Questions for Consideration

1. In what kinds of activities did antislavery women engage? 2. What were the goals of the petition campaigns? 3. How did the antislavery movement challenge established notions of manhood and womanhood? 4. Why was the issue of racial prejudice linked to the goal of immediate abolition? 5. What were the sources of the Grimke sisters' opposition to ? 6. Why did Angelina and Sarah Grimke defy convention and advocate women's rights? 7. What were the Grimkes trying to achieve by speaking out on women's rights? Were they successful? 8. Why did some of the clergy become their main opponents? On what did they base their opposition to emancipation and women's rights? 9. Why did the Grimkes claim women's equality in church governance? Why in secular governance? On what did they base their claims? 10. What was "non-resistance" and why did Angelina Grimke support it? 11. Why was the center of so much attention at the 1840 anti• slavery convention in London? 12. Who organized the 1848 Seneca Falls Women's Rights Convention, and why? What did they accomplish there? 13. How did the 1848 convention differ from the 1837 women's antislavery convention? 14. Was the women's rights convention movement of the 1850s successful? Why or why not? 15. Why did the emerging woman suffrage movement split on the issue of race? What effect did the split have on these two issues?

205 Selected Bibliography

PRIMARY SOURCES Barnes, Gilbert H., and Dwight L. Dumond, eds. Letters of Theodore Dwight ~ld, Angelina Grimke ~ld and Sarah Grimke, 1822-1844, 2 vols. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1934; reprinted Gloucester, Mass.: Smith, 1965. Ceplair, Larry. The Public Years ofSarah and Angelina GrimM· Selected Writ• ings, 1835-1839. New York: Columbia University Press, 1989. DuBois, Ellen Carol, ed. , Susan B. Anthony: Corre• spondence, Writings, Speeches. New York: Schocken, 1981. Foner, Philip S., ed. Frederick Douglass on Vl0mens Rights. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1976. Foster, Frances Smith, ed. A Brighter Coming Day: A Frances Ellen Watkins Harper Reader. New York: Feminist Press, 1990. Gordon, Ann D., ed. The Selected Papers of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Su• san B. Anthony: Volume 1, In the School ofAnti-Slavery, 1840-1866. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1997. Greene, Dana, ed. Lucretia Mott: Her Complete Speeches and Sermons. New York: Mellen, 1980. Hallowell, Anna Davis, ed.]ames and Lucretia Mott: Life and Letters. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1884. McClymer, John F. This High and Holy Moment: The First National Womans Rights Convention, Vl0rcester, 1850. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1999. Meltzer, Milton, and Patricia G. Holland, eds. Lydia Maria Child: Selected Letters, 1817-1880. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1982. Richardson, Marilyn, ed., Maria W Stewart, Americas First Black Vl0man Political Writer: Essays and Speeches. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987. Turning the Vl0rld Upside Down: The Anti-Slavery Convention of American Women, Held in New Thrk City, May 9-12, 1837. New York: Feminist Press, 1987. Wright, Daniel. ''What Was the Appeal of Moral Reform to Antebellum Northern Women?" in "Women and Social Movements in the , 1830-1930," a Web site at http:/ /womhist.binghamton.edu.

