September 12, 1978 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 29057 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS BALANCE($) OF POWER SERIES was intended as another magnum opus, di­ Soviet body that a foreign state had gone BOOK IV

Statements or insertions which are not spoken by the Member on the floor will be identified by the use of a "bullet" symbol, i.e., • 29058 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS September 12, 1978 E. Take up matters on a normal level and words will have permanent bad effect on our my colleagues a well-expressed editorial Insist that Russians take full responsib111ty relations. which appeared in the Press-Courier on for their actions on that level. The Russian ls never more agreeable than Wednesday, August 23, 1978, concerning Requests should not, as a rule, be taken to after his knuckles have been sharply rapped. higher levels just because we have !ailed to He takes well to rough play and rarely holds the House-passed tax cut bill and Presi­ get satisfaction on a lower level. This merely grudges over it. Let us not forget Stalin's dent Carter's concerns about it. encourages the Russian bureaucracy to be first reaction when he met Ribbentrop. It was The editorial follows: uncooperative and causes our relations with to joke good-naturedly and cynically about (From the Press-Courier, Aug. 23, 1978) high-level Soviet authorities to be encum­ the bitter propaganda. war which had been bered with matters of second-rate impor­ waged for so many years between the two HOUS'E POINTS WAY tance. Instead of this, we should take our countries. The Russian governing class re.:. The $16.3 bllllon tax cut approved recently retaliatory or corrective action promptly and spects only the strong. To them, shyness in by the House clearly offers more for the tax­ unhesitatingly when we do not obtain satis­ dispute ls a form of weakness. payer than the larger and concentually de­ faction on the lower level. It ls only in this I. Coordinate, in accordance with our es­ fective package proposed by President Carter way that we can teach the Russians to respect tablished policies, all activities of our gov­ in January. the whole range of our officials who must deal ernment relating to Russia and all private The President dislikes the House-passed with them. By fa111ng to back up our sub­ American activities of this sort which the blll for several reasons. He ls unhappy that ordinate officials ln their dealings with the government can influence. 72 percent of the benefits of the cut would Russians. we make lt difficult for ourselves to The Russians are quick to take advantage go to those earning $20,000 a year or more. He accomplish anything in the intervals between of conflicts, inconsistencies, and the seeking also prefers a smaller capital gains tax re­ high-level meetings. This works in the in­ of private alms on the pa.rt of our nationals duction, and he favors inclusion of a laundry terests of the Russians and preludlces our or agencies of our government. Their own list of revenue-generating "reforms," in­ Interests. This ls a very important point and system ls designed to produce the maximum cluding lowered deductions for the "three­ goes to the heart of many of our failures of concentration of national energies. We can­ martinl" business lunches and smaller wrlte­ the last two or three years. The top level ls not face them effectively unless we do all in offs for real estate depreciation. physically incapable of encompassing the our power to concentrate our own effort. However, there ls ample evidence that re­ whole range of our dealings with the Soviet J. Strengthen and support our representa­ ductions ln personal income taxes for upper­ government and of assuring the collaboration tion in Russia. lncome earners-including the mllllonalres which we a.re seeking. Agreements reached The American embassy in Moscow ls the Carter finds such convenient targets-actu­ there can be-and frequently are-sabotaged symbol of our country to the Russians. It ally lead to increases ln collected taxes plus successfully and with impunity on the lower is watched intently by many people. It must a dampening of inflation. That ls precisely levels. We must train the Rucistans to make be not only the representation of our society the record of the 19R4 and 1965 tax cuts. And their whole machine, not .1ust Stalin, respond but also a guiding brain center of our policy because upper middle income earners will be senslblv to our approaches. toward Russia. In the face of frequent neg­ hardest hit ln January by higher Social Se­ P. Do not encourage high-level exchanges lect and discouragement, always the object curity taxes, an income tax cut this year ls of views with the Russians unless the lnltia­ of attacks by jealous self-seekers and dis­ abundantly fair. tlve comes at least 50 percent from their side. contented liberals, never enjoying the full backing or understanding of people in Wash­ Reductions in capital gains tax rates wlll Russians can be dealt with satisfactorily ington, never properly staffed or properly help pump needed investment dollars into only when they themselves want something housed, it has nevertheless managed to be­ an economy nearly everyone agrees faces an and feel them.selves tn a deoendent position. come a pioneering establishment in the acute shortage of investment capital. It should be a matter of technique with us to American Foreign Service and the most re­ When the Senate considers the House's tax eee that they are not dealt with on a high spected diplomatic mission in Moscow. cut, lt should think carefully about avoid­ level except when these conditions prevail. It could do far more and play a far greater ing the risks of high inflation. Additional G. Do not be afraid to use heavy weapons role in the Soviet Union if it received proper investment credits would be one way to fat­ for what seem to us to be minor matters. support. This means that failure of the So­ ten the tax cut without ballooning inflation. This ls likewise a very important point, viet government to grant quarters and other Not everything ls perfect about the House­ and one which many Americans wlll receive faclllties for the performance of diplomatic approved blll. Lawmakers declined to adopt wlth skepticism. In general, it may be bad work in Moscow must sooner or later be made indexing for personal income tax rates, a true practice to take a sledgehammer to swat a an open issue between the governments and reform that would adjust income tax brack­ fty. Wlth the Russians lt ls sometimes nec­ pressure must be brought to bear to improve ets to protect taxpayers from purely infla­ essary. Russians will pursue a flexible policy these conditions. It means that the mission tionary tax hikes. of piecemeal presumption and encroachment must be adequately staffed with American Fortunately, however, the House dld widen on other people's interests, hoping that no personnel. the tax brackets by 6 percent, thus decreas­ single action wm appear important enough Finally it means that the mission must at ing the amount of income subject to higher to produce a strong reaction on the pa.rt of all times be led by someone capable of and taxes. That, and an indexing provision for their opponents, and that in this way they prepared for hard and tedious work over a capital gains taxes-including the $100,000 may gradually bring about a major improve­ long period of time, someone who has in exemption for homeowners--ought certainly ment in their position before the other fel­ high degree the qualities of modesty and to remain ln the bill. low knows what's up. patience, who is animated solely by devotion The House has pointed the way to an In this way, they have a stubborn tend­ to the interests of our country, and ls gen­ acceptable tax cut package. All lt needs ls a ency to push every question right up to erally fitted by personality and background little fine tuning in the Senate to make lt what they believe to be the breaking point to earn the respect of a nation unexcelled in even better·• of the patience of those with whom they deal. the psychological analysis of the human in­ If they know that their opponent means dividual. In the case of Ambassador Harri­ business, that the· line of his patience ls man, I can sincerely say that I consider these ftrmly established and that he wm not hesi­ prerequisites fulfilled. tate to take serious measures if this line ls But I make this observation with an eye ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF PLANNED violated even in small wavs and at isolated to the future. The post of ambassador to NITRITE PHASEOUT points, they wlll be careful and considerate. Moscow ls not a sinecure which can be light­ They do not like a showdown unless they ly disposed of; and the department must be have a great preponderance of strength. But prepared to use lts influence to see that it HON. WILLIAM C. WAMPLER they are quick to sense and take advantage ls effectively filled. The Moscow mission OJ' VIRGINIA of indecision or good-natured tolerance. works, and has always worked, under strain, IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Whoever deals with them must therefore be in the face of multitudinous obstacles. A sure to maintain at all times an attitude vain, fussy, and ignorant ambassador is ca­ Tuesday, September 12, 1978 of decisiveness and alertness ln the defense pable of breaking its back, and of doing la.st­ of his own interests. ing (lf not readily apparent) damage to the • Mr. wAMPLER. Mr. Speaker. the H. Do not be afraid of unpleasantness and fabric of Russian-American relatlons.e proposed action by the Secretary of public airing of differences. Agriculture and HEW to phase out the use of dals. If they discover that someone else does TAX CUT BllL nitrites as a food preservative in mind them and will go out of his way to processed meats, poultry and fish needs avoid them, they will use this as a form of to be examined long and hard by blackmail in the belief that they can profit HON. ROBERT J. LAGOMARSINO from the other fellow's squeamishness. If we Congress. are to reestablish our prestige with the So­ OF CALIFORNIA Not only is the risk of cancer from viet government and gain respect in Russia IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES nitrites greatly overstated by USDA and we must be prepared to undertake a "taming Tuesday, September 12, 1978 HEW, there is a much greater risk that of the shrew" which ls bound to involve a good deal of unpleasantness. On the other e Mr. LAGOMARSINO. Mr. Speaker, I humans will die from botulism or get hand, we need not fear that occasional hard would like to bring to the attention of seriously ill from food poisoning if nt- September 12, 1978 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 29059 trites are not used to preserve processed were public and known since early May, he Eco, a newspaper run by ,Friends of the said. Earth, claimed that Japan had threatened meats. "When Assistant Secretary of Agriculture to cancel a £5 m1llion sugar deal with Pan­ Apart from establishing the risk of Carol Tucker Foreman advised us of the ama 1f it tabled its proposal. using or not using nitrites, and deciding news release and its contents, it was apparent The withdrawal followed the apparent whether to ban or phase out nitrites, is that government officials are now equally "sacking" of Panama's original commissioner the economic impact of either action on concerned with the threat to human health to the meeting, Mr. Portom-Gouln, who had the agricultural sector. An immediate of totally withdrawing the use of nitrite be­ been instrumental in the proposal. He ha.a ban would bring rapid economic chaos fore proven protection against botulism is been demoted to simply an adviser to his to American meat and poultry farmers assured," he said. delegation, and replaced by Panama's ambas· When 80 percent of the nitric intake comes sador, Mr. Roger Decerega. and processors. A phaseout would from sources other than processed meat, "we Mr. Decerega strongly denied that Panama amount to a slicing-away-which I call wonder if the emphasis on use of nitrite in had responded to Japanese pressure. The salami tactics-stretching chaos over a meat ls not out of proportion," Garner said. proposal had been withdrawn "because we longer period of time. The talk of a proposed ban on nl trites is believe a moratorium would be counterpro· This slicing-away process may have not very supportive of normal growth in the ductive." already begun, as pointed out on Au­ pork industry, Garner sa.id. During the last Last year eight countries outside the 17- gust 21 by Ed Clark, staff editor in Feed­ three years, the industry has had a profit nation commission k1lled more than 7,000 level which pointed toward more expansion, whales, compared wt th the Commission stuffs. he said, but governmental regulation in part countries' tally of about 23,000. Mr. Speaker, I request permission to has caused that not to happen. After Panama's proposal was formally with· include the Feedstuffs article in the Banks are less likely to go out on a limb drawn, the Argentine delegation asked RECORD at this point. and give loans out on a 10-year basis to pork whether another country could adopt it. But [From Feedstuffs, Aug. 21, 1978] producers if they think nitrite wm be Mr. Arthur Bollen, Commission chairman, banned, Garner said. Energy needs also would from Australia, said that under Commission A'l"I'ACKS ON NITRITE MAY BE HURTING HOG rules once an item had been removed from EXPANSION, GARNER SAYS be much greater if all meat must be kept at 40°, he said, which wm require increased the agenda, it could not be replaced for 60 (By Ed Clark) refrigeration at all levels. days.e The hog market responded to news reports Curt Daniels, a Mingo, Iowa, hog farmer Thursday of a gradual government ban on and lawyer, said he hardly