DOCSLIB.ORG

Embedded Wireless Intracranial Pressure Monitoring Implant at Microwave Frequencies

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Embedded Wireless Intracranial Pressure Monitoring Implant at Microwave Frequencies Embedded Wireless Intracranial Pressure Monitoring Implant at Microwave Frequencies A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Drexel University by Usmah Kawoos in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy June 2009 i Dedications To my mother, who believes in me and has supported me all the way, and in loving memory of my father and grandfather (Aba), who taught me to dream. ii Acknowledgements Words will do no justice in expressing my gratitude towards my advisor and mentor, Dr. Arye Rosen. He has constantly widened the ambits of my education that I have received under his tutelage. Dr. Rosen always maintains an aura of optimism around him which has been my constant source of encouragement during my stay at Drexel. The lessons that I have learnt here will stay with me for my life. I cannot thank him enough for his mentorship. I am indebted to Dr. Mohammad Tofighi, whose expertise and enthusiasm were instrumental to the success of my project and Dr. Frank Kralick, a neurosurgeon, who created magic while implanting the ICP implants in animals, both of who have been always available for discussions, have given me priceless feedback, and have encouraged me to diversify my skills. Their invaluable suggestions have refined my work and at the same time steered it in an excellent direction. I am also grateful to Dr. Peter Herczfeld who not only introduced me to Dr. Rosen, but has also been very supportive of my work in many ways. Thank you, Dr. Herczfeld for your countless inputs during many stages, especially the final compilation, of this research work. I am thankful to Dr. Afshin Daryoush for sharing his laboratory with our project group. Dr. Daryoush has boosted my confidence at many occasions that include technical talks and exams. I am fortunate to have known Late. Dr. Samuel Neff who taught me to tackle a problem by breaking it into small parts. I thank the members of my candidacy and final examination committees, which include Dr. Kambiz Pourrezaei, Dr. Chang Chang, Dr. Ryszard Lec, Dr. Hazem Maragah, Dr. Rahamim Seliktar, and Dr. Sam Goldwasser for their advice and support. I am thankful to Dr. Wei Sun who was kind to provide his feedback, on a short notice. I would like to express my gratitude to Dr. Banu Onaral for her endless encouragement and support. I would also like to thank Dr. iii David Yoo and Dr. Tom Neal for believing in our research and constantly promoting its importance. The constructive criticism that I received from Dr. Zafar Khan cannot go unrecognized. I appreciate the support that I received from Dr. Richard Huneke, Janet, Andrea, and Kim, that made it easy for me to take up new challenges. Thank you, Kim for being a wonderful teacher and a friend. I am also thankful to Carlton, Craig, and Sean for helping me with the animal studies. During the course of my research work, the professional expertise and support of the following have been instrumental in attaining the desired outcomes: Dr. Moses Noh, Temi, Dr. Peter Oelkers, Dr. Allen Katz, Mike Umbro, Dr. Timothy Zhou, Andreaa Dimofti, Dr. Anthony Lowman, John, and Walter Janton. I was fortunate to have wonderful colleagues and labmates: Giri, Ruchi, Xu, Yifei, Liming, David (now Dr. Yoo), Ryan, Nikhil, Gabor, Milad, David, Nick, Ding, Rupa, Khushali, who made learning a pleasant experience. I am especially thankful to Gabor for helping me prepare for my most crucial exam- Ph.D defense. I acknowledge the inputs on my work that I received from our Star students: Kathreen, Cathreen, and John. I value the friendliness of our Biomed staff- Lisa, Danielle, Aylin, Natalia, Susan, and Frank. Life without friends would not have been easy. I am glad to have friends like Arun, Nihad, Huda, Ali, Ajarat, Priyanka, Rabi, Ruchi, Piyush, Surbhi, Manju, and Raj who have stood by me through the thick and thin. I cannot forget how Renee and Bernie have always been there for me, Thank you! Most importantly, I express my perpetual gratitude to my mother Firdos, my brother Irfan, my sister-in-law Ibtisam, and the rest of the family for having faith in me. I would not have been here if it was not for their constant support and unconditional love. I am thankful to Anwar who has always inspired me and supported me in pursuing my dreams. iv Table of Contents LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................................... VIII LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... IX ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................. XIV 1. MOTIVATION AND INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 1 2. NEUROANATOMY IN RELATION TO INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE ........................................ 4 2.1 Ventricular system ..................................................................................................... 