207 208 SELECfED BIBLIOGRAPHY

WOMEN ABOLITIONISTS AND WOMEN'S RIGHTS Bacon, Margaret Hope. Valiant Friend: The Life ofLucretia Mott. New York: Walker, 1980. Barry, Kathleen. Susan B. Anthony: A Biography. New York: New York Uni• versity Press, 1988. Birney, Catherine H. The Grimke Sisters: Sarah and Angelina Grimke: The First American U0men Advocates ofAbolition and Women's Rights. Phila• delphia: Lee and Shepard, 1885. DuBois, Ellen Carol. Feminism and Suffrage: The Emergence of an Indepen• dent Women's Movement in America, 1848-1869. Ithaca: Cornell Univer• sity Press, 1978. Gordon, Ann D., with Bettye Collier-Thomas, John H. Bracey, Arlene Voski Avakian, and Joyce Avrech Berkman, ed., African American U0men and the J0te, 1837-1965. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1997. Griffith, Elisabeth. In Her Own Right: The Life of Elizabeth Cady Stanton. New York: Oxford University Press, 1984. Hansen, Debra Gold. Strained Sisterhood: Gender and Class in the Boston Fe• male Anti-Slavery Society. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1993. Hardesty, Nancy A Your Daughters Shall Prophesy: Revivalism and Feminism in the Age ofFinney. Brooklyn: Carlson, 1991. Hersh, Blanche Glassman. The Slavery of Sex: Feminist-Abolitionists in America. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1978. Hewitt, Nancy A Women's Activism and Social Change: Rochester, New York, 1822-1872. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1984. Isenberg, Nancy. Sex and Citizenship in Antebellum America. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998. Kraditor, Aileen S. Means and Ends in American Abolitionism: Garrison and His Critics on Strategy and Tactics, 1834-1850. New York: Random House, 1967. Jeffrey, Julie Roy. The Great Silent Army ofAbolitionism: Ordinary Women in the Antislavery Movement. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998. Lerner, Gerda. The Grimke Sisters of North Carolina: Pioneers for Womens Rights and Abolitionism. New York: Oxford University Press, 1967. --. The Feminist Thought of Sarah GrimM New York: Oxford Univer• sity Press, 1998. --. 'The Grimke Sisters and the Struggle against Race Prejudice," jour• nal ofNegro History 26 (October 1963): 277-91. Lumpkin, Katharine DePre. The Emancipation ofAngelina GrimM Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 197 4. Mabee, Carleton, with Susan Mabee Newhouse. : Slave, Prophet, Legend. New York: New York University Press, 1993. SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 209

McFadden, Margaret H. Golden Cables of Sympathy: The Transatlantic Sources of Nineteenth-Century Feminism. Lexington: University of Ken• tucky Press, 1999. McKivigan, John R., ed. The American Abolitionist Movement: A Collection of Scholarly Articles Illustrating Its History. l-01. 4: Abolitionism and Issues of Race and Gender. Hamden, Conn.: Garland, 1999. Melder, Keith E. Beginnings of Sisterhood: The American U0mans Rights Movement, 1800-1850. New York: Schocken, 1977. Painter, Nell Irvin. Sojourner Truth: A Life, A Symbol. New York: Norton, 1996. Peterson, Carla L. "Doers of the U0rd": African American U0men Speakers and Writers in the North (1830-1880). New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. Ryan, Mary P. Women in Public: Between Banners and Ballots, 1825-1880. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990. Sklar, Kathryn Kish. Catharine Beecher: A Study in American Domesticity. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1973. Stansell, Christine. "Woman in Nineteenth-Century America." Gender and History 11, no. 3 (November 1999): 419-32. Terborg-Penn, Rosalyn. African-American U0men in the Struggle for the vote, 1850-1920. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998. Yee, Shirley]. Black U0men Abolitionists: A Study in Activism, 1828-1860. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1992. Yellin, Jean Fagan. Women and Sisters: The Antislavery Feminists in Ameri• can Culture. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989. Yellin, Jean Fagan, and John C. Van Horne, eds. The Abolitionist Sisterhood: U0mens Political Culture in Antebellum America. Ithaca: Cornell Univer• sity Press, 1994.