would put the nitrites, with a limit up move 1n pork bell1es. MIT study on nitrites on the same plane as CLAYTON FRITCHEY POINTS TO Although no ban has been proposed, traders the surgeon general's warning on cigarettes. INFLATION FACTOR normally use them and any other market The connection between smoking and can­ rumor to drop the bottom out of the pork cer was studied years and years before the belly market. surgeon general's report, he sa.id, compared HON. PAUL SIMON It's not that traders llke to make jokes with only a minimum amount of research on OF ILLINOIS about losing bac6n or sausage, however. nitrites and cancer.e IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES "We've been through this before," said Don Schwartz, an analyst with Carglll Investor Tuesday, September 12, 1978 Services, Inc., in Chicago. "It's just like e Mr. SIMON. Mr. Speaker, Clayton hearing shouts of 'freeze, freeze' In the grain HOPES OF WHALING BAN SPIKED business. We hear reports of nitrite bans," Fritchey recently had an excellent .col­ he said. · BY PANAMA umn in the Washington Post about the Traders are watching with keen interest relevance of the military budget to in­ what the government does about the Mas­ HON. LARRY McDONALD flation. sachusetts Institute of Technology study, He would be the first to suggest that however, which found a link between·nttrltes OF GEORGIA simply to assign inflation totally to the and cancer in rats. And justifiably so, since IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES military budget would be a distortion, 60-65 % of pork has nitrite In It. Tuesday, September 12, 1978 just as others who assign it to a variety Few have yet examined the entire study, but another MIT scientist was somewhat • Mr. McDONALD. Mr. Speaker, one of of things distort the reality. critical of the experiments, done by Dr. Paul the really endangered species in this But it is an important factor that Newberne. Dr. Steven Tannenbaum, profes­ world of ours has been the whale. Today, generally is overlooked. sor of food chemistry at MIT, said the strain only two nations really conduct whaling Clayton Fritchey is an experienced, of rats used in the study have a very high on a large scale: The U.S.S.R. and seasoned newsman who combines years Incidence of lymphomas, tumors of the Japan. Judging by the bumper stickers with wisdom, and I hope my colleagues lymph glands. one sees on the streets, many persons who did not read the original column "It's traditional 1n testing of this type not will take the time to read it now: use an animal that has a natural high are aware that Japan is a major whaler, to INFLATION'S RoOTS ARE IN THE MILITARY rate of the tumors, because it ls difficult to but unaware of the heavy Soviet activity Interpret what a small increase means," he in this regard. Recently yet another at­ BUDGET said. tempt was made to effect a moratorium (By Clayton Fritchey) The 8.4 percent rate of tumors in the con­ on whaling and it failed. The main rea­ Everybody agrees that inflation is now trol group is "extremely high," Tannenbaum son for this failure, according to the Public Enemy No. 1, but unfortunately there noted, and ls "almost unheard of in a rat London Daily Telegraph of June 27, is little agreement on what causes it. that is specifically susceptible to this sort · 1978, was that Panama withdrew its sup­ It's blamed on countless things. The White of tumor. This tends to color the nature of House has one list, Congress another, and the results. It's an experiment which bears port from the effort at the behest of the Federal Reserve Board still another. The repeating." Japan, over a threat to withdraw a lu­ business community also has a list of its Tannenbaum said one reason so much at­ crative sugar agreement. This should tell own. Yet, in a negative way, they are all tention was put on the study by the media us about the present Government of alike in that they uniformly shrink from was the way the FDA news release was worded Panama. The story follows: putting the finger on the single most infla­ In the first paragraph. HOPES OF WHALING BAN SPIKED BY PANAMA tionary factor in our society: the huge, wasteful, non-productive, U.S. m11itary co­ "If you would have read the article and (By Godfrey Brown) lossus, along with the staggering deficits read past the the headlines to the second A demand for a 10-year "ceasefire" to save that have accompanied it. and third paragraphs it came out reading the world's whales from the threat of ex­ It is a pipe dream to keep on talking about quite a bit differently. The government state­ tinction was withdrawn yesterday when the licking inflation and balancing the budget ments show a clea.r bias against nitrite from International Whaling Commission meeting as long as m111tary spending continues un­ the very start." he said. opened in London. bridled. Wage and price controls might help, A USDA scientist said he ls annoyed that It wm probably be another year before the but it's doubtful that even they could keep the MIT study was not published and kept proposal can resurface. inflation effectively in check if defense ex­ "so close to the chest that scientists could The conservationists' hopes are now pinned penditures go on as projected. not look at it." Although unable yet to ex­ on reductions in the catch quotas being When Carter was campaigning for the amine the study, he is suspicious of it since agreed by the Commission during its meet­ presidency, he rightly said, "When you spend 10 or more years of using nitrite in research ings which continue until Friday. money for defense you don't spend it on ed­ has found no carcinogens in it. The ten-year moratorium on commercial ucation, on health, or other services or goods. Marvin Garner, executive vice president of · whaling was to have been tabled by Panama, And I think the shift away from weapons the National Pork Producers Council, said but was withdrawn among allegations of toward peaceful goods and services in the there were no real surprises in the FDA state­ commercial :oressure by Japan, one of the long run is favorable for world peace. and ment. The basic results of the MIT study big two whaling nations. also you get more Jobs per dollar spent." 29060 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS September 12, 1978 He promised to cut the defense budget serious attention to general disarmament, After a 5 minute break, a host of speakers­ (then running around $100 billion a year) which some experienced statesmen believe all against placing the tank at the present by 5 percent, but now it is 1978 and the budg­ is not as impractical as it may sound.e suggested site-spoke up. et calls for $126 billion. Carter has turned Bonnie Brown, ~hairman of the residents thumbs down on the Bl bomber and a new protest committee, spoke first and was fol­ nuclear carrier, but he has added new weap­ lowed by John Giomi, attorney for the Day­ ons of his own. In the next fiscal year the LIQUID NATURAL GAS STORAGE-A ton Valley Residents Defense Committee. Pentagon budget is expected to be in the NEVADA PROBLEM Cliff Frederick, Ken Yuhaulgh and Gary $133 billion to $139 billion range. By 1983 it Peterson spoke next and were followed by will probably be $173 billion or more. The June Trese who said. "We have the right to authoritative Center for Defense Informa­ HON. JIM SANTINI elect a president. Don't we have anything to tion (CDI) foresees a figure of $180 billion say about a gas company?" by then. OF NEVADA Bob Ray, whose remark that he was glad Instead of raising additional revenuess to IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES to hear how safe the ships were as they pay for those soaring expenditures, Congress Tuesday, September 12, 1978 would go up the Carson River brought and the president have cut taxes, ensuring laughter i'rom the audience, said, "We were further deficits exceeding the peak ones of • Mr. SANTINI. Mr. Speaker, the Fuels here first. I think we have a priority. You are World War II. Nobody understood better Transportation Safety Act is of par­ going to ruin us in Dayton, Mark Twain, and than then-President Eisenhower the infla­ ticular concern to 6,000 of my constitu­ Stagecoach.'' tionary costs of such a policy. "The miUtary ents who live in and around Dayton, Mark Tuffo of Yerington questioned who establishment," he said, "not productive of Nev. had done the research on the safety aspects itself, necessarily must feed on the energy, of the plant. The Japan and the United productivity and brain power of the country, These people are descended from the Kingdom-not the U.S. government--was and if it takes too much, our total strength generations of Nevadans who helped the reply. It was brought out that Japan declines." settle the State and as such, are not is putting such tanks underground. The Center for Defense Information notes easily given to acting out of alarm over Joan Williams oi' Moundhouse was given that, over the years, the United States has any situation. Nor are they reactionary a figure of 2,000 Lyon County customers now been snending a smaller portion of the m111- to progress or new ideas. Dayton, in fact, using natural gas. That figure was disputed by tary budget on the defense of America. exemplifies many other communities residents in the vicinity of the proposed site, About 70 percent of that budget, the CDI none of whom are getting this gas or have reports, "now goes to defend our allies and around this Nation that may soon face any prospect of getting the gas because oi' the project our power overseas." Actually, there construction of multimillion gallon large lot sizes and the resultant cost of are currently 27,000 more U.S. servicemen liquid natural gas storage facilities lit­ piping. and women a.broad than a year ago. erally in their backyards. Resistance continues to stiffen as South­ One reason the inflation rate in Japan and These people are concerned citizens west Gas Corp. pushes harder for the com­ West Germany is so well in hand ls that expressing their reservations over a sys­ pletion of a liquid natural gas shortage fa­ they spend so much less on defense than cility near the town of Dayton. the United States. In relation to gross na­ tem of storage of potentially dangerous There appear to be two major differences tional product, the Japanese military ex­ gas. To them, the questions of safety of opinion at this point in time where late­ penditure is about one-fifth of America's. have not been adequately answered. As blossoming opposition has succeeded in The ever-rising U.S. defense budget today a result, front page news stories are ap­ getting a two-month continuance in the reflects not so much congressional fear oi' pearing in newspapers, such as the Ma­ Public Service Commission's consideration Russia as fear of unem!)loyment and the clos­ son Valley News, around the area. Even of the project. ing of costly but needless mllitary installa­ the Reno Evening Gazette, 50 miles First item of contention ls Southwest tions in their states and districts. Most away, has published an editorial express­ Gas' definition of Dayton as an "undevel­ economists, however, see military spending oped" area. There are in fact some 6.000 peo­ as a poor job-creator, compared with equal ing support for the residents of Dayton, ple living in the area between Dayton and expenditures on civ111an needs. and citing regional concerns about LNG Silver Springs, 20 miles to the east. The Day­ The growth of U.S. inflation is easy to storage. These amendments offer us the ton townsite, itself, ls one of several out­ trace. It began with the Vietnam War. Prior opportunity to increase safety precau­ lying communities programmed for "sudden to that, in the earlier Kennedy-Johnson tions and calm the fears of our constitu­ city" status. Ten miles to the east of Carson years, the range of inflation was merely 1 to ents. City, Dayton ls a likely candidate to catch 3 percent. It started climbing when Lyndon I would, therefore, urge my colleagues most of the capital city's future population Johnson, fearing public host111ty to higher growth as aggressive controls continue to taxes to pay for his unpopular war, quietly to read the following newspaper excerpts hold down expansion there. Some 7,000 units turned to deficit financing on a large scale. and support the amendments mandating of residential construction have already President Nixon did the same, only on a safer standards for storage of this vola­ been approved for the Dayton area. A new more grandiose scale. Even after U.S. with­ tile gas: high school ls proposed on a site three miles drawal from Vietnam, the m111tary budget DAYTON RESIDENT PROTEST: LNG PLANT "A away from where the tank would be located. kept rising, generating an unprecedented WORLD OF HURT" FOR DAYTON VALLEY The second arena of combat ls the dis­ deficit oi' $175 billion in the last years of the Approval oi' a proposed liquefied natural cussion over just how safe (or dangerous) Nixon-Ford era. Meanwhile, the inflation rate gas storage tank facllity would mean "noth­ the facility will be. Described as a gigantic went steadily up, finally reaching double­ ing but a world of hurt for Dayton Valley". thermos bottle, the $19.2 million i'acillty will digit proportions and a record rate of 12 per­ stand 116 feet high and will hold 12 million cent. The ensuing recession reduced it some, That seemed to be the popular consensus gallons of liquid natural gas (LNG). South­ but today it is still hovering near the dan­ among the estimated 125-150 Dayton area west Gas has proposed installation about 10 gerous double-digit level. residents who attended a public hearing miles east of Dayton a.long U.S. Highway 50. with the Board oi' Lyon County Commis­ Can the fat in the military budget be cut Daytonites, who are unanimously opposed to sioners held at the Dayton Elementary School the project, wow one another with gruesome without