4 2.2 Cerebrospinal fluid .................................................................................................... 6 2.3 Meninges of brain ...................................................................................................... 9 2.4 Physiology of intracranial pressure and intracranial hypertension .......................... 10 2.4.1 Causes of ICH .................................................................................................... 12 3. LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................................................................... 15 3.1 Implant features ....................................................................................................... 16 3.2 Implant materials ..................................................................................................... 21 3.3 Biological effects of microwaves ............................................................................ 23 4. INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE MONITORING IMPLANTS ....................................................... 25 4.1 Packaging concept of implant ................................................................................. 26 4.2 Various classifications of the implant ..................................................................... 27 4.2.1 Method of pressure sensing ................................................................................. 27 4.2.1.1 Capacitive sensor model ........................................................................................ 29 4.2.2 Site of pressure sensing ....................................................................................... 31 4.2.3 Size of hole drilled in the skull for implant placement ........................................ 31 4.2.4 Nature of intended study ..................................................................................... 32 4.3 Evolution of implant packaging .............................................................................. 35 v 4.4 Concept of electronic design ................................................................................... 36 4.4.1 Based on PZR ...................................................................................................... 37 4.4.2 Based on capacitive pressure transducer ............................................................. 37 4.5 Materials used in the fabrication of the implant ...................................................... 39 4.5.1 Choice of metals .................................................................................................. 39 4.5.2 Choice of sealants ................................................................................................ 39 4.5.3 Choice of superstrate for PIFA ............................................................................ 40 4.5.4 Choice of biocompatible coating ......................................................................... 42 4.5.4.1 Chemistry of parylene ................................................................................... 42 4.5.4.2 Deposition process ........................................................................................ 43 5. IN-VITRO EVALUATION OF THE IMPLANT AND ITS CHARACTERIZATION ........................ 45 5.1 Materials and Methods ............................................................................................ 45 5.1.1 Air test set-up ...................................................................................................... 45 5.1.2 Hydrostatic test set-up ......................................................................................... 47 5.1.3 Microwave transmission ...................................................................................... 48 5.1.3.1 Polyacryamide phantom ................................................................................ 49 5.1.3.2 Phantom recipe .............................................................................................. 50 5.1.3.3 Effects of ingredients on the electric properties of the phantom ................... 51 5.1.3.4 Test-set up for measuring microwave transmission through scalp phantom . 52 5.1.4 Stability of Parylene coating ............................................................................... 53 5.1.5 MRI compatibility test ......................................................................................... 53 5.2 Results ....................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Frontal Lobe Anterior Corpora Commissure Quadrigemina Superior Colliculus Optic Chiasm Inferior Colliculus