RELIGION AND THE ANTISLAVERY MOVEMENT Abzug, Robert H. Passionate Liberator: Theodore Dwight Jlield and the Dilemma ofReform. New York: Oxford University Press, 1980. ---. Cosmos Crumbling: American Reform and the Religious Imagination. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994. Goodman, Paul. Of One Blood: Abolitionism and the Origins ofRacial Equal• ity. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998. Hatch, Nathan 0. The Democratization of American Christianity. New Ha• ven: Yale University Press, 1989. McKivigan, John R. and Mitchell Snay, eds. Religion and the Antebellum De• bate over Slavery. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1998. Perry, Lewis. Radical Abolitionism: Anarchy and the Government of God in Antislavery Thought. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1995. Index

abolition of slavery. See also Garrisonian American Woman Suffrage Association, abolitionism 2, 76 by British Parliament, 12, 17, 51 Anthony, Susan B., 47, 61, 71, 75,201, 203 clergy and, 32 The Anti-Slavery Bugle, 4 7, 63, 179 gradual, 5n Anti-Slavery Convention of American and, 5n Women, 104-07 role of women in, 125n, 156 criticism of churches, 26 Address to the Free Colored People of the marriage and slaveholding, 26, 105 United States (S. Grimke), 24 petitions and, 26, 104-05 Afric-American Female Intelligence Society, women's rights and, 26-27 10,78-79 antislavery movement, British, 12, 50 African American women. See also Afric• women and, 2, 51, 55, 125n, 156 American Female Intelligence antislavery movement, United States. See Society also American Anti-Slavery Society; and antislavery activism, 25-26, 95. See American and Foreign Anti-Slavery also Grace Douglass; Sarah Doug• Society; Garrisonian abolitionism; lass; Margaretta Forten; Sarah women's antislavery activism Forten; Frances Ellen Watkins mob violence and, 9, 11, 12, 14, 19, 40, Harper; National Negro Convention; 115, 153-56 Maria Stewart; Sojourner Truth; Har• opposition to by clergy, 121-22, 133 riet Tubman split in education of, 79, 80, 82, 103, 198 reviewed by Henry Clarke Wright, and property rights, 183-84, 197 157-59 and sexual rights of married women, 69 reviewed by Lydia Maria Child, 161-63 American Anti-Slavery Society, 7, 12-13, 16, The Antislavery Standard, 55 25, 77, 129 Appeal to the Christian fiVmen of the South growth of, 31 (A Grimke), 16 paid agents of, 2, 19, 32, 39, 43, 54, Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World 124-25. See also Angelina Grimke, (David Walker), 10 antislavery activism of; Sarah An Appeal in Favor of That Class ofAmeri• Grimke, antislavery activism of cans Called Africans (Lydia Maria petitions and, 18, 84-85 Child), 45 postal campaign of, 14 An Appeal to the Women of the Nominally reaction to women's rights activism, 125 Free States (A Grimke), 26, 100-103 training of paid agents, 20-21 Arch Street Meeting House. See Quakers American Colonization Society, 11, 51, 106 Sarah Forten's views of, 99 Beecher, Catharine, 7, 13 American Equal Rights Association, 73-75, and Cherokee removal, 18 200-203 and education of women, 7 American Female Moral Reform Society. See and feminization of teaching, 27, 109 female moral reform movement and Garrisonian abolitionism, 27-28, American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, 107-10 43,46,48,50, 163,169 and sexual equality, 108 secession from American Anti-Slavery So• writings of, 107-10 ciety, 157-59, 160-65 Beecher, Lyman, 7,18,28 American Slavery as It Is (Weld, ed.), 39 Biblical Feminism, 22, 35

