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The Nervous System: the Brain and Cranial Nerves

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The Nervous System: the Brain and Cranial Nerves 16 The Nervous System: The Brain and Cranial Nerves PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations prepared by Steven Bassett Southeast Community College Lincoln, Nebraska © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Introduction • The brain is a complex three-dimensional structure that performs a bewildering array of functions • Think of the brain as an organic computer • However, the brain is far more versatile than a computer • The brain is far more complex than the spinal cord • The brain consists of roughly 20 billion neurons © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain • Embryology of the brain • The CNS begins as a neural tube • The lumen of the tube (neurocoel) is filled with fluid • In the fourth week of development, the cephalic area of the neural tube enlarges to form: • Prosencephalon • Mesencephalon • Rhombencephalon © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 16.1 Development of the Human Brain © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain • Embryology of the brain (continued) • Prosencephalon eventually develops to form: • Telencephalon: forms the cerebrum • Diencephalon: forms the epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain • Mesencephalon • Does not subdivide • Becomes the midbrain • Rhombencephalon • Eventually develops to form: • Metencephalon: forms the pons and cerebellum • Myelencephalon: forms the medulla oblongata © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 16.1 Major Divisions of the Brain Left cerebral hemisphere Gyri CEREBRUM Sulci • Conscious thought processes, intellectual functions Fissures • Memory storage and processing • Conscious and subconscious regulation of skeletal muscle contractions DIENCEPHALON THALAMUS • Relay and processing centers for sensory information HYPOTHALAMUS • Centers controlling emotions, autonomic CEREBELLUM functions, and hormone production • Coordinates complex Spinal somatic motor cord patterns MESENCEPHALON • Adjusts output of Brain other somatic motor • Processing of visual stem centers in brain and and auditory data spinal cord • Generation of reflexive somatic motor responses • Maintenance of consciousness PONS • Relays sensory MEDULLA OBLONGATA information to cerebellum and • Relays sensory information to thalamus and thalamus to other portions of the brain stem • Subconscious • Autonomic centers for regulation of visceral somatic and visceral function (cardiovascular, respiratory, and motor centers digestive system activities) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain • Major Regions and Landmarks of the Brain • Medulla oblongata • Pons • Cerebellum • Mesencephalon (midbrain) • Diencephalon • Cerebrum (telencephalon) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 16.13a Sectional Views of the Brain Precentral gyrus Central sulcus Postcentral gyrus Cingulate gyrus Fornix Corpus callosum Thalamus Membranous portion Septum of epithalamus pellucidum Hypothalamus Pineal gland Interventricular foramen Parieto-occipital sulcus Frontal lobe Superior colliculus Anterior Corpora commissure Inferior quadrigemina colliculus Optic chiasm Aqueduct of midbrain Mamillary body Fourth ventricle Temporal lobe Cerebellum Mesencephalon Pons Medulla oblongata A sagittal section through the brain © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain • Medulla oblongata • Relays information to the thalamus and brain stem • Regulates visceral function • Pons • Relays information to the thalamus and cerebellum • Regulates subconscious somatic and visceral motor centers © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain • Cerebellum • Coordinates somatic motor function • Adjusts output of somatic motor centers resulting in smooth operation • Mesencephalon (midbrain) • Processes visual and auditory data • Maintains consciousness and alertness © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain • Diencephalon • Epithalamus • Contains the pineal gland • Thalamus • Relays information to the cerebrum • Processes sensory information • Hypothalamus • Involved in emotions, thirst, some habitual activity © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain • Telencephalon (cerebrum) • Conscious thought processes • Memory storage • Conscious regulation of skeletal muscle contractions © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 16.1 Major Divisions of the Brain Left cerebral hemisphere Gyri CEREBRUM Sulci • Conscious thought processes, intellectual functions Fissures • Memory storage and processing • Conscious and subconscious regulation of skeletal muscle contractions DIENCEPHALON THALAMUS • Relay and processing centers for sensory information HYPOTHALAMUS • Centers