    Chapter 16 The Nervous System The Brain and Cranial Nerves Lecture Presentation by Steven Bassett Southeast Community College © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Introduction • The brain is a complex three-dimensional structure that performs a bewildering array of functions • Think of the brain as an organic computer • However, the brain is far more versatile than a computer • The brain is far more complex than the spinal cord • The brain consists of roughly 20 billion neurons © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain • Embryology of the Brain • The CNS begins as a neural tube • The lumen of the tube (neurocoel) is filled with fluid • The lumen of the tube will expand thus forming the various ventricles of the brain • In the fourth week of development, the cephalic area of the neural tube enlarges to form: • Prosencephalon • Mesencephalon • Rhombencephalon © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 16.1 Development of the Human Brain © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain • Embryology of the Brain (continued) • Prosencephalon eventually develops to form: • Telencephalon forms: • Cerebrum • Diencephalon forms: • Epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 16.1 Development of the Human Brain © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain • Embryology of the Brain (continued) • Mesencephalon • Does not subdivide • Becomes the midbrain © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 16.1 Development of the Human Brain © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain • Embryology of the Brain (continued) • Rhombencephalon • Eventually develops to form: • Metencephalon: forms the pons and cerebellum • Myelencephalon: forms the medulla oblongata © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • Is Composed from Spinal Cord and Brain
    doc. MUDr. Adriana Boleková, PhD. MVDr. Natália Hvizdošová, PhD. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM – is composed from spinal cord and brain SPINAL CORD cranial border: foramen magnum, pyramidal decussation, exit of first pair of spinal nerves caudal border: level of L1 – L2 vertebrae medullary cone – filum terminale (S2) – cauda equina enlargements: cervical enlargement (C5 – Th1): origin of nerves for upper extremity – brachial plexus lumbosacral enlargement (L1 – S2): origin of nerves for lower extremity – lumbosacral plexus external features: anterior median fissure anterolateral sulcus – anterior roots of spinal nn. posterolateral sulcus – posterior roots of spinal nn. posterior median sulcus posterior intermediate sulcus internal features: White matter anterior funiculus (between anterior median fissure and anterolateral sulcus) lateral funiculus (between anterolateral and posterolateral sulci) posterior funiculus (between posterolateral sulcus and posterior median sulcus) fasciculus gracilis fasciculus cuneatus Gray matter anterior (ventral) horn – motor function: Rexed laminae I – VI lateral horn – serves to visceral function: Rexed lamina VII dorsal (posterior) horn – sensory information: Rexed laminae VIII – IX central grey matter – interneurons: around central canal Rexed lamina X Central canal cranially opens into IV. ventricle caudally expands into terminal ventricle vessels of spinal cord: Arteries: spinal brr. from surrounding arteries – anterior radicular aa., posterior radicular aa.: posterior spinal aa. (in posterolateral
    [Show full text]
  • Brachycephaly and Cerebrospinal Fluid Disorders
    life Review The Need for Head Space: Brachycephaly and Cerebrospinal Fluid Disorders Clare Rusbridge 1,2,* and Penny Knowler 1 1 Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7AL, UK; [email protected] 2 Fitzpatrick Referrals, Godalming GU7 2QQ, UK * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Brachycephalic dogs remain popular, despite the knowledge that this head conformation is associated with health problems, including airway compromise, ocular disorders, neurological dis- ease, and other co-morbidities. There is increasing evidence that brachycephaly disrupts cerebrospinal fluid movement and absorption, predisposing ventriculomegaly, hydrocephalus, quadrigeminal cistern expansion, Chiari-like malformation, and syringomyelia. In this review, we focus on cere- brospinal fluid physiology and how this is impacted by brachycephaly, airorhynchy, and associated craniosynostosis. Keywords: ventriculomegaly; hydrocephalus; Chiari malformation; syringomyelia; canine; cran- iosynostosis; supracollicular fluid collection; quadrigeminal cistern; lateral aperture; sleep disordered breathing; brachycephalic obstructive airway disease 1. Introduction Brachycephalic dogs and cats have proved to be increasingly popular since they Citation: Rusbridge, C.; Knowler, P. were introduced to Europe in Victorian times. This rising popularity defies a high preva- The Need for Head Space: lence of conformation-related morbidity, including breathing, ocular, and neurological Brachycephaly and Cerebrospinal disorders [1,2]. Brachycephaly in domestic pets is a consequence of selecting for juvenile Fluid Disorders. Life 2021, 11, 139. characteristics of a flattened face and a rounded head [3]. Calvarial doming associated https://doi.org/10.3390/life11020139 with wide zygomatic arches and a wide, flattened, or convex palate is compensation for premature closure of skull-base sutures, including the basispheno-presphenoid syn- Academic Editor: Edgar Lehr chondrosis and spheno-occipital synchondrosis [4,5].