211 212 INDEX binding out, 79-80 Enlightenment ideas, 12, 35, 59 Birney, James, 165 An Essay on Slavery and Abolition Blackstone, William,146-47,173,178 (C. Beecher), 27 Bloomer, Amelia, 185 Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society, 25, 29, Female Moral Reform Society (Boston). See 112, 115, 145 female moral reform movement splits over "new organization," 46, 160, Female Moral Reform Society (Rochester). 163-65 See female moral reform movement sponsors lecture series of Grimke sisters, female moral reform movement 39,127 American Female Moral Reform Society, British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, 50 68 Bush, Abigail, 60 Female Moral Reform Society (Boston), 28 Cady, Daniel, 53, 56 Female Moral Reform Society Chapman, Maria Weston, 25, 25f, 29, 46, (Rochester), 56 111-12, 128 as vehicle for antislavery organizing, 46, writings of, 112-14 66,103,111,126 Child, Lydia Maria, 45-46, 128, 164 and women's rights, 28-29, 32, 187-89 letters of, to Angelina Grimke, 161-63 feme covert, 146-47, 176. See also William citizenship rights. See also Fifteenth Amend• Blackstone; married women's legal ment; Fourteenth Amendment; suf• rights, and property rights; New York frage Married Women's Property Rights of freed people, 14, 192, 198-99 Act women and, 101 Fifteenth Amendment (1869), 72-73, 75, clergy 202-03 authority challenged by women, 12-13, Folsom, Rev. Albert, 32, 121-22 119, 131-33, 149, 177-78 Foote, Elisha, 65 opposition to women's rights, 118-19, Forten, Margaretta, 140 121-22,125,130,132-33, 162.See Forten, Sarah, 24, 97, 140 also Rev. Albert Folsom; Hubbard letters of, to Angelina Grimke, 98-100 Winslow; Amos Phelps; James Wood• Foster, Stephen, 47 bury Fourteenth Amendment (1868), 73-74, 202 Pastoral Letter of, 119-21, 121n free blacks, 9-13. See also African American and proslavery sentiment, 193 women and separation of church and state, 12-13 antislavery activism of, 78-80 women ministers, 6-8, 11, 20-22, 53, 79, citizenship and, 14 167 Fifteenth Amendment, 72-73, 75, 202-03 common law. See William Blackstone;feme Fourteenth Amendment, 73-74, 202 covert Fugitive Slave Law, 73 cross-race coalitions, ix, 6, 9, 18f, 21-22, suffrage, 14, 72-74, 192, 200,202-03 25-26, 40, 72-73 voting rights and, 14 Free Soil Party, 55 Davis, Jefferson, 16 Fugitive Slave Law (1850), 73 Davis, Paulina Wright, 47, 56, 75,202 Declaration of Independence, 35, 57-58 gag rule. See petition movement Declaration of Sentiments, 49, 58-59, 173, Gage, Matilda Joslyn, 63 175-78 Garrison, William Lloyd, 9f, 54, 65 demographic transition and fertility decline, founding of American Anti-Slavery Soci- 67-69 ety, 8 Douglass, Frederick, 59f, 70, 72 and Hicksite Quakerism, 12 at Seneca Falls Convention, 58, 178-79 ideology of. See Garrisonian abolitionism supports Fifteenth Amendment, 75 mob violence against, 9, 14, 115 supports women's rights, 184-85,200 opposition to, in antislavery movement,163 Douglass, Grace, 94, 140 and sexual equality, 14 Douglass, Sarah, 24, 26, 94, 96, 140. See also at World's Anti-Slavery Convention, 54, 169 Angelina Grimke, letters of; Sarah Garrisonian abolitionism. See also Ameri• Grimke, letters of can Anti-Slavery Society; Boston decision, 73, 198-99 Female Anti-Slavery Society; The Liberator; Female Anti• The Empire of the Mother over the Character Slavery Society; World's Anti-Slavery and Destiny ofthe Race (H. Wright), 69 Convention INDEX 213

Afric-American Female Intelligence Soci• marriage to Theodore Weld, 39 ety, 78-79 moratorium of, 7 American Anti-Slavery Society, 8, 18-20, and public speaking, 20, 23, 28, 31, 86, 77 89-90, 92-93, 124 Anti-Slavery Convention of American before mixed assemblies, 97, 111, 115, Women, 104-07 118-19, 125 failure of moral suasion, 40, 65 hostility of clergy to, 119, 122, 125, 130, and immediate emancipation, 9, 11, 13, 78 132, 162 and mob violence, 9, 11, 14, 19, 115, to Massachusetts state legislature, 38 153-56 and Quakers, 4, 6, 119 opposition to break with, 14-16 by Catharine Beecher, 27 reaction to hostile ministers, 130 -33 by the clergy, 32 and women's rights, 93-94, 111-12, 124, perfectionism and, 40,42-43,45, 55 133-34, 146-47, 153-56 religious ideology of, 13-14 fears reaction of American Anti-Slavery Sojourner Truth joins, 63 Society to her activism, 125 in the south, 14, 19 writings