. El Caribe en el centro de la constitución del mundo moderno. 329 1.2. El sistema de plantaciones y la formación del proletariado agrícola. 337 1.3. La “creolización” y el campesinado en el Caribe. 348 2. Los conceptos y los métodos en el trabajo antropológico. 354 2.1. La cultura, la acción social y la construcción de significados. 358 2.2. La Antropología y la Historia. 366 CONCLUSIONES 375 CRONOLOGÍA DE LA HISTORIA DE PUERTO RICO (1493-1952) 385 6 BIBLIOGRAFÍA 389 1. Obras de Sidney Mintz. 389 2. Entrevistas y conferencias de Sidney Mintz. 396 3. Referencias bibliográficas. 397 RESUMEN 413 ABSTRACT 414 7 8 INTRODUCCIÓN A finales de enero de 1948, un joven estudiante de postgrado estadounidense desembarcó en San Juan de Puerto Rico. Llegaba a la isla días después del resto de sus compañeros para participar en una investigación diseñada y encabezada por su director de tesis doctoral, un antropólogo que entonces empezaba a tener cierto renombre en los círculos académicos estadounidenses, James Steward. El núcleo del equipo estaba formado por estudiantes de postgrado de la Universidad de Columbia y, a pesar de una cierta diferencia de edad, todos ellos compartían unos orígenes sociales y una trayectoria con numerosos puntos común. Se trataba de un grupo eminentemente masculino, cuyos componentes provenían de familias de clase media baja o de clase obrera, y cuyos progenitores eran todos inmigrantes de primera generación. De aquellos elegidos para esta investigación, la gran mayoría tenían un origen judío. Al igual que sus coetáneos, su infancia había estado marcada por la Gran Depresión y su primera juventud por la Segunda Guerra Mundial, en la que habían participado activamente todos ellos. De hecho, lograron acceder a la Universidad para realizar sus estudios de postgrado gracias a las ayudas que el gobierno norteamericano otorgaba a los antiguos combatientes al finalizar la contienda. No se puede afirmar que constituyeran una generación o escuela en un sentido estricto, pero sí podemos admitir que se acercaron a la Antropología con una visión “progresista” del mundo muy similar y con una misma concepción idealista de las Ciencias Sociales como herramienta para comprender y para “cambiar el mundo”. Todos mantuvieron estrechos lazos de amistad durante sus vidas e incluso muchos de ellos siguieron colaborando académicamente a lo largo de los años futuros. El trabajo de campo que realizó Sidney Mintz en un pequeño pueblo de la costa sur de la isla le sirvió, ante todo, como estudio de caso para realizar la tesis doctoral que presentó tres años después en el Departamento de Antropología de la Universidad de Columbia. Pero significó, fundamentalmente, el inicio de una estrecha vinculación con el Caribe que se prolongaría durante toda su vida, aunque en los últimos veinte años ampliara su área de estudio. Estas islas, sobre todo aquellas que habían estado sometidas a la colonización española, se convirtieron en el lugar “desde donde mirar el mundo” y 9 desde el que tratar de responder a algunos de los principales interrogantes –conceptuales y metodológicos- que se planteó a lo largo de toda su dilatada trayectoria investigadora. Así, a diferencia de sus compañeros de doctorado, Mintz siguió centrado en el Caribe para profundizar incansablemente en algunas de las intuiciones que ya habían aparecido en su primer trabajo. De una manera muy inteligente, y aparentemente modesta y sin estridencias, fue consolidando una perspectiva propia de análisis en la que destaca su defensa de una Antropología histórica y, a partir de esta, en una particular atención al modo en que se imbrican las vidas individuales de las personas con los contextos sociales y culturales en las que las mismas van a transcurrir. El objetivo principal de mi investigación es realizar un análisis, a modo de “biografía intelectual”, de la formación de Mintz como antropólogo. En cierto modo, aunque pueda parecer pretencioso, me he propuesto aplicar en mi trabajo sus sugerencias acerca de la utilidad de conectar las vidas de nuestros informantes con los contextos históricos y sociales en las que éstas transcurren, como estrategia para comprender precisamente los procesos de cambio sociocultural más amplios. Es decir, profundizar en su formación intelectual me ha permitido comprender algunos de los cambios que sufrieron los estudios antropológicos –en especial en los Estados Unidos- en el período posterior al fin de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Pero, al tiempo, el hecho de analizar este panorama me ha servido para captar también los hilos que dirigieron sus intereses y sus trabajos durante buen parte de su trayectoria académica. A partir de esta declaración inicial, debo justificar ahora las razones que me llevaron a optar por Sidney Mintz, un antropólogo conocido, primero, por sus contribuciones a la Antropología y a la Historia del Caribe y, después, a la Antropología de la comida, como objeto de estudio. Esta elección debe explicarse porque es innegable que se trata de una figura eminentemente académica, cuyo impacto se reduce a los círculos de universitarios e investigadores, aunque no sólo es conocido entre los antropólogos, sino también entre los historiadores y los sociólogos. Lamentablemente, quizá con la excepción de “Sweetness and Power”, ninguna de sus obras llegó a atraer a un público más amplio. Tampoco puede considerarse, al menos en el sentido habitual del término, como un gran teórico; su mayor peso proviene de su modo particular de poner en 10 práctica un tipo de Antropología que combina un trabajo de campo riguroso con el recurso a fuentes de muy distinta naturaleza, entre las que destacan las históricas.
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