    [Show full text]
  • Brain Stem  Consists: - Medulla Oblongata - Pons - Midbrain (Mesencephalon)
    Brain Stem Consists: - Medulla oblongata - Pons - Midbrain (Mesencephalon) Lies upon the basal portion of occipital bone (clivus) and is connected to cerebellum rostral : diencephalon caudal : spinal cord Contains numerous ascending and descending fibre tracts Brain stem nuclei receive fibres from or sent fibres into cranial nerves (III-XII) attach to the surface of the brain stem cranial nerve nuclei Ascenden and Descenden Pathway of Brain Stem Ascenden Descenden Lemniscus medialis Traktus corticospinalis Tractus spinothalamicus Tractus corticonuclearis Lemniscus trigeminalis Corticopontine fibres Lemniscus lateralis Tractus rubrospinalis Reticularis fibres system Tractus tectospinalis Fasciculus longitudinalis medialis Fasciculuc longitudinal medialis Pedunculus cerebellaris superior Tractus vestibulospinalis Pedunculus cerebellaris inferior Tractus reticulospinalis Secondary vestibularis fibres Tractus tegmentalis centralis Secondary gustatorius fibres Tractus descenden N.V Brain Stem Contains a complex and heterogeneous matrix of neurones reticular formation functions : - control over the level of consciousness - the perception of pain - regulation of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems It also has extensive connections with cranial nerve nuclei, cerebellum, brain stem and spinal motor mechanisms movement, posture and muscle tone Dorsal Surface (External Feature) Peduncles Dorsal median sulcus Dorsal columns (fasciculi gracilis and cuneatus) Gracile and cuneate tubercles (nuclei gracilis and cuneatus) Fossa rhomboidea
    [Show full text]
  • CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Composed from Spinal Cord and Brain
    CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM composed from spinal cord and brain SPINAL CORD − is developmentally the oldest part of CNS − is long about 45 cm in adult − fills upper 2/3 of vertebral canal cranial border at level of: foramen magnum, pyramidal decussation, exit of first pair of spinal nerves caudal border: level of L1 vertebra – medullary cone – filum terminale made by pia mater (ends at level of S2 vertebra) – spinal roots below L1 vertebra form cauda equina two enlargements: • cervical enlargement (CV – ThI): origin of nerves for upper extremity – brachial plexus • lumbosacral enlargement (LI – SII): origin of nerves for lower extremity – lumbosacral plexus Spinal segment is part of spinal cord where 1 pair of spinal n. exits. Spinal cord consists of 31 spinal segments and 31 pairs of spinal nn.: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 1 coccygeal. Spinal nn. leave spinal cord through íntervertebral foramens. Denticulate ligg. attach spinal segments to vertebral canal. Dermatome is part of skin innervated by 1 spinal nerve. external features: • anterior median fissure • anterolateral sulcus – exits of anterior roots of spinal nn. (laterally to anterior median fissure) • posterolateral sulcus – exits of posterior roots of spinal nn. • posterior median sulcus • posterior intermediate sulcus internal features: White matter • anterior funiculus (between anterior median fissure and anterolateral sulcus) • lateral funiculus (between anterolateral and posterolateral sulci) • posterior funiculus (between posterolateral sulcus and posterior median sulcus) is divided by posterior intermediate sulcus to: − gracile fasciculus – medial one − cuneate fasciculus – lateral one, both for sensory tracts of fine sensation White matter of spinal cord contains fibres of ascending and descending nerve tracts.