of, 35,86-88,92, 100-103 split in movement, 42, 157-59, 161-63. opposition of antislavery men to, See also American and Foreign Anti• 128-30 Slavery Society Grimke, Sarah, ix, 17f and women's rights, 46-47, 134-35. See antislavery activism of also Angelina Grimke; Sarah Grimke; at Anti-Slavery Convention of American Abby Kelley; Lucretia Mott; Philadel• Women, 105 phia Female Anti-Slavery Society and Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Garrisonian men oppose, 118-19, Society, 137 129-30, 132-33 and public speaking, 20, 28, 31, 90, World's Anti-Slavery Convention, 93-95,111,117,162 50-51, 54 criticizes clergy, 149 Godwin, William, 52 family background, 2-5 Graham, Sylvester, 67 letters of "Graham system," 54, 67 to Amos Phelps, 31, 118-19 Great Awakening, 12 to Mary Parker, 145-52 Greeley, Horace, 60n to Sarah Douglass, 94-95,97 Grew, Mary, 105, 140 and Quakers, 4 -5 Grimke, Angelina, ix, 15f, 53, 54 distances herself from, 119 antislavery activism of rebuked by Arch Street Meeting as agent of American Anti-Slavery Soci• House, 20, 97 ety, 2, 124-25 and women's rights, 31 at Anti-Slavery Convention of American married women, 69, 150-52 Women, 104-06 writings of, 35, 38, 91-92, 126 and Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery opposition of antislavery men to, Society, 137-38 128-30 and education of ex-slaves, 87 Grimke, Thomas, 5, 20 family background, 2-5 ideology of Harper, Frances Ellen Watkins, 73, 74f, 75, moral equality discourse, 22, 36, 102, 76,202 111-12, 118, 127 speeches of, 196-99 non-resistance of, 16-17, 110-11 History of Woman Suffrage, 63, 75, 165-68, perfectionism of, 115 170-72, 178,200-208 religious discourse, x, 30,36-37, 113, Hopedale Community, 64,68-69 123, 132-33, 144 Hopper, Anna, 140 joins American Anti-Slavery Society, 20 Howe, Julia Ward, 200 letters of to Anne Warren Weston, 160-61 Kelley, Abby, 44f, 46-47,72 to Catharine Beecher, 142-45 and American and Foreign Anti-Slavery to Jane Smith, 89-94, 110-12, 115-17, Society, 157 122-24 and public speaking, 43-44 to Sarah Douglass, 96-98 and women's rights, 31, 70, 160 to Theodore Weld, 124-27 to Theodore Weld and John Greenleaf Ladies' Anti-Slavery Society (Providence), Whittier, 130-34 34, 134-35 214 INDEX

Ladies Washingtonian Total Abstinence So• "new organization." See American and For• ciety (Rochester), 56 eign Anti-Slavery Society Lane Theological Seminary, 28, 53 New York Female Anti-Slavery Society, 24, Letters to Catharine E. Beecher (A Grimke), 89 35 New York Married Women's Property Rights Letters on the Equality of the Sexes (S. Act (1848), 56 Grimke), 35,38 Nineteenth Amendment (1920), 49, 203 Letters to Young Men (Graham), 67 non-resistance, 16-17,42,43,55, 110-11, The Liberator, 25f, 4lf, 55, 78-80, 82-83, 117, 163 116, 121-22, 134-35, 138, 142-52, The North Star, 58, 66, 70, 72, 183-85, 157-59, 161-65 193-94 Liberty Party, 43, 52-53, 55, 66, 165 northern United States The Lily, 66, 185-87 marriages of northerners to slaveholders, Lincoln, Abraham, 16 102, 105 Ludlow, Henry, 90, 92-93 and racial prejudice, 24, 81, 98-100, 103, 201 Marriage and Parentage (H. Wright), 69, segregation of African Americans, 94, 97, 190-91 194, 198-99 married women's legal rights, 147-48. See and slavery, 2, 5n, 12, 62 also William Blackstone;/eme covert; consumption of slave products, 103 New York Married Women's Property production for southern market, 95 Rights Act and child custody laws, 201 Oberlin College, 28, 54 and domestic abuse, 150 and property rights, 56, 72, 14 7-48, 177, 183-84, 197 Parker, Mary, 46, 127, 145, 164-65 and sexual rights, 150 Pastoral Letter, 119-21, 130, 135. See also Martineau, Harriet, 125n clergy Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, 161, 164 Pease, Elizabeth, 55 Massachusetts General Colored Associa- Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society, 50 tion, 10 Pennsylvania Hall, destruction of, 40, 4lf maternal associations, 