impairing the muscle? Only a few Wednesday evening. days ago the Brookings Institution found tales of creeping banks of escaped gas and Eight rows of 15 people each plus many fiery holocausts. that the Pentagon could save over $900 mil­ more who wound around and even out the lion a year by eliminating overpayment of Southwest Gas spokesmen pooh-pooh the its blue-collar workers. A presidential com­ doorways voiced the opinion that Dayton fears but the astonishing fact is: accepted mission recently called for an overhaul of just does not want a valley site for the LNG fire controls and emergency procedures in­ the military pension system, saying $10 bil­ facility proposed by Southwest Gas Corp. volving LNG are pretty much untried or lion per year could be saved that way. Moderated by Commissioner John Poli, the simply beyond current technology. Pentagon officials themselves admit that lengthy hearing began with a long, detailed U.S. Sen. Howard Cannon, D-Nev.. has Navy finances are in a shambles, with cost presentation by Southwest Gas. Dr. Hal Wes­ called for a five-year, $50 million study of overruns on new ships totaling more than $6 son offered slides, photographs, and described the hazards involved in the storage and billion. Another recent study by two former fire restrictions. David Rayney and Vic La­ transportation of LNG. The study would be high Pentagon officials found that $40 billion fave of El Paso Gas demonstrated the prop­ made by the Department of Energy and could be saved over the next few years by ertie;; of natural gas and LNG. would get underway as early as Oct. 1. The selective reduction of forces and cancella­ A very detailed talk given to show the testing would take place on Frenchman Flat, tion of certain new weapons systems. safety involving LNG on ships brought an area of the Nevada Test Site that has been The really significant savings, however, humor to the audience and many whispered unused since above-ground atomic bomb will not be realized until the "momentum asides. tests were halted back in the 1950s. of the arms race" has been arrested. That Ivan LaFave of Chicago Bridge and Iron, Although Cannon has declined to suggest means, first, the restoration of detente, then the company scheduled to construct the that the Dayton LNG storage project should new agreements with Russia that substan­ fac1lity, explained the safety !actors of the wait until tests are completed, he has noted tially cut back strategic arms and finally, proposed tank. that "there is much we don't know about September 12, 1978 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 29061 the hazards involved with handling LNG." tions language) from the bill in its en­ decision makers seem to occupy themselves He adds the observation that storage facil­ tirety, "yes." with preparing for Soviet armies to storm the ities such as the one planned for Dayton are Rollcall No. 752: Wilson of California ramparts of NATO. But the land attack does numerous in densely populated eastern cities motion that the Committee of the Whole not come. The Soviets are busy conquering and he doesn't perceive the hazards to be the world without war. They find it cheaper "unacceptable" ones. rise and report the bill back to the House and safer to conquer foreign trade with mer­ Once adequately assessed, it is likely that with the recommendation that the en­ chant ships than to conquer territory with all the possible hazards and shortcomings acting clause be stricken, "no."• troops. can be anticipated and adequately accommo­ The fact is that the United States, sinct> dated. Hazards are relative. If you drop it World War II, has adopted a land-war strat­ from a point high enough, crash into it with egy, very similar to that adopted by notable enough mass and speed or pack enough NEED FOR A STRONG MERCHANT civilizations of the past in their declining dynamite underneath it, you can achieve a MARINE years. tank rupture no matter how massively it's The U.S. Defense establishment, since pas­ constructed. But if catastrophe strikes, there sage of the National Security Act of 1947, has should be adequate planning and equipment been structured primarily for land war. It is HON. BOB WILSON based principally on the theory that each of present in the area to cope with it. South­ OF CALIFORNIA west Gas people are disturbingly short on the Armed Services-Army, Air Force and information in those areas. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Navy-Marine Corps-must have its share of Finally, it ls not clear why they should Tuesday, September 12, 1978 the budget, its share of the action. So struc­ necessarily pick the Dayton area for a project tured, the United States can employ its that literally begs for lnsolation. For rea­ e Mr. BOB WILSON. Mr. Speaker, we armed forces only when land war ls in­ sons that escape logic, the desert foothills have discussed at length in this chamber volved. The United States at present has no a.long Highway 50 a.re booming with growth the need for a strong Navy in the face maritime alternative to land war. and expansion at a rate second only to the of the ever-increasing Soviet threat. But For those nations which think primarily Reno-Sparks-Carson City areas. a part of that naval strength, and of our in terms of land wars, it is easier for budget A simpler solution would be to pick an purposes to plan for short wars than for long future strategy should an emergency ones. The usual procedure is to create a sce­ isolated area (Nevada. stlll abounds in this arise, is a strong merchant marine. How­ commodity) to build. And those who would nario for a land war, select an area where the move in around the facility later would ever, as our dependence on seaborne war could logically occur, assume certain understandably be doing so at their own risk. commerce from other countries rises, the weaponry, together with quantities and ca­ LNG storage facilities are a reasonable number of U.S.-flag vessels has dwindled pab111ties on both sides, and run it through alarmingly. the war-gaming procedure, computerized or answer to the energy crisis. The fact may be otherwise. One comfortable aspect of war­ they are relatively harmless and would be In an article for the Naval Academy gaming a short land war, or sea war for that innocuous neighbors which would guaran­ Alumni Association magazine Shipmate, matter, is that our side usually wins. People tee plentiful fuel supplies in the dead of Rear Adm. George H. Miller, USN (ret.), who participate in these exercises usually winter. But as far as we can sec, Southwest who has long been a student of naval don't address the uglier possib111ties. Gas does not have sufficient safety data to Short war planning also creates the ra­ insist it be allowed to install the Dayton warfare and is an expert in merchant marine affairs, details the importance of tionale for buying missiles, tanks, aircraft fa.c111ty without further delay. and other land-war equipment and for avoid­ If the Frenchman Flat research project a strong merchant marine, and warns of ing the purchase of ships, which require unearths any bad news, Daytonites would the perilous seas we may be sailing with­ longer construction lead-time and more probably rather hear about it BEFORE their out one. money than land-war weaponry. LNG tank ls constructed-and not after·• The article follows: The campaigns of World Wars I and II NEEDED-A U.S. MARITIME STRATEGY were delayed again and again primarily be­ cause of a shortage of merchant ships. The (Rear Admiral George H. Miller, U.S. Navy United States embarked on massive emer­ PERSONAL EXPLANATION (Ret.) gency shipbuilding programs upon entry into In the history of the more successful­ both World War I and World War II. Many more lasting---civ111zations of the past­ of those ships, however, were not completed HON. TOM CORCORAN Greece, Carthage, Rome, Spain, England, to before the wars ended. Fortunately, in those cite a few examples, one notes a common OF ILLINOIS days, strong allies held off the opponents threat. Their early years, the growth years, while we organized and prepared. Today, the IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES were characterized by the development of an rapid growth of the Soviet Navy and Mer­ Tuesday, September 12, 1978 expanding foreign trade, a trade carried to chant Marine is clear evidence that the So­ distant lands by merchant ships. Rival peo­ viets give high priority to the construction e Mr. CORCORAN of Illinois. Mr. ples built navies to protect-and disrupt­ of both navy and merchant ships. Their ship­ Speaker, due to a previous commitment this trade. Thus the growth phase of these building program also suggests that they are in my district, I was absent during part civ111zations might be char,acterlzed as the preparing for a long war and do not intend of yesterday's proceedings on H.R. 11280, maritime phase. to accommodate to the short war thinking of the civil service reform bill. I would like Eventually, as these civilizations stabilized, U.S. planners. they began to send armies overseas to main­ The record of the short war planners is not to include in the RECORD at this time my tain stability and protect distant trading very good. Something goes wrong; people mis­ voting record for those votes which I markets from intrusion. Getting mired down calculate; the opponent does not realize that missed. in overseas land wars bled nations of their the war is supposed to be short and fails to Rollcall No. 746: Bonior amendment wealth and manpower, and decline surrender according to the wargame scenario. which sought to extend veterans prefer­ accelerated. One common characteristic of short war plan­ ence for Vietnam-era veterans for 15 Navies take on the characteTistics of the ners is that they almost invariably make a years from the date of separation or nations they serve. Growing nations, the case for more land war forces and weaponry; traders, had what might be called maritime they rarely make a case for more ships. of any until December 31, 1985, for Vietnam­ navies, whose primary concern was protec­ kind. A common conclusion among U.S. era veterans who served in the Vietnam tion of shipping and control of the sea-lanes. short war planners has been that we always war (paired for) . Civllizations in the affiuent, declining stage have enough ships. Rollcall No. 747: Hanley amendment had what might be called land-war navies, The German short war planners were which retains existing veterans prefer­ whose primary occupation was to supply and proved wrong in World War I. They were ence standards (paired against). support overseas land wars. wrong again in World War II. U.S. short war The rapid growth <>f Soviet foreign trade, planners were wrong in the Korean war. They Rollcall No. 749: Leach amendment along with their merchant marine and navy, were wrong again in the Vietnam war. Those which sets a statutory ceiling on the total is clear evidence that the Soviets understand who think in terms of future short wars are number of Federal employees in the ex­ how trade and maritime strength built many probably just as wrong now, unless the U.S. ecutive branch, "yes." of the moot successful and lasting civillza­ itself plans to surrender according to the Rollcall No. 750: Collins amendment tions of the past. The Soviets have carefully scenario. which sought to permit the FBI to place avoided committing Soviet forces to overseas A protracted war turns primarily into a. 140 positions in GS 16-18 without re­ land wars. Instead, they use foreign trade, sea war of attrition, a struggle for world and their merchant marine to spearhead ex­ resources, human and material. A sea war gard to the provisions placing limitations pansion, which is proceeding on a scale and turns on who has the ships, on who can on executive-level positions, "yes." at a rate unprecedented in history. load those ships and shepherd them to the Rollcall No. 751: Erlenborn amend­ Meanwhile, the United States has thus far strategically and geographically important ment which sought to strike title VII proved unable to cope with the maritime areas of the world. A sea. war means persuad­ (labor-management and employee rela- strategy of the Soviet Union. Instead, U.S. ing the populations of the world and the 29062 EXTENSIONS OP REMARKS September 12, 1978 resources they control to join the struggle. merchant ships served as part of the U.S. yet another Marxist dictatorship of It ls the side with the ships, the side with the Navy in World War II, over 100 of them as &blllty to keep those ships afloat and moving, aux111ary aircraft carriers. Africa. The Richmond Times-Dispatch the side with the persistence to carry on, that In World War II. the United States served ran an excellent editorial on September usually wins the protracted struggle, a prin­ as the arsenal of ,democracy. Today, however, 6, relative to this incident and the decay ciple which land war strategists historically the United States must import unprece­ of the West. I commend this to the at­ have seemed unable to comprehend. The nu­ dented quantities of petroleum and other tention of my colleagues. The editorial clear war, hypothesized by today's land war critical raw materials. Interruption of the follows: scenarists, looks suspiciously like a warmed­ inflow of U.S. critical materials in time of No COMPROMISE over version of the blltzkrelgs of World Wars war could force our war industries to shut I and II. down and could prevent U.S. armed forces Joshua Nkomo, one of the leaders of the The fact ls that since the late 1940s, the from operating overseas. The Soviet Union, Patriotic Front guerrlllas in Rhodesia, has U.S. has had a tendency to become involved on the other hand, ls virtually self-suftlclent admitted that his forces shot down an Air in land wars, wars which have bled America in critical raw materials. Rhodesian airliner with 56 persons aboard of her treasure and her potential young lead­ America's post-World War II policy of but he has denied that his men murdered ers and competitors, wars which have under­ neglecting shlpbulldlng and favoring large 10 of the 18 survivors. mined public confidence in our government's nuclear retaliation and land war forces has But someone gathered the survivors on the &biUty to provide for the common defense. raised the posslb111ty of defeat of the United pretext of giving them water and medical The U.S. Constitution and the U.S. Mer­ States. The Soviet nuclear buildup assures aid and then gunned them down in cold chant Marine Act of 1936 do contain language destruction of the U.S. in event of a nuclear blood. Someone bayoneted one of the women which, if supported by the responsible gov­ exchange. At the same time, the Soviet Union after first shooting her. Someone looted the ernment officials, provides the means to de­ avoids a direct attack on areas occupied by airplane and the bodies. velop a U.S. maritime strategy alternative to U.S. land forces. With U.S. armed forces thus The plane crashed in an area near Zambia land war. stalemated, the Soviet Union has been free that is thick with Mr. Nkomo's guerrlllas. The constitution states that the Congress to use its foreign trade and merchant marine We recall that when several white mission­ shall provide and maintain a Navy. It goes assets in an organized campaign to achieve aries were butchered near the Mozambique on to state that Congress shall raise and sup­ world domination. border recently, Robert Mugabe, Mr. Nkomo'& port armies but no appropriation for this Meanwhlle, the U.S. has a paralyzing· partner in the Patriotic Front, denied that purpose shall be for longer than two years. shortage of shipping, with neither plans nor his men had committed that atrocity even This raises a question concerning present organization capable of rebulldlng and though it occurred near their headquarters Defense Department policy of giving higher marshalllng its maritime and foreign trade and there were eyewitnesses who identified priority to procurement of land war weaponry assets in the national interest. the guerrlllas. than to the procurement of ships. It ls a fact that foreign trade ls now and Little doubt can reasonably be entertained The Merchnat Marine Act of 1936-1970 always has been a major factor in a nation's that those who savagely kllled the survivors states that a U.S. Merchant Marine ls neces­ world influence, economic strength and of the plane crash were the same people who sary for national defense and development national security. Why ls it then that almost knocked the plane out of the sky in callous of U.S. foreign and domestic commerce. The any foreign flag ship can participate in U.S. disregard of human life. Merchant Ma.Tine Act specifies that the seaborne trade, while foreign air transports The Patriotic Front ls the same outfit that United States shall have a Merchant Marine can participate in U.S. airborne trade only the World Council of Churches has just given sufficient to carry its domestic wa.ter-borne on a quid pro quo basis under agreements $85,000 on the clear-headed theory that aid­ commerce and a substantial portion (inter­ negotiated by the U.S. Government? The ing these black guerrillas in murdering preted as at least 50 percent) of the foreign current practice of squandering America's whites, including church missionaries, wm waterborne export and import commerce of enormous seaborne foreign trade assets, with "combat racism." It ls the same organlzatton the United States, and to provide shipping scant consideration for the national inter­ that President Carter and Ambassador An­ service essential for maintaining the flow of est, offers little organized competition to the drew Young have tilted toward, as opposed such domestic and foreign waterborne com­ Soviet campaign of world conquest. to the internal settlement among moderate blacks and whites in Rhodesia. This kind of merce at all times. The Merchant Marine U.S. international efforts over the past Act goes on to state that the U.S. Merchant Western pressure led Prime Minister Ian three decades have been characterized by Smith, a party to the internal agreement, to Marine shall be capable of serving as a naval rationalized accommodation and retreat. and mmtary auxmary in time of war a.nd meet secretly with Mr. Nkomo last month to Shall we go on frightening ourselves with the explore any posslblUties of compromise. national emergency; that it ts the policy of ralsed-ln-America specter of instant nuclear the United States to footer development and But in the aftermath of the massacre of retaliation? Shall we continue to accom­ plane crash.survivors, Chief Jeremiah Chirau, encourage the maintenance of such a mer­ modate to Soviet-inspired "wars of national chant marine. one of the blMk leaders of Rhodesia's in­ liberation," in Southeast Asia, in the Middle terim government, expressed the outlook Under the Merchant Marine Act the Secre­ Eq.st and Africa, in Central America? Or tary of Commerce ts responsible for carrying most realistically and eloquently. Said Mr. shall we forge an integrated, no-nonsense Chlrau: out the foregoing national policy and foir polltlcal-economtc-marltlme strategy to com­ adopting a long-range program for replace­ pete with Soviet lmperiallsm now? "If the Western world continues to sup­ ments and addl~ons to the American mer­ port such people, who can only be described Land war strategy ls contributing to the as rabid animals, then I can only believe that chant marine. The Act further directs the decllne of U.S. world influence, economic Secretary of Commerce to cooperate closely Western democracy as we know it ls a thing strength and public confidence. The most of the past." with the Secretary of Defense and the Secre­ lmnortant national security issue confront­ tary of the Navy on a number of matters con­ ing the U.S. Government today ls how to The only kind of "compromise" the Pa­ cerning the U.S. Merchant Marine. oreanlze, develoo and put into motion a U.S. triotic Front has shown any interest in ts On the other hand, the National Security m11rlt1me strategy. If Americans stm prefer one that would turn over Rhodesia to these Act makes no mention of the Merchant Ma­ liberty to bondage, there may yet be time to Marxist-oriented murderers lock, stock and rine, or of need for cooperation hetween the turn the tlde.e barrel. And once in power this outfit could Navy a.nd Merchant Marine. The National be expected to be every bit as bloodthirsty Security Act makes no provision for develop­ as it has been in opposltion.e ment of a national maritime strategy to serve the Nation's interests without resort to land war. But the National Security Act does make NO COMPROMISE the Navy responsible for "promnt and sus­ POLITICAL PARTIES NEED tained combat incident to operations at sea." STRENGTHENING The National Security Act also makes the HON. LARRY McDONALD Navy generally responsible for protection of OF GEORGIA shipping. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES HON. JOHN B. ANDERSON Today, the U.S. has only 470 Navy ships Tuesday, September 12, 1978 OF ILLINOIS and 577 merchant shins, canable of carrying IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES only 6 percent of U.S. export and import • Mr. McDONALD. Mr. Speaker, while trade, only 3 percent of U.S. petroleum im­ the bankrupt African policy of President Tuesday, September 12, 1978 ports. By comparison, the Soviet Union has Carter and Andy Young grinds on, e Mr. ANDERSON of Illinois. Mr. 1919 Navy ships and 2420 merchant shins spreading chaos a.nd blood everywhere, capable of carrying oveT 50 percent of Soviet Speaker, I have Just read in this moi::ri­ export and import trade. This gives the Soviet we are treated to the spectacle of the so­ ing's Chicago Sun-Times a lJerceptive Union an overall total of 4339 Navy and called Patriotic Front shooting down a article by our colleague DAVE OBEY draw­ merchant ships, as compared to the U.S. Rhodesian airline plane, looting it, and ing the connection between weak politi­ total of a little over a thousand. a Soviet butchering the survivors. These then are cal parties and legislative stalemate. The superiority of 4 to 1. As an example of how the people your friendly State Depart­ argument, to me, is a compelling one: desperately short we are of ships, over 1700 ment feels oug~t to be the architects of A myriad of interest groups have stepped September 12, 1978 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 29063 into the vacuum left by the parties and tioning as an effective instrument of power. the area of national security who had pulled Congressmen in every which way Therein lies one key to the current disaffec­ been confirmed by the Senate. I would but the political center. As a conse­ tion with government; it's not that govern­ have voted "yea." ment is doing things people don't like, but Rollcall No. 728: H.R. 7308, foreign in­ quence, it becomes increasingly difficult that it is perceived as being weak, ineffectu­ to fashion programs that attract ma­ al and incapable of dealing with problems telligence surveillance, September 6, 1978. jority support, without just pasting to­ people face. Ertel amendment to eliminate a provision gether a tenuous coalition of narrow It has been fashionable over the last dec­ in the bill to establish a special court to interest groups. In the process, it is all ade to say the parties have become "unre­ hear Government applications for war­ too easy to lose sight of broader consid­ sponsive."" The fact is they have become too rants to conduct electronic surveillance erations-such as what, in fact, is best responsive to the single-minded demands of in the foreign intelligence area. I would narrow interest groups. have voted "no." for the country. Strong parties used to be able to strike The parties need strengthening, to compromises on major political issues by bal­ Rollcall No. 729: Quorum, September countervail the disproportionate influ­ ancing the demands of constituent groups 7, 1978. ence of single-issue groups that may with the needs of the country and party. To­ Rollcall No. 732: Quorum, September represent only the smallest fraction of day, with the gravitational pull of the center 7, 1978. the population. But this begs the ques­ weakened, each group is able to demand a Rollcall No. 738: Motion to resolve into tion of how the parties are to be im­ higher price for its support. There is less the Committee of the Whole House Sep­ proved. The answer seems clear enough: pressure on each to compromise for "the tember 7, 1978. I would have voted "yea." good of the order" or to get on the band­ Rollcall No. 739: Quorum, September They should be made to stand for things wagon before it leaves without them. that have broad appeal, so that they will Because the parties are so weak, many 7, 1978.• again be listened to, and so that they will politicians have begun going outside them. again make themselves heard. In building-block fashion they add up lists Mr. Speaker, I place the Obey article of 2-per-cent-of-the-population interest EIGHT REC-OMMENDATIONS SUB­ at this point in the RECORD. groups to whom they will not say no, until MITTED TO AID HANDICAPPED (From the Chicago Sun-Times,Sept.11, 1978) they have put together their own personal majorities. WHY GOVERNMENT GETS So LrrrLE DoNE Because each politician has a different HON. LAWRENCE COUGHLIN NOWADAYS constituent base, members of the same party OF PENNSYLVANIA (By DAVID R. OBEY) are locked in on both sides of almost every IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Why 1s government getting so little done issue. That means there ls very little "give" today? Why has lt become so difficult for any in the system of the sort the major parties Tuesday, September 12, 1978 President to effectively lead the ct:mntry? One once provided-the kind of give or flexibil­ e Mr. COUGHLIN. Mr. Speaker, I am reason ls that our political system has ity necessary to build majority support for pleased to submit for the RECORD a sum­ changed over the last two decades. solutions to our problems. The result-­ mary of eight recommendations for When I entered polltics 15 years ago, it was whether on energy, tax policy or the conduct Government action to assist handicapped fairly easy on almost any issue to find a con­ of foreign affairs-is chaos.e sensus around which the majority could American citizens. rally. Even lf that weren't possible, public The summary is in the form of a letter t>pinion generally coalesced around a few published in the spring 1978 Harvard major approaches to our most difficult prob­ PERSONAL EXPLANATION Law School Bulletin and written by lems. But today there ls almost no way of Rudolph V. Lutter, Jr., a constituent who addressing any issue that generates majority has been active for years on behalf of support. HON. EDWIN B. FORSYTHE This fragmentation stems ln part from two handicapped individuals. developments: the grt>wlng influence of one­ OF NEW JERSEY Mr. Lutter, Harvard Law School class lssue groups and the declining strength of IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES of 1960, is a native of Philadelphia who the major polltlcal parties. Both have serious Tuesday, September 12, 1978 earned his bachelor of arts degree Jn consequences. sociology, with a minor in government, In the la.st 10 years, there has been a geo­ • Mr. FORSYTHE. Mr. Speaker, due to from Pennsylvania State University. He metric explosion ln the number of interest illness, I missed several votes on Septem­ has worked in Washington since 1962. groups organized around a single issue with ber 6 and September 7. I would like to An attorney adviser to the Federal a single goal: grt>ups to klll the B-1 bomber take this opportunity to advise my col­ and others to save lt; groups to stop nuclear Communications Commission, Mr. Lut­ power development and others to promote it; leagues and friends how I would have ter served as an official observer for me groups that decide lf they llke government voted if I had been present: at the 1977 White House Conference on solely on the basis bf what it does about tui­ Rollcall No. 724: Quorum, September Handicapped Individuals. He is visually tion tax credits, labor law reform, abortion, 6, 1978. handicapped, suffering from an ailment endangered species or capital gains taxes. Rollcall No. 725: H.R. 12432, Civil that reduces his central vision but does Pollttcians have little protection against the Rights Commission, September 6, 1978. not affect his peripheral vision. unbending demands of these groups because Treen amendment to prohibit the Com­ what used to be their first line of defense­ Mr. Lutter has been working to assist their party-ls no lbnger capable of protect­ mission on Civil Rights from appraising the handicapped for the past 13 years. ing the political center. or studying and collecting information He is president of the Volunteers for the One of the most critical functions parties about laws and policies of the Federal Visually Handicapped, and serves as used to perform was to pull together ftoatin~ Government, or any other governmental board member for the National Capital coalitions of interest groups. They took into authority, with respect to the issue of Area, Coalition of Citizens with Disabili­ account competing proposals. separate good abortion. I would have voted "no." ties, D.C., and the Overbrook School for from bad and, most important, fashioned Rollcall No. 726: House Joint Resolu­ the Blind and its alumni association, ma.jorltles-majorltles that determined tion 1088, New York City loan guaran­ Philadelphia. what the key issues were and what was to tees, September 6, 1978. Adoption of joint I believe Mr. Lutter succinctly yet be done about them. resolution to permit the secretary of the forcefully states the case for his eight Today the centers of both parties have narrowed to the point of ineffectiveness. Treasury to guarantee up to $1.65 billion recommendations to aid the handi­ With no real center of gravity left in the sys­ in New York City bonds, as authorized capped. tem, each group pulls its own way. The re­ under the New York City Loan Guaran­ Mr. Lutter's letter: sult: Many of our social and political institu­ tee Act of 1978 and to appropriate funds PROPOSALS FOR THE HANDICAPPED tions-including the government itself-are necessary to pay guaranteed loans if the In December of 1977, a three-volume re­ frozen in the ice of internal division. city defaulted on them. I would have port was issued by the staff of the first When they have been strong enough, par­ voted "yea." White House Conference on Handicapped ties have been able to overcome that kind of Rollcall No. 727: H.R. 7308, foreign individuals. It contained 797 pages, 287 inertia and get things moving a.gain. If the issues and 3,522 proposed solutions to those public didn't like the direction ln which it intelligence surveillance, September 6, issues. In view of this and the fact that the was moving, it could bring in the other party 1978. Mcclory amendment to allow wire­ Conference dealt with matters affecting 36 and try a new one. tapping of non-U.S. persons without a million Americans, I am submitting the fol­ But today government has nearly been warrant, provided that a certificate was lowing eight recommendations for necessary brought to a standstill because both parties issued by the Attorney General and a government action with respect to the handi­ have been so weakened that neither ls func- designated executive branch official in capped which I made to several members of CXXIV--1827-Part 21 29064 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS September 12, 1978 Congress whom I represented at the Confer­ a legal ombudsman be established as a pa.rt majority rule, he predicts the outcome: "A ence as an official observer. They are based of the federal government, to encourage the Marxist takeover with the blessing of Presi­ on material gathered at the White House forthright enforcement of federal laws con­ dent Jimmy Carter and Ambassador Andrew Conference, and my personal experience as cerning the handicapped by the appropriate Young." a handicapped individual and with govern­ federal agencies. But he expresses a faint glimmer of hope ment. Rudolph V. Lutter, Jr. '60 that neighboring Rhodesia may still esca.pe (1) Research in preventive and rehab111- Washington, D.C.e a Marxist takeover, a hope rekindled by tative medicine must be amply funded. Gerald Ford when the former president as­ (2) A national medical insurance program sailed the Carter Administration for sup­ must be established to cover the costs of porting the "wrong side" in Rhodesia. physical and mental 1llness for all citizens. THE EXIMBANK AND SOUTH Carter contends the transfer of power by Mental 1llness ls specifically mentioned in Ian Smith's white minority government to a. this recommendation because of the emo­ AFRICA multi-racial government must include rep­ tional strains that come to handicapped resentation from the Patriotic Front--& de­ citizens as a result of their economic and HON. JAMES J. BLANCHARD vout Marxist backed terrorist group fueled social exclusion from our society. and supplied with Cuban a.n.d Soviet weap­ OF MICHIGAN (S) The state rehab111tat1on offices, who onry. receive a major part of their funding from IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES How rea.l is the communist threat? the U.S. Department of HEW, must be forced Tuesday, September 12, 1978 Maj. Gen. Douglas Ralston, the No. 2 man to revise their personnel practices so as to in South Africa's defense ministry, says it is employ rehab111tation officers and other staff e Mr. BLANCHARD. Mr. Speaker, it has real. who will be more able to wisely guide and become apparent that the continent of The huge wall chart of Africa in his tight­ assist handicapped citizens at a crucial time Africa will be the focus of close scrutiny security ministry office in Pretoria. is dotted in their lives. and important policy decisions for our with "red pins," with a question mark tacked (4) The Education for All Handlcaoned country in the immediate future. Indeed, to the future safety of the Cape of Good ChHdren Act of 1975 should be amended in Hope oil route--which he labels as the "life­ order to guarantee parents the option of we have debated several bills this year line" for the "naive western powers." which concern our policies toward the if sendin~ their children to schools designed When pressed South African troo'l,)s are solely for the education of the handicapped. nations of Africa. offering aid to anti-Marxist guerillas in The law presently looks toward educating One bill which I was involved with as southern Angola, the military leader insists handicapped children along with unhandl­ a member of the Committee on Banking, "we're not in Angola." capped children in public schools (main­ Finance and Urban Affairs was the Ex­ Yet, two days after granting an interview, streaming). While such a method may be South African ground and air force units port-Import Bank bill. The question of struck with lightning precision at a Swapo comparable in academic and vocational whether the United States should impose training to the traditional education of terrorist base in southern Angola. The raid handicapped students in specialized schools economic sanctions through the Exim­ inflicted heavy losses on the Swapo camp, and may have some advantages, it is sue:­ bank on South Africa because of their appropriately given the code name "Moscow." gested that the vital learning of self-confi­ apartheid policies was raised when the Defense Minister P. W. Botha said the dence, available in a specialized school bill was considered both in committee limited military strike was directed against through full participation in all extra-cur­ Swampo terrorists, and to put an end to and on the floor of the House. Swapo's extensive campaign of terror in ricular, social and athletic activities of the Mr. Mitchel Kehetian, who is the man­ school, irrespective of a handicap. is most South West Africa. important. Too, the alumni associations of aging editor of the Macomb Daily news­ The country of South West Africa (Nami­ specialized schools can provide an additional paper in my district, spent 3 weeks in bia), a former German colony, was awarded and desirable source of lifelong friends with South Africa earlier this summer. He to South Africa as a protectorate after World similar experiences.• wrote a flve-part series on the situation War I by the then League of Nations. ::ts inde!Jendence is expected later this year, (5) The exercising of the rtizht to vote there, encompassing interviews that he through a western power-South African must be fac111tated for handicapped citi­ had with people in various walks of life compromise. zens. Pending Senate Bill 1345 and House in South Africa, as well as some of his Swano insists it should decide the even­ Bllls 4119 and 6295 look toward the ma.kine: own reactions. I found the series very tual fate of the emerging African state. of pollin1Z places phvslcallv accessible and informative and interesting. Mr. Kehe­ As to the defense of the Cape Sea oil route, the simplifying of the method of casting an Ralston insists South Africa no longer will absentee ballot. tian's point of view is different from so much of what is written these days about assume t.he role of defending the "Panama (6) The Civil Rl!!hts Act of 1Q64 should be Canal of the Indian and Atlantic Oceans." amended to include the handicapped as a South Africa. "Henceforth, we will take a neutral stand protected minority. Pending Senate Blll Therefore, in view of the very difficult on defending the Cape Sea route for western 3504 proposes such an amendment. questions that are involved in our policy Europe and America. We wm think of our (7) Since unemployment ls the key to decisions regarding South Africa, I want own safety, first and foremost." he repeated. economic indenendence and since economic to give all of my colleagues an opportu­ Ee.ch day, no less than 60 oceanplying strength provides a path to social integra­ nity to read Mr. Kehetian's series of ar­ ships slip past the Ce.oe. At least 17 are oil tion, it ls recommended that Section 501 of ticles. Because of space limitations, I am tankers heading for Europe and America. the Rehab1Utatlon Act of 1973, which re­ When the Suez Canal was blocked during quires the federal i;i:overnment to take inserting only the first article in his the 1967 Israeli-Egyptian war, the flow of affirmative action with respect to the em­ series. However, I would be happy to oil tankers using the Cape, route tripled in ployment and promotion of handicapped provide copies of the remaining articles number. citizens, be a.mended to provide for (a) the in the series to any interested party. South African aerial photos taken of shios provision of a private. civil cause of action The article follows: plowing the Cape waters also spotlight Soviet for its enforcement in the ·federal courts; vessels. mostly in attack training exercises. (From the Macomb Daily, May 22, 1978) (b) the pavment of attorney's fees in cases "If that day ever comes, the Soviets will where a violation of the Act is found; (c) COMMUNISM, NOT APARTHEm Is GREATEST FEAR be experts at hitting any oil tanker bound back pay and retroactive promotion where a (By Mike Kehetian) for the west-and without oil, western Eu­ violation of the Act ls found; and (d) the PRETORIA.-While white South Africa.ns rope collapses," Ralston warns, grimly. establishment of a mechanism of censor­ grope in search of a compromising solution On the subject of his nation's ab111ty to ing government officials who are held to to rid their land of cancerous racia.l policies, wage combat against Cuban troops, Ralston have violated the Act. The development of they stand determined to protect "the father­ firmly states: "We took care of Cuba in a model program of emplovment of handi­ land" from the growing Red Tide sweeping Angola, even with a small force of 2,000 capped citizens in the federal government through the Dark Continent. against their 19,000. But we had to withdraw w111 advance the imnlemente.t.lon of Section The white South African pleads for "more when your Henry Kissinger and the CIA 503 of the Act which mandates affirmative time" to resolve the country's apartheid broke their promise of help if we went in action in employment of the handicapped dilemma, for his greatest fear is belng en­ to stop the Marxist takeover of Angola in by private enterprise receiving federal contracts. gulfed by communism. 1976." He points to Moscow's proxy army-more Then there ls Douglas H. McClure, an (8) Since existing law or new law is use­ than 40,000 armed Cuban troops; and the expert on Soviet strategy at South Africa's less unless enforced, it is recommended that Marxist takeovers in Angola, Mozamblq.ue Institute of International Affairs. who boasts of his academic days at the University of •I do not believe my judgment to be and threatened intrusion into the interna.l tainted in this recommendation; however, atfa.irs of Zaire and South West Africa. Michigan and that his mother is an in evaluating it, it should be known that I As the South African glances across the American. am on the boards of the Overbrook School border into Rhodesia, a once white-ruled na­ "You (America) a.re the ultimate target. for the Blind and its Alumni Association. tion soon to transfer the power base to black If all of Africa succumbs to Moscow, then September 12, 1978 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 29065 the western world wm be at the mercy of (In tomorrow's report, Kehetian writes fered by Senator DEWEY BARTLETT of Ok­ Soviet expansion. You need our resources, about South Africa's racial dilemma as seen lahoma will exempt most small busi­ and you wm need the Cape Sea oil route," by the ruling white political structure, ur­ nesses, those with 10 or fewer employees, McClure stresses. ban blacks holding qua.st-government posts from coverage under the controversial To lend credence to his concern, McClure and those who weathered the 1976 riots that unfolded exhibits and stats to confirm that swept through Soweto.) e Occupational Safety and Health Act. more than 2,000 Cuban troops were air-lifted Certain small businesses considered haz­ to Mozambique during the Marxist takeover ardous, because of high injury-illness of that former Portuguese colony. rates, would remain subject to the provi­ When quizzed about South Africa's capa­ "REASONABLE CAUSE" RULING sions of the act. billty to ward off a full-scale communist AGAINST OSHA Over the past few years Congress and attack, without western support and weap­ more recently the administration have onry, McClure smiled: "We launched the become increasingly aware of the bur­ development of nuclear war-heads in 1970, HON. GEORGE HANSEN and by now we should have that abillty. densome impact that OSHA has had on And we've got the French Mirage to deliver OF IDAHO small businesses. As a result, some effort it-if necessary to survive." IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES has been made to reduce the harsh effects As to the country's search for sophisticated Tuesday, September 12, 1978 that OSHA has had on them. Most not­ weaponry to counter the Soviet build-up in ably were recent announcements by the southern Africa, McClure said: "We trade e Mr. HANSEN. Mr. Speaker, in May I Labor Department of its intentions to heavily with Israel. Israel also fears that informed you of the Supreme Court de­ delete 1,100 admittedly nitpicking reg­ America wm let her down to satisfy selfish cision regarding the case of Bill Barlow, ulations and later to eliminate unneces­ interests. I guess the one common trait we a small contractor from Pocatello, Idaho, sary paperwork and reporting require­ have with the Israeli is the wm to survive and his victory over the Occupational against large numerical odds." ments affecting some 40,000 nonhazard­ During Israel's 30th anniversary of state­ Safety and Health Administration's ous small businesses. The Department hood, South African Jews held ra111es in this warrantless inspection regulations. At originally announced its intentions to de­ country's large cities-and with the blessing the time there was a great deal of pessi­ lete the 1,100 regulations last December. and participation of government officials and mism among the members of the press Unfortunately, however, after many conservative newspapers. that the Court did not provide a strong months no action has been taken to im­ With the demise of the Ford-Kissinger "reasonable cause" ruling. This, how­ plement even the earliest decision to administration, McClure said "most South ever, is not the case as I have continually eliminate unnecessary regulations. Addi­ Africans placed great faith when Mr. Carter maintained. My hopes and contentions pledged to stand fast against communist ex­ tionally, by legislative action we are al· pansion. Instead he and Andy Young refer have been significantly reinforced and ready exempting farms with 10 or fewer to the presence of Soviet-backed Cuban the Barlow decision has been strength­ employees from OSHA coverage and troops in Angola as a stabllizing force. How ened substantiallv in a recent Federal eliminating penalties in inspections of can you call oppression a stabiUzing force." court decision in the U.S. District Court small businesses with 10 or fewer em• In the opinion of Harvey Tyson, editor of for the Eastern District of Wisconsin. ployees. the influential Johannesburg Star, a frequent OSHA once again was dealt a devastating critic of government policies, the "commu­ The benefit to the Nation's small busi­ nist threat is real," though he places equal blow. nesses from the Bartlett amendment concern over the country's apartheid policies. The hapless safety agency had forced could be tremendous. Primarily aifected The communist threat is one shared by a an inspection of a Weyerhaeuser facility are those small businesses already ex­ majority of white and black South Afri­ with only an administrative warrant empted from fines when there are 10 or cans interviewed-from Pretoria to the which came under legal challenge. The fewer nonserious citations, such as the southern tip of the country at Cape Town. case was the first to be considered in the wholesale and retail trade, finance, in­ Solomon Ngobese, the mayor of Umlazi wake of the Barlow decision that a busi­ in the Kha.Zulu Homeland, while citing the surance. real estate. and service indus­ black South African struggle for economic nessman does not have to settle for tries. The injury-illness rate for this independence and self-government, ada­ anything less than a warrant based on group is less than 3 per 100 fulltime mantly states: "We don't need any help probable or reasonable cause. workers. A statistic far better than that from Russia." Thus the Barlow decision continues to used by OSHA as indicating high-risk ''I've seen what the communists have done assume an increasing imoortance in industries. to Angola, Mozambique and how they now American history, because it sets a con­ Mr. Speaker, I strongly urge House threaten Ethiopia, Zaire and Rhodesia. As conferees and all House Members to ac­ long as the communists are kept out of structive precedent for necessary pro­ South Africa, we wlll achieve our ultimate tective guidelines for citizen rights in the cept the Senate amendment and "do goal. If the communists win, we all perish­ face o.f Government activities. Hereto­ something for the little guy who is find­ whites and blacks." fore, the businessman and farmer have ing the overlanoing and burdensome re­ The leader of South Africa's nearly one been the victims of a recent trend in quirements of Government from a multi­ mlllion Hindu and Muslim Indian commu­ reverse justice where the citizen is as­ tude of agencies almost more than he nity in the Natal Province was more to the sumed guilty until he can prove his can bear." point. "South Africa needs the west, and innocence. I include at this point in the RECORD don't be misled the. t by sacrificing this material involving OSHA's lack of fol­ country you wm stop the communists. It wm The Barlow court ruling places the not work." burden of proof back on the Government lowthrough on announced intentions to Equally rough on American policies in where it belongs. OSHA can now come to relieve small businesses of excessive and Africa was Lennox Sebe, the chief minister inspect as before but the businessman unnecessary regulations and require­ of the Ciskie Homeland. "Get rid of your can demand that they have a search ments. The articles follow: Vietnam fear. Be bold against communism. warrant properly obtained from a mag­ [From the National Journal Aug. 12, 1978) Help our emerging black homelands to be istrate, and the warrant itself can be THE "FACTS" ABOUT OSHA's 1,100 strong economically and you defeat the seeds REVOKED REGULATIONS of communism." challenged by the citizen if he wishes to question the grounds upon which the Erroneous "facts" sometimes take on a life Meanwhile, the man on the street con­ of their own in Washington. Once sanctified tinues to scoff at Carter's warnings to Cuba warrant was issued and the scope of the proposed search-thus resting the bur­ by official pronouncement and dignified in and the Soviets. "The Cuban and the Rus­ print, they have a way of becoming ingrained sian knows you stm bleed from the Vietnam den of proof on the Government where in the official lore of the town. The govern­ era, and they wlll not stop until they capture it should have been all along. ment's assertion last year that there was an the minds of all Africans," is their story to The Weyerhaeuser decision has upheld impending swine flu crisis comes to mind. visiting Americans. my hopes and contentions and signifi­ So it is now with the case of the vanishing Is the communist threat a real threat? cantly reinforced the Barlow ruling. I safety and health regulations. Ask any South African, be he white, black, would like to call my colleague's atten­ Somehow it's believed, by President carter Asian or colored and he'll respond with a and Newsweek, among others, that the Labor concerned note. tion to my remarks in the CONGRESSIONAL Department's Occupational Safety and Health As Ralston said: "If communism wins­ RECORD of July 25, 1978. Administration (OSHA) excised with a single then all our people face certain destruction.'' Additionally, Senate and House con­ blow some 1,100 regulations-unnecessary, But he counters, confidently: "We won't ferees are now considering H.R. 11445, nit-picking rules that irritated industry and run away. We've been here for 300 years. We amendments to the Small Business Act. did not protect the health and safety of will fight to the end. This is our homeland." One of the amendments to this bill of- workers. 29066 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS September 12, 1978 No such luck. Not a single OSHA regula­ directed its inspectors not to vigorously en­ He was much honored. His courage, tion has been repealed. force most of the standards targeted for ex­ his intelligence, his diplomatic skills, his The fictional excision got a push on its cision. Verbal warnings wlll be delivered, but decency brought him recognition from way to becoming a "fa.ct" when President no written notices and no penalties will fol­ not only his own country, but from Carter, speaking in Beaumont, Texas, on June low. Perhaps that returns the Washington 24, launched into the cut-down-on-govern­ "fa.ct" to the status of a half-truth.-Tim­ others. He loved the Navy. He was in­ ment-regulation part of his standard infla­ othy B. Clark. credibly proud of serving his country as tion-fighting spiel. "We have got too much a part of the U.S. Navy. government regulation," he said. "It has got [From the Washington Post, Aug. 12, 1978) But "Red" Yeager was not a one-di­ to be cut down." The White House transcript OSHA BACKPEDALS ON ITS PLAN To mensional man. He cared about the records that the crowd applauded. BANISH "NITPICKING" RULES world in which he lived and part of that "We are beginning to eliminate the worst (By Loretta. Tofani) caring was his outreach to others. Dur­ nit-picking regulations in agencies like ... OSHA," Carter continued. "In one day last The Occupational Safety and Health Ad­ ing his service at Great Lakes, he was year, 1,100 different regulations were wiped ministration has feund it's easier to ignore actively involved in youth work in North off the books. And the ones that we do have regulations than get rid of them, and even Chicago, the community of which Great are being wrl tten in clear English so a pea­ President Carter is confused. Lakes is a part. nut farmer can understand them." More La.st December, OSHA announced an am­ So valued were his contributions and applause. bitious plan to take 1,100 "nitpicking and so well remembered his enthusiasms Arguably, the OSHA excisions took on the obsolete" regulations off the books, such as one specifying how high off the floor fire that after his tragic death in 1967 in a character of a half-truth when Carter thus fire at the commandant's home at Great cited them. And if that's so, then the other extinguishers had to be hung. half was added, and the excisions became a During a political swing in Texas in June, Lakes, North Chicago named a school Washington "fa.ct," when Newsweek reported Carter, attacking excessive federal regula­ for him. in June that OSHA, "perhaps the moot tion, pointed to the OSHA action with pride. Mr. Speaker, this Sunday there will be reviled of all watchdogs, has repealed 1,100 "In one day la.st year, 1,100 different regula­ a memorial dedicated to Admiral Yeager of its more than 10,000 rules." tions were wiped off the books," he told a at the North Chicago Yeager School. But the fa.ct a.bout the "fa.ct" is that it ls crowd in Beaumont. Adm. Thomas W. McNamara, present not a fa.ct. But National Journal, the weekly on pol­ itics and government, reports in its la.test commandant of the 9th Naval District, What OSHA now calls its "standards dele­ will present the ship's bell from the tion project" was launched with much fan­ issue that the regulations are stlll on the fare on Dec. 5, 1977. Labor Secretary Ray books. U.S.S. Cannon, once under Admiral Marshall held a press conference to a.nnounc:e "Some unions told us these regulations Yeager's command. the plan to cancel 1,100 regulations, citing were important protections," a safety spokes­ The Sea Cadets Honor Guard, spon­ such well-known absurdities as OSHA's man said. "They felt their situations in fac­ sored by the Navy League of the United standard requiring open-front toilet seats tories might be worse without them." States, will present a Navy flag, and I and another specifying how many inches A safety spokesman said the organization am privileged to present an American above the floor fire extinguishers had to be stlll intends to get rid of the regulations, but probably not all 1,100 originally intended for flag that has flown over the U.S. Capitol. hung. Mr. Speaker, many public servants will "This project has taught me an important excision. He would not say when the regu­ and sobering lesson," Marshall said then. "In lations would be deleted, only that the proj­ be on hand Sunday, including my good working with [OSHA administrator] Eula ect is a "top priority." friend, North Chicago Mayor Leo Kukla. Bingham and her staff on removing these He said officials must examine comments But, perhaps even more important will 1,100 nit-picking provisions, I discovered that from labor unions and industry before de­ be those other guests-many of the the system makes it much easier for the gov­ ciding which regulations can go. In the nearly 300 students at the Howard ernment to promulgate new regulations than meantime, inspectors wlll not enforce most of the 1,100 regulations. "The employer won't be Yeager School and their parents. to get rid of outmoded or ineffective ones." I think I knew "Red" Yeager well Little knowing how true that last statement cited," the spokesman said. "He won't be was, Marshall continued: "Things are not fined or get a written notice. It'll just be enough to say that these are the ones he impossible, however. o .ur efforts today indi­ pointed out to him that he violated the would care most about. cate that with enough determination and standard." I have said little of Admiral Yeager's creativity it ls possible to beat the system." The rules that were to be banished were Navy career. Records speak eloquently But to date, the score is: The System, obsolete, designed to protect personal prop­ of them. He was a great naval hero. A 1,100: Marshall, o. erty, duplicated the regulations of other fed­ man of courage and dedication to the OSHA spokesmen explain that the process eral agencies, or were meant only to promote comfort and convenience. Navy and to our Nation. What I have used to delete a rule ls the same as that· used tried to portray here is the spirit of a to promulgate a rule. Proposals must be pub­ Labor Secretary Ray Marshall announced lished in the Federal Register, and time al­ the agency's intention to take the regula­ man who cared enough to give of him­ lowed for public comment. Then, if a hearing tions off the books at a December press con­ self. ls demanded, it usually must be held. ference. And the two major speakers Sunday The rules OSHA targeted for delegation "In working with (OSHA administrator] may tell us more about that. His son, were in five categories: those that were ob­ Eula. Bingham and her staff on removing Navy Comdr. Howard B. Yeager, and solete, were meant only to promote comfort these 1,100 nitpicking provisions," Marshall had said, "I discovered that the system makes Navy Capt. Donald R. Yeager, his and convenience (as with the toilet sea.ts), brother, will be the honored guests. were designed to protect personal property, it much easier for the government to promul­ agency, or duplicated existing industry gate new regulations than to get rid of out­ Mr. Speaker, to all those who helped standards. moded or ineffective ones. Things a.re not im­ arrange Sunday's ceremony-among OSHA was surprised to find that many of possible, however. Our efforts today indicate them Michael Penich, Jr., Yeager School the regulations had public constituencies. that with enough determination and crea­ principal; Mrs. Patricia Stewart, Parent "A lot of people seem to have a stake in tivity it ls possible to beat the system." Teacher Organization president; Dr. them," said a spokesman. "The unions want Charles Thomas, school superintendent· to make sure their members won't have to and Mrs. Marjorie Hart, school board give up something they like." president-my thanks and the thanks So comments have been flowing in, and SCHOOL MEMORIAL DEDICATED TO some requests for hearings have been filed, THE LATE ADM. HOWARD YEAGER of all of us who called Howard Yeager though OSHA is resisting holding any. friend.• Christopher B. Gra.yblll, an OSHA spokes­ man, said that the people working on the HON. ROBERT McCLORY SMALL BUSINESS AND SCIENTIFIC standards deletion project "aren't giving a OF ILLINOIS AND TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVA­ target date" on when the first standard might IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES TION bite the dust or when the whole project might be completed. "We couldn't even give Tuesday, September 12, 1978 you a. guess for the record; it wouldn't be HON. JOHN B. BRECKINRIDGE accurate enough," he said. "But our new di­ e Mr. MCCLORY. Mr. Speaker, .this rector of safety standards has the project near Sunday, September 17, I shall par­ OF KENTUCKY the top of his priorly list." ticipate in a memorial service to a man IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES I called a friend, the late Rear Adm. So the Washington "fact" is not a fact at Tuesday, September 12, 1978 all, and the 1,100 standards remain on the Howard A. "Red" Yeager. Admiral books. · Yeager was commandant of the 9th e Mr. BRECKINRIDGE. Mr. Speaker, There is one la.st fa.ct, heartening to busi­ Naval District at Great Lakes, Ill., in today's material concludes a series of nesses, to end the story. OSHA says it has my 13th Congressional District. memorandum and reports on the im- September 12, 1978 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 29067 portance of small business to the scien­ research; (11) a significant portion (64%) of (a) Early identification and publication tific and technological process, and the Government R&D ls for development nor­ of agency R&D requirements. frustration of its efforts by govern­ mally involving large industrial firms; and (b) Coordination of R&D requirements (111) the percentages of both total expendi­ with Small Business representatives early in mental agencies. Included are recom­ tures for R&D and R&D contract awards to the acquisition process. mendations and executive summary of small firms are very low. (c) Use of the Commerce Business Daily to the OMB Rabinow report: SMALL FIRM IMPEDIMENTS provide advance information on anticipated SUMMARY OF REPORT OF WILLIAM K. SCHEIRER As indicated above, large firms are favored contractual requirements for R&D. IMPORTANCE OF SMALL R. & D. FIRMS in the award of development contracts on (d) Providing methods for small technol­ Many analysts believe that small firms the basis that they are essential for the pro­ ogy based firms to obtain an understanding have a better record for innovation than duction phase of the program. However, this of requirements which may not be possible large firms. Richard Morse recently wrote is not the only restriction to a greater use of through the written solicitation. For exam­ that "a disproportionate number of innova­ small firms. Mr. Scheirer found that policies ple, some buying activities currently provide tive ideas emanate from our smaller tech­ and procedures followed by Federal buyi.ng research and technology libraries, catalogs nically based companies."• The reasons for activities also restrict the use of small tech­ for technical requirements, and special brief­ this phenomenon are varied. Some believe nology based firms. Following are some of the ings to explain their research and technology that managers of small R&D firms have a more significant impediments encountered needs. by small companies: ( e) Providing sufficient time for firms to greater incentive to innovate while converse­ prepare and submit proposals. ly, in some cases, the marketing plans of It is difficult to identify and respond to (f) Reducing to the extent feasible the large firms dictate that technical improve­ Government R&D requirements. On a com­ time and supplemental data required be­ ments to their products be held to a mini­ petitive basis, large firms have a greater ca­ tween receipt of proposals and award of mum. There also is a possibility that re­ pab111ty to determine what the Gover.nment contracts. searchers in large firms tend to overspecial­ is interested in researching and to unravel ize to a greater extent than researchers in the complexities of "Requests for Proposals" (g) Providing agency R&D points of con­ small firms. Mr. Rabinow has observed that, for R&D work. tact for small firms. "when one narrows his specialization, he Preparation of proposals is expensive and 5. Agency policies and procedures should probably comes up with fewer ideas. If one time-consuming to a point frequently ex­ encourage unsolicitated proposals. Contracts loads the dice in favor of a certain art, one ceeding the capab1llties of small firms. should be awarded for research and technol­ ogy efforts based upon the merit of such pro­ cuts off analogous arts, which I think are A bias in favor of large firms can exist important. The more an inventor can pull posals without converting the requirements when awarding R&D contracts. The tendency to competitive solicitations. out of related and unrelated arts, the more is to consider awards to large well-estab­ original his ideas are likely to be." lished firms "safer" than to small firms. 6. The agencies, including the Small Empirical evidence indicates that in a Business Administration, should use more Funding for Federal R&D work frequently technically trained personnel to serve as ad­ ·comparison of firms with less than 1,000 em­ lacks stability. This condition strains the ployees and those with over 1,000 employees: vocates for and advisors to small technology financial capab111ties of small firms. based firms. Special emphasis should be given Firms with less than 1,000 employees ac­ Submittal of unsolicited proposals is fre­ by such persons to the advance procurement counted for almost one-half of major U.S. quently discouraged. planning process for R&D requirements. innovations during 1953-73. Burdensome administrative requirements 7. Profit-making firms should not be ex­ The ratio of innovations to sales is about for contract solicitation, evaluation, award, cluded from making proposals or receiving one-third greater in firms with less than and performance impair the ab1lity and de­ awards on R&D work that is not assigned to 1,000 employees. sire of small firms to compete for R&D con­ in-house laboratories. Firms of less than 1,000 employees have a tracts. 8. Agencies should consider allowing ratio of innovations to R&D employment CONCLUSIONS greater amounts of independent research which is approximately four times greater. Though the responsib111ty for retention of and development and bid and proposal costs The cost per R&D scientist or engineer is a high technology capab111ty in the United than currently authorized when negotiating almost twice as great in firms of over 1,000 States is shared by both the private and contracts with small technology based firms. employees. public sectors, the large annual Federal ex­ 9. Methods should be developed for collect­ FEDERAL GOVERNMENT UTILIZATION OF SMALL penditures for R&D places a unique respon­ ing and reporting data on small business FIRM CAPABILITIES sib111ty o.n Federal agencies. New techniques share of R&D con tract a wards. must be devised to encourage innovation by 10. Establish small business set-asides A striking disparity appears to exist be­ all sources, with particular emphasis on tween the capabilities of small technology small R&D firms. In the placement of R&D similar to those for supplies. based firms and their utmzation by Federal work, Government managers should carefully EXECUTIVE SUMMARY agencies. Data collected by the National consider the ultimate beneficial effect of us­ Findings Science Foundation and supplemented by ing small firms and not give undue consid­ 1. Small firms have compiled a striking the Office of Federal Procurement Policy eration the immediate security that may ap­ shows that only eight percent of Federal record of innovation in the private sector: pear to exist by awarding R&D contracts to Firms with less than 1,000 employees ac­ R&D contract awards to industry and only large firms. about three and one-half percent of obliga­ counted for almost % of major U.S. innova­ tions to all R&D performers • • were made RECOMMENDATIONS OF AD HOC INTERAGENCY tions during 1953-73. to small firms in FY 1975; that Government PANEL The ratio of innovations to sales is about R&D obligations to industrial firms vary The interagency panel chaired by Mr. Y:i greater in firms with less than 1,000 em­ from less than one-half of one percent for Rabinow developed the following recom­ ployees than in firms of over 1,000 employees. the Department of Agriculture to 62 per­ mendations based on its analysis of this Firms of less than 1,000 employees have a cent for the Department of Defense; and problem: ratio of innovations to R&D employment that reliance on industry for Federal R&D 1. Federal agencies should develop formal which is approximately four times greater has declined from 59.6% in 1966 to 50.7% programs which encourage the increase of compared to firms with more than 1,000 em­ in 1976 in current dollars. Federal R&D awards to small technology ployees. The overwhelming percentage of the dol­ based firms. The cost per R&D scientist or engineer ts lars in Federal R&D goes to develop:nent as 2. Large research and technology programs almost twice as great in firms of over 1,000 opposed to research (basic and applied). Al­ should be divided where feasible into discrete employees than in firms with less than 1,000 though the industry share of development is parts to permit solicitation of proposals and employees. substantial, most of this goes to large busi­ award of contracts to small technology based 2. Small firms receive 8 % of Federal R&D nesses capable of performing very large de­ firms in lieu of making a limited number of awards to industry and about 3% % of obli­ velopment contracts. On the other hand, in awards with consolidated requirements that gations to all performers, including in-house the research area where its capab111ty is high, only large firms can accomplish. performers of R&D. The share of companies small firms lose awards to colleges and uni­ 3. Subcontracting to small firms should be with less than 1,000 employees in total com­ versities, federally funded research and de­ encouraged in contract solicitations, source pany R&D funds, including subcontracts, is velopment centers (FFRDCs), as well as to selection criteria, and negotiations for R&D % greater than their share of Federal R&D large firms. work. A prime contractor's record in subcon­ funds. Summary conclusions reached are that (i) tracting to small technology based firms 3. Small firms face impediments in the Federal agencies tend to use sources other should be a factor in fee awarded in award Federal R&D procurement process, not found than industrial firms for basic and applied fee and incentive type contracts. in the private sector, in the following areas: 4. Intensive efforts should be made by Stabil1ty and efficiency of R&D funding. •Op Cit. Federal agencies to reduce or compensate for Administrative requirements. • • Industry, in-house laboratories, educa­ impediments experienced by small technol­ Nature and timing of RFPs. tional institutions, and federally financed ogy based firms. These efforts may include Treatment of proposals. R&D centers. but not be limited to the following: Contact with technical personnel.e 29068 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS September 12, 1978 A NEW ROUND OF BARGAINING it in the White House, in the board totaling 35 percent for the major railroad rooms, in the union halls. And we are unions. not getting it. That is the tragedy of our The AFL-CIO has steadfastly insisted that HON. ROBERT H. MICHEL time. the administration would first have to OF ILLINOIS demonstrate its willingness to deal with At this point I wish to insert in the rising prices before it would consider co­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES RECORD, "Deadline Near for Voluntary operating with the government on a wage Tuesday, September 12, 1978 Anti-Inflation Plan,'' including the ac­ control policy. Noting the fast rise in prices companying chart of major contract ex­ earlier this year, the labor federation warned • Mr. MICHEL. Mr. Speaker, the Wash­ pirations, from the September 10, 1978, in its policy statement on the economy last ington Post, September 10, 1978, carried Washington Post. It is my hope that the Spring that: "Price increases .. . are the an article which reminds us that we are principal economic fact of life which govern chart will be used by every Meml>er as the wage levels unions must seek." entering a crucial period in the fight a kind of tracking device for the in­ against inflation. Only 3 months are left The policy resolution went on to note that flationary trends that will inevitably "we candidly told the President and his eco­ before next year's major new round of come unless restraint and patriotism nomic advisers that the administration's suc­ union contract bargaining begins. The combine to stop this seemingly unending cess in encouraging American busin~ss and lines are clearly drawn: If this new the banking community to hold the line on round of bargaining produces a major inflation: DEADLINE NEAR FOR VOLUNTARY ANTI-INFLA­ prices and interest rates will be naturally re­ rise in the rate of inflation, we may well TION PLAN flected in collective bargaining settlements." not be able to save the American econ­ The Teamsters, the nation's largest inde­ omy. It is as simple-and as dangerous­ (By Frank Swoboda) pendent union, has also warned that it will as that. Accompanying the article is a Time is running out on the Carter admin­ be watching the administration's efforts to chart showing the dates of the major istration's efforts for voluntary control of control prices as a measure of its dP.mands inflation. at the bargaining table. But the Teamsters contracts to be negotiated. That chart After nearly two years of false starts with present the administration with another should be labeled "storm warnings." a variety of voluntary anti-inflation pro­ major problem that is bound to have a splll­ As the article points out, there is a grams, the White House has only three over effect on the upcoming negotiations. growing sentiment for imposed wage and months left to come up with an effective For the past two years, the Labor Depart­ price controls. If the polls are reflecting plan for holding down wage and price in­ ment has been trying to clean up the union's public sentiment accurately it should creases before the start of next year's major scandal-ridden pension funds. The clean up come as no surprise. When presented new round of union contract bargaining. effort has resulted in a variety of legal actions The Carter administration has now reached and could eventually produce indictments with the simple question: "Do you favor the same point in the three-year cycle of wage and price controls to stop infla­ against some union leaders involved in the contract bargaining that the Nixon adminis­ pension fund. That investigation has resulted tion?" many people will answer in the tration waited for in 1971 before imposing in an almost total breakdown in the relation­ affirmative. But the question, asked that wage and price controls. The current lull ship between the government and the Team­ way, is only half the story . .Wage and between the end of the bargaining round sters. price controls lead inevitably to short­ that began in 1976 and the start of next As a result of the government's pension ages, to "exceptions" to the controls, to year's new negotiating cycle is the only op­ investigations, the union has had little to do loss of incentive, and to a drop in pro­ portunity the White House has of interven­ with Labor Secretary Ray Marshall and the ing in contract negotiations during the Pres­ White House has publicly shunned Team­ ductivity. Is this the price we must pay to ident's first term without creating explosive stop inflation? I hope not. But surely we wage inequities among the major unions. ster President Frank E. Fitzsimmons. The are headed in that direction if the ad­ The biggest concern of both the White consequence has been an almost total ab­ ministration does not do something House and most major union leaders ls next sence of any coherent labor relations policy year's negotiations between the Teamsters toward the upcoming trucking negotiations, quickly. according to administration officials. I had hoped that the administration and the trucking industry over a new nation­ al trucking agreement. The outcome of these "How the hell are you going to get a would take the lead by cutting Govern­ negotiations will basically set the wage pat­ settlement with the Teamsters when Fitz ment spending, the prime cause of infla­ tern for the next three years. wants an invitation to the White House tion. But the administration has failed. I "We've already told the administration and Marshall wants to send him to jail," says now hope that responsible union leaders that our members care a whole lot more a veteran government labor relations expert. will modify their wage demands in line about what the Teamsters do (at the bar­ Adding to the White House problems are with the Government's efforts. But they gaining table) than they do about what the the deteriorating relationship between the say that they do not want to make sacri­ government has to say about controlling in­ administration and organized labor in gen­ fices unless everyone else does. So we are flation," says one key union leader involved eral over the President's failure, in the eyes in next year's bargaining round. of many union leaders, to deliver on his cam­ back where we started. In addition to the 528,000 Teamsters whose paign promises for social legislative changes Someone, somewhere, has to start the contracts expire in the trucking industry as well as labor's own special interest goals. fight against inflation. I do not believe March 31, major contracts expire next year That deterioration has already forced the it is possible for that fight to truly begin in the petroleum, construction, rubber, cloth­ administration to abandon earlier hopes of unless the President announces a plan ing, electrical manufacturing, meatpacking creating an anti-inflation program patterned to cut Government spending dramati­ and auto industries. after the Korean War controls experience. cally over the next 2 years. He must do The wage "patterns" set in next year's Under such a program, the White House so before, not after, the new round of contract negotiations will then serve as the hoped to set up a series of tri-partite commit­ target for all other industrles - includin ~ tees in major industries that would be used bargaining starts. basic metals-during the next two years. And to help labor and management work out their Union members should remember that this is what clearly worries administration problems with the government in exchange the wage increases gained in 1 year will economists. for wage and price moderation. be eaten up in the next by inflation. From almost the first day of the Carter ad­ The White House was also counting on the Union members must also remember m in istration two years ago, the major anti­ help of the. United Auto Workers union and that of it comes to wage and price con­ inflation target has been the Teamsters. In its president, Douglas Fraser, in the push for trols there will be drastic shortages of his earliest public interviews, Charles L. wage moderation. But Fraser has since be­ Schultze, chairman of the President's Coun­ come disenchanted with the administra.tion necessities and, eventually, damage to cil of Economic Advisers, has talked of the the productivity of the American econ­ need to break the "wage momentum" in the for its failure to push for the social programs omy. next round of contract bargaining. outlined in the Democratic Party platform Is this what union members want? I Since then, however, the administration and is in no mood to help. do not think so. But they have a right has been unable to have any meaningful dis­ With the industry committee avenue now to expect the Government to show its cussions with organized labor about an ef­ closed, the administration is talking a.bout a. seriousness over inflation. I can well un­ fective anti-inflation policy. "We could never program of wage and price guidelines pat­ even agree on the basic causes of inflation," terned after the program used by the Ken­ derstand that no worker wants to ask says an administration official. nedy and Johnson administrations in the for less than he believes will be necessary In the meantime, the administration has 1960s. For wages the administration is con­ to fight off inflation. But this becomes a basically sat back and watched while the sidering a guideline tied to the rise in the vicious cycle in which each preventive United Mine Workers, after a long strike, cost of living. wage-hike becomes a cause not a solu­ reached agreement on a new contract call­ So far, however, labor is having no part tion of continuing inflation. ing for wage increases of nearly 40 percent of the guidelines. After a briefing by admin­ What we need is leadership. We need over the life of the contract and settlements istration economists this week, union leaders September 12, 1978 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 29069 remained privately adamant in their op­ any help from labor. "Most of the price in­ officials of the need for cooperation to curb position to any attempt a.t setting a. national creases this year have little relationship to inflation. So far, however, the outlook for wage standard. wages," he said, citing the sharp rise in in­ cooperation is bleak. And a negotiator for a. major corporation terest rates and the cost of food and energy. That bleakness was reflected by the admin­ coming up for contract renewal next year Another key union official called the latest istration in its meetings last week with labor. warned: "The administration is crazy if it anti-inflation proposals the a.ct of "desperate After making a plea for cooperation on a thinks any company will even consider of­ men." He said his union has already told the voluntary basis, one top White House ad­ fering increases less than the cost of living White House it would be willing to make viser warned labor that unless the unions co­ plus something for productivity." wage sacrifices only if there was evidence that operated the administration might have to Without commenting on this week's meet­ other areas of the economy were also being seek a "political solution." He then, according ing at the White House, a top union econ­ forced to make sacrifices. to others at the meeting, noted that recent omist repeated the warning that the admin­ The administration has scheduled a series public opinion polls showed a. growing sup­ istration would have to do something about of meetings with key labor leaders in the next port for wage and price controls as a way recently rising prices before it could expect few weeks in an effort to convince the union to deal with inflation.

SUMMARY OF MAJOR CONTRACT EXPIRATIONS, CALENDAR YEAR 1979

Workers Workers Industry Companies Unions covered Expiration date Industry Companies Unions covered Expiration date

Petroleum Texaco, Standard Oil Co. Oil, Chemical and 43, 200 Jan. 7. Clothing ______Affiliated Dress Garment Workers. 182, 700 May 30-31. refining. (Amoco), Atlantic Atomic Workers Manufacturers, Richfield, Shell, (OCAW), and Greater Blouse, Mobil, Exxon, and others. Skirt & Under­ others. garment Association, Construction..... General Contractors Various con­ 208, 250 Feb.-Dec. National Skirt and American (light and struction Sportswear, and heavy construction) unions. others. (multistate) (106 Electrical General Electric, Electrical Workers 153, 300 June 30-July 15. agreements). products. Westinghouse. (IUE, UE). Trucking ______Over-the-Road and Teamsters •••••••• 528, 150 Mar. 31. Meatpacking_ •••• Armour, Swift, Wilson, Meatcutters •••••• 31, 750 Aug. 31. Local Cartage. Rath, Oscar Mayer, Rubber •••••••••• Goodyear, Firestone Rubber Workers ••• 82, 650 Apr. 19. John Morrell, Uniroyal, Goodricn.1 Dubuque. Automobile •••••• General Motors, Ford, Auto Workers ••••• 661, 400 Sept. 14. Chrysler. Farm International Auto Workers ••••• 94, 400 Sept. 30. implements. Harvester, Deere, Caterpillar, Allis I