    [Show full text]
  • Meninges,Cerebrospinal Fluid, and the Spinal Cord
    The Nervous System MENINGES CSF Introduction Protection of the brain Bone (skull) Membranes (meninges) Watery cushion (cerebrospinal fluid) Blood-brain barrier (astrocytes) The Meninges Series of membranes Cover and protect the CNS Anchor and cushion the brain Contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) The Meninges Three layers Dura mater Arachnoid mater Pia mater Skin of scalp Periosteum Bone of skull Periosteal Dura Meningeal mater Superior Arachnoid mater sagittal sinus Pia mater Subdural Arachnoid villus space Blood vessel Subarachnoid Falx cerebri space (in longitudinal fissure only) Figure 12.24 The Meninges Dura mater Strongest meninx Fibrous connective tissue Limit excessive movement of the brain Superior sagittal sinus Falx cerebri Straight sinus Crista galli of the Tentorium ethmoid cerebelli bone Falx Pituitary cerebelli gland (a) Dural septa Figure 12.25a The Meninges Arachnoid mater Middle layer with weblike extensions Separated from the dura mater by the subdural space Subarachnoid space contains CSF and blood vessels The Meninges Pia mater Layer of delicate vascularized connective tissue Clings tightly to the brain Meningitis Inflammation of meninges May be bacterial or viral Diagnosed by obtaining CSF sample via lumbar tap T12 Ligamentum flavum L5 Lumbar puncture needle entering subarachnoid space L4 Supra- spinous ligament L5 Filum terminale S1 Inter- Cauda equina vertebral Arachnoid Dura in subarachnoid disc matter mater space Figure 12.30 Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Composition Watery solution Modified
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 14 Lecture Outline
    Chapter 14 Lecture Outline See separate PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables pre- inserted into PowerPoint without notes. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 Introduction • Evolution of human central nervous system shows that spinal cord has changed very little, while brain has changed a great deal – Greatest growth in areas of vision, memory, and motor control of the prehensile hand 14-2 Major Landmarks • Three major portions of the brain – Cerebrum is 83% of brain volume; cerebral hemispheres, gyri and sulci, longitudinal fissure, corpus callosum – Cerebellum contains 50% of the neurons; second largest brain region, located in posterior cranial fossa – Brainstem is the portion of the brain that remains if the cerebrum and cerebellum are Figure 14.1b removed; diencephalon, midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata 14-3 Major Landmarks Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • Longitudinal fissure—deep Cerebral hemispheres groove that separates cerebral hemispheres • Gyri—thick folds Frontal lobe Central sulcus • Sulci—shallow grooves Parietal lobe • Corpus callosum—thick nerve bundle at bottom of Occipital lobe longitudinal fissure that Longitudinal fissure connects hemispheres (a) Superior view Figure 14.1a 14-4 Major Landmarks Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Central sulcus Parietal lobe Cingulate gyrus Corpus callosum Parieto–occipital sulcus Frontal lobe Occipital lobe
    [Show full text]
  • Paradigm of Aqueducts in the Structure of Human Encephalon. Implications in Pathology
    Rom J Leg Med [21] 309-320 [2013] DOI: 10.4323/rjlm.2013.309 © 2013 Romanian Society of Legal Medicine Paradigm of aqueducts in the structure of human encephalon. Implications in pathology Gheorghe S. Dragoi1,*, Petru Razvan Melinte2, Ileana Dinca2, Mihaela Mesina Botoran2 _________________________________________________________________________________________ Abstract: The presence of hemorrhagic fluids originating from cerebral ventricles (III, IV) preferable inside cerebellum- medullary and quadrigeminal subarachnoid cisterns in fetus and new born, determined the authors to make a macroanatomic analysis of fluid pathways from III and IV ventricles to adjacent subarachnoid spaces. The study was achieved on human biologic material: embryos, fetus, new born deceased before or after birth and on adult encephalon. The authors analyzed the variable topographic distribution of vertebral-basilar