10, 103 perfectionism, 12, 115, 133. See also non- McClintock, Mary Ann, 57-58,171,173, resistance 175, 179 petition movement, 71 McClintock, Thomas, 173 against Cherokee removal, 18 McDowell, Rev. John, 189 history of, in United States, 18 middle passage, 102 opposition to, 101, 108-09, 122, 131 moral reform movement. See female moral gag rule, 19 reform movement women and antislavery petitions, 104-05, Mort, James, 48f, 58, 175 136-37 Mort, Lucretia, 8, 47, 48f American Anti-Slavery Society's petition and American Anti-Slavery Society, 77 form for women, 19, 84-85 and Anti-Slavery Convention of American Angelina Grimke urges southern Women, 24-25, 105 women to participate, 17, 88 and British Quakers, 167-68, 170 in Pennsylvania, 137, 156 family life of, 45 women's rights petitions, 56, 177, 201 and Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery So• Phelps, Amos, 31, 118-19, 125, 157 ciety, 10, 77-78 Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society, 8, and public speaking, 49, 53, 167 14,34,50 and Seneca Falls Convention, 57-58, 140, annual report of (1837), 135-41 171,173,175,178-79 and Anti-Slavery Convention of American and women's rights, 47, 49-50, 53-54, 70 Women, 24-26, 27, 136 at World's Anti-Slavery Convention, 51-53, constitution of, 138-40 165-68,170 formation of, 78 and petition movement, 136-37 National Anti-Slavery Standard, 45 Quaker women and, 77-78, 94 National Negro Convention, 65, 183-85 and women's rights, 34 National Woman Suffrage Association, 2, Phillips, Wendell, 30, 193 75-76, 203-04 Pierce, Deborah, 21 New England Non-Resistance Society, 42, Pillsbury, Parker, 72 43,55 letter to Jane Swisshelm, 193-94 INDEX 215

Pittsburgh Female Anti-Slavery Society, 137 slave revolts, fears of, 4. See also Denmark Post,AJny,46,58,63, 70,173,175 Vesey Practical Christian, 64 slavery. See also Dred Scott decision; Fugi- Price, Abby, 64 tive Slave Law speeches of, 180-83 African AJnerican families and, 3, 102 public speaking middle passage, 102 African AJnerican women and, 63. See also and northern United States. See northern Maria Stewart; Sojourner Truth; United States, and slavery Frances Ellen Watkins Harper scope of, 4n and nineteenth-century culture, 21-23 violence and, 4, 86, 101-02 women and, ix, 10-11,86. See also An• Smith, Gerrit, 53,90-91,97,157,166, 170 gelina Grimke; Sarah Grimke; Abby Smith, Jane. See Angelina Grimke, letters of Kelley Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 49f, 61 cultural dictums against, 20-23 family limitation of, 67-68 examples of speeches, 81-83, 153-56, letters of, to Sarah Grimke and Angelina 179-83, 196-99 Grimke Weld, 169-70 as ministers, 6, 7, 11, 20-22, 53, 79, 167 marriage of, 48, 50, 53, 56 opposition to, 20, 90, 116-17,129, 162, opposition to Fifteenth AJnendment, 75 17 4. See also Angelina Grimke, anti• organizes Women's Loyal National slavery activism of League, 71 Pugh, Sarah, 55, 140 public speaking, 54 relationship with Lucretia Mott, 50-52, Quakers, 5-6 165-68 Arch Street Meeting House, 7, 20, 24 secular ideology of, 48, 60 and racial segregation of members, 94, and Seneca Falls Convention, 57-58, 97 171,173,175,178 rebuke of Sarah Grimke, 20, 97 and women's property rights, 56 British, 51 at World's Anti-Slavery Convention, family networks and Seneca Falls Conven• 165-70 tion, 171 writings of, 170-72 Hicksite, 7-8,46,49-50, 56-57 Stanton, Henry, 48, 50, 53, 54, 56, 67 and , 12 Stebbins, Catherine, 173 inner light, 7, 166 Stewart, Maria Orthodox,5, 7,168 as public speaker,10-11, 81-83 Philadelphia, 4 writings of, 79-80 women and, 6, 7. See also Angelina Stone, Lucy, 47, 75-76, 201, 203 Grimke; Sarah Grimke; Lucretia Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 16, 68 Mott birth control practices, 68 Yearly Meeting rejects equal rights of suffrage Quaker women, 57 African AJnerican male, 14, 72-75, 192, 200,202-03 Rose, Ernestine, 56 British male, 51 female, 1-2, 184, 198, 203. See also The Saturday Visiter, 72, 191-92, 195-96 AJnerican Equal Rights Association; A Scriptural Vindication ofFemale Preaching AJnerican Woman Suffrage Asso• (Deborah Pierce), 21 ciation; National Woman Suffrage SecondGreatAwakening,4,12,21,28,56,59 Association Second Women's Anti-Slavery Convention, and Seneca Falls Convention, 60, 17 4, 40, 43. See also women's antislavery 176, 178 activism, Anti-Slavery Convention of Swisshelm, Jane, 72, 191-92, 195-96 AJnerican Women sexual double standard critiqued, 54, 56, Tappan, Lewis, 157,159 143, 177, 187-89 temperance movement, 4, 103, 169 sexual equality, 1, 14, 36, 38, 143. See also women and, 32, 56 women's rights movement, ideology and women's rights movement, 66, 185-87 of utopianism and, 64 Thompson, George, 12, 14 sexuality Thoughts on African Colonization (Garri• and birth rate decline, 67-69 son), 14 and Victorian family values, 66-69 Truth, Sojourner, 62f, 62-64, 76 and women's control over their bodies, speeches of, 179-80 66-69 Tubman, Harriet, 199 216 INDEX ultraism. See perfectionism Grimke; Lucretia Mott; women's anti• The Unwelcome Child (H. Wright), 69 slavery activism utopian communities, 23, 64, 69 ideology of religious discourse, 134, 142-45, Vesey, Denmark, 4 180-84 Vindication ofthe Rights ofl#men (Woll• shift to secular discourse, x, 50, 53, 59, stonecraft), 52 64,80 moral equality discourse, 46, 102, 113, Walker, David, 10 157-59,175-78,186 Weld, Theodore, 22f, 28, 33, 39, 53-54, natural rights discourse, 181-83 90-91, 170 and moral reform movement, 66, 126 letters of, to Sarah and Angelina Grimke, opposition from clergy, 108, 118-21, 135, 127-28 162. See also Rev. Albert Folsom; views on sexual equality, 127 Hubbard Winslow; Pastoral Letter; Wells, Ida B., 76 Amos Phelps; James Woodbury Western New York Anti-Slavery Society, racial prejudice of, 199, 201-02 46-47 racial questions and, x, 72-73. See also Weston, Anne, 127, 164. See also Angelina Paulina Wright Davis; Frances Ellen Grimke, letters of Watkins Harper; Parker Pillsbury; Whittier, John Greenleaf, 34 ; Jane Swisshelm letters of, to Angelina and Sarah Grimke, reactions of male reformers to, 33, 34. See 129-30 also Theodore Weld; John Greenleaf Winslow, Hubbard, 123n, 125 Whittier Wollstonecraft, Mary, 52, 166-67 split in antislavery movement, 157-59 women's antislavery activism. See also peti- suffrage organizations, 49. See also Ameri• tion movement can Equal Rights Association; Ameri• antislavery conventions, women-only, 10, can Woman Suffrage Association; Na• 24-26, 43, 104-07. See also Anti• tional Woman Suffrage Association Slavery Convention of American and temperance movement, 66 Women; Second Women's Anti• and new Victorian sexual ideology, 66-69 Slavery Convention women's rights convention movement, antislavery societies 60-61,63,179-80,191,193,196-99 growth of, 24-25 and education of women, 64-65 in mixed-gender societies, 31 and racial equality, 70-71, 191-94 support of Grimke sisters' public speak• Seneca Falls Convention, 1, 35, 48, ing,34 56-60,172-79 in women-only societies. See Mric• and state constitutional conventions, 65 American Female Intelligence Soci• Woodbury, James, 126n ety; Boston Female Anti-Slavery Soci• World's Anti-Slavery Convention, 50-54, ety; Ladies' Anti-Slavery Society; New 165-70 York Female Anti-Slavery Society; Wright, Elizur, 20 Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery So• Wright, Frances (Fanny), 22-23,90, 132 ciety; Female Anti-Slavery Wright, Henry Clarke, 32, 33, 69f, 116-17, Society 122 and women's rights, 26-27 and American and Foreign Anti-Slavery women's education, 3, 7, 109, 177 Society, 157-59 Mrican American, 79, 80, 82, 103, 198 and non-resistance, 117 Women's Loyal National League, 71 and sexual rights of married women, women's rights movement 68-69, 190-91 and antislavery movement, 157-59, 169. writings of, 190-91 See also Angelina Grimke; Sarah Wright, Martha Coffin, 57-58, 171