controlling emotions, autonomic CEREBELLUM functions, and hormone production • Coordinates complex Spinal somatic motor cord patterns MESENCEPHALON • Adjusts output of Brain other somatic motor • Processing of visual stem centers in brain and and auditory data spinal cord • Generation of reflexive somatic motor responses • Maintenance of consciousness PONS • Relays sensory MEDULLA OBLONGATA information to cerebellum and • Relays sensory information to thalamus and thalamus to other portions of the brain stem • Subconscious • Autonomic centers for regulation of visceral somatic and visceral function (cardiovascular, respiratory, and motor centers digestive system activities) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain • Gray Matter and White Matter Organization • The cerebrum consists of: • Inner region of gray matter • Surrounded by tracts of white matter • Gray matter consists of cell bodies © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain • The Ventricles of the Brain • Ventricles are fluid-filled cavities • Filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) • Fluid transports nutrients to the CNS and transports waste away from the CNS • CSF also provides protection • There are four ventricles • Ventricles 1 and 2 (called lateral ventricles) are in the cerebral hemispheres (separated by a partition called the septum pellucidum) • Ventricle 3 is in the diencephalon • Ventricle 4 lies between the pons and the cerebellum © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain • Lateral ventricles (ventricles 1 and 2) • Main portion of the ventricle lies in the parietal lobes • Each has an anterior horn extending into the frontal lobe • Each has a posterior horn extending into the occipital lobe • Each has an inferior horn extending into the temporal lobe • Each communicates with the third ventricle • Through the interventricular foramen © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 16.2a Ventricles of the Brain Cerebral hemispheres Lateral ventricles Interventricular foramen Third ventricle Anterior Posterior horns of horns lateral ventricles of lateral ventricles Inferior horns of lateral ventricles Aqueduct of Pons midbrain Medulla oblongata Fourth ventricle Central canal Cerebellum Spinal cord Orientation and extent of the ventricles as seen in a lateral view of a transparent brain © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain • Third ventricle • Communicates with the fourth ventricle • Through the aqueduct of the midbrain • Fourth ventricle • Communicates with the central canal of the spinal cord © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 16.2a Ventricles of the Brain Cerebral hemispheres Lateral ventricles Interventricular foramen Third ventricle Anterior Posterior horns of horns lateral ventricles of lateral ventricles Inferior horns of lateral ventricles Aqueduct of Pons midbrain Medulla oblongata Fourth ventricle Central canal Cerebellum Spinal cord Orientation and extent of the ventricles as seen in a lateral view of a transparent brain © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 16.2b Ventricles of the Brain Anterior horn Lateral of lateral ventricle ventricle (left) Inferior horns of lateral ventricles Interventricular foramen Posterior Third ventricle horn of lateral Aqueduct of midbrain ventricle Fourth ventricle Lateral view of a plastic cast of the ventricles © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 16.2c Ventricles of the Brain Lateral ventricles in Longitudinal cerebral hemispheres fissure Interventricular Third foramen ventricle Inferior horns of Aqueduct of lateral ventricles midbrain Pons Fourth ventricle Cerebellum Medulla oblongata Central canal Anterior view of the ventricles as if seen through a transparent brain © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 16.2d Ventricles of the Brain Lateral ventricles Interventricular foramen Third ventricle Inferior horn of lateral ventricle Aqueduct of Septum midbrain pellucidum Fourth ventricle Central canal Diagrammatic coronal section showing the interconnections between the ventricles © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Protection and Support of the Brain • Protection involves: • Bones of the skull • Parietal, frontal, occipital, and temporal bones • Cranial meninges • Dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater • Cerebrospinal fluid • Blood–brain barrier © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Protection and Support of the Brain • Cranial Meninges: The Dura Mater • Consists of two layers • Endosteal layer • This is the layer felt within the anterior fontanel of a baby • Meningeal layer • Space between the two layers is called the dural sinus • The meningeal layer forms folds called: • falx cerebri • tentorium cerebelli • falx cerebelli • diaphragma sellae © 2012
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