arterial system branches, the location for lateral aperture Luschka and the extraventricular part of choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle, the location and relations of subarachnoid cisterns and especially the quadrigeminal cistern ant they also performed an analysis of phenotype changes undergone by rhombencephalon structures during ontogenesis. Based on the results of personal observations, the authors consider that hemorrhagic fluids of the fourth ventricle flow through lateral aqueducts Luschka to cerebellum-medullary cisterns and though an aqueduct demonstrated by Bichat that opens in quadrigeminal cistern. Key Words: aqueducts, aperture lateralis
    [Show full text]
  • 9.14 Homework Assignment 3 Worksheets
    9.14 Worksheets Courtesy of MIT Press. Used with permission. Schneider, G. E. Brain structure and its origins: In the Development and in Evolution of Behavior and the Mind. MIT Press, 2014. ISBN: 9780262026734. 1 1Preview: a The thickening b embryonic c neural tube d e a. a. Endbrain (telencephalon) Forebrain b. ‘Tweenbrain (diencephalon) (prosencephalon) c. c. Midbrain (mesencephalon) Courtesy of MIT Press. Used with permission. Schneider, G. E. Brain structure and its origins: In d. Hindbrain (rhombencephalon) the Development and in Evolution of Behavior and the Mind. MIT Press, 2014. ISBN: 9780262026734. e. Spinal cord Fig 1.3 2 1 Preview: The a thickening embryonic b neural tube c d a. Endbrain (telencephalon) Forebrain b. ‘Tweenbrain (diencephalon)(prosencephalon) e c. Midbrain (mesencephalon) d. Hindbrain (rhombencephalon) e. Spinal cord Courtesy of MIT Press. Used with permission. Schneider, G. E. Brain structure and its origins: In the Development and in Evolution of Behavior and the Mind. MIT Press, 2014. ISBN: 9780262026734. 3 2 Synapses: varied structural arrangements: Consider the functional possibilities 1. Axo-somatic 2. Axo-dendritic (to dendritic shaft or dendritic spine) Courtesy of MIT Press.Used with permission. Schneider, G. E. Brain structure and its origins: in the development and in Fig 1-13a evolution of behavior and the mind. MIT Press, 2014. ISBN:9780262026734. 4 3 Synapses: varied structural arrangements: Consider the functional possibilities 6. Serial synapses Gating mechanisms… 7. Synapses without a postsynaptic site (not illustrated) Courtesy of MIT Press.Used with permission. Schneider, G. E. Brain structure and its origins: in the development and in evolution of behavior and the mind.
    [Show full text]
  • Practical Contouring Guidelines with an MR-Based Atlas Of
    Radiotherapy and Oncology 130 (2019) 113–120 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Radiotherapy and Oncology journal homepage: www.thegreenjournal.com Original article Practical contouring guidelines with an MR-based atlas of brainstem structures involved in radiation-induced nausea and vomiting ⇑ Arnaud Beddok a,g, , Jean-Christophe Faivre b, Alexandre Coutte a, Jennifer Le Guévelou c, Julien Welmant d, Jean-Baptiste Clavier e, Sébastien Guihard e, Guillaume Janoray f, Valentin Calugaru g, Yoann Pointreau h,i,j, Alexis Lacout k, Julia Salleron b, Michel Lefranc l, Dominique Hasboun m,n, Henri M. Duvernoy o, Juliette Thariat c,p a Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Amiens; b Lorraine Institute of Cancerology – Alexis-Vautrin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Academic Radiation Oncology & Brachytherapy Department, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy; c Department of Radiation Oncology, Centre François Baclesse, Caen; d Department of Radiation Oncology, Montpellier Institute of Cancer; e Department of Radiation Oncology, Strasbourg Insitute of Cancerology – Paul Strauss Cancer Center, Strasbourg Cedex; f Department of Radiation Oncology, Tours Regional University Center; g Department of Radiation Oncology, Curie Institute, Paris; h Jean Bernard Radiation Oncology Center, Le Mans; i CORad Department, Henry S Kaplan – Bretonneau Regional University Hospital Center; j CNRS, UMR 7292 ‘‘Génétique, Immunothérapie, Chimie et Cancer”, Tours; k Department of Radiology, Centre médico – chirurgical – ELSAN, Aurillac; l Department of Neurosurgery,
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 12 Central Nervous System
    CHAPTER 12 CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Embryonic Development Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.1 Development of the neural tube from embryonic ectoderm (1 of 4). Surface Head ectoderm Neural plate Tail 1 The neural plate forms from surface ectoderm. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.1 Development of the neural tube from embryonic ectoderm (2 of 4). Neural folds Neural groove 2 The neural plate invaginates, forming the neural groove, flanked by neural folds. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.1 Development of the neural tube from embryonic ectoderm (3 of 4). Neural crest 3 Neural fold cells migrate to form the neural crest, which will form much of the PNS and many other structures. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.1 Development of the neural tube from embryonic ectoderm (4 of 4). Head Surface ectoderm Neural tube Tail 4 The neural groove becomes the neural tube, which will form CNS structures. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Neural tube formation involves all of these stages except… 1) Neural plate 2) Neural ring 3) Neural groove 4) Surface ectoderm 5) Neural tube Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.2 Embryonic development of the human brain. (a) (b) Primary brain (c) Secondary brain (d) Adult brain (e) Adult Neural vesicles vesicles structures neural tube canal regions Cerebrum: cerebral Lateral hemispheres (cortex, Telencephalon ventricles white matter, basal nuclei) Anterior Prosencephalon Diencephalon (rostral) (forebrain) Diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, Third ventricle epithalamus), retina Mesencephalon Cerebral Mesencephalon Brain stem: midbrain (midbrain) aqueduct Rhombencephalon Metencephalon Brain stem: pons (hindbrain) Cerebellum Fourth ventricle Myelencephalon Brain stem: medulla Posterior oblongata (caudal) Spinal cord Central canal Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • A Fatal Case of Cytomegalovirus Ventriculoencephalitis in a Mycosis Fungoides Patient Who Received Multiple Umbilical Title Cord Blood Cell Transplantations
    A fatal case of cytomegalovirus ventriculoencephalitis in a mycosis fungoides patient who received multiple umbilical Title cord blood cell transplantations Matsukawa, Toshihiro; Goto, Hideki; Takahashi, Kenta; Asanuma, Shinsuke; Yasumoto, Atsushi; Takahata, Mutsumi; Author(s) Shigematsu, Akio; Endo, Tomoyuki; Tanaka, Junji; Hashino, Satoshi; Tanaka, Shinya; Imamura, Masahiro International Journal of Hematology, 95(2), 217-222 Citation https://doi.org/10.1007/s12185-012-1003-3 Issue Date 2012-02 Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/48608 Rights The final publication is available at www.springerlink.com Type article (author version) File Information IJH95-2_217-222.pdf Instructions for use Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers : HUSCAP Title Page A fatal case of cytomegalovirus ventriculoencephalitis in a mycosis fungoides patient who received multiple umbilical cord blood cell transplantations Type of manuscript: Case Report Toshihiro Matsukawa1, Hideki Goto1, Kenta Takahashi2, Shinsuke Asanuma1, Atsushi Yasumoto1, Mutsumi Takahata1, Akio Shigematsu1, Tomoyuki Endo1, Junji Tanaka1, Satoshi Hashino1, Shinya Tanaka2, Masahiro Imamura1 1Stem Cell Transplantation Center, Hokkaido University Hospital 2Laboratory of Cancer Research, Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine Corresponding author: Toshihiro Matsukawa Kita-14, Nishi-5, Kita-ku, 060-8638 Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan Tel: +81-11-706-7214 Fax: +81-11-706-7823 E-mail: [email protected] 1 Abstract: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is latent in the majority of adult humans. The reactivation of CMV causes pneumonia and gastrointestinal disease in severely immunosuppressed patients, who consequently suffer very high mortality due to CMV central nervous system disease. We report here a case involving a 28-year-old female patient with mycosis fungoides who underwent umbilical cord blood transplantation three times and developed CMV ventriculoencephalitis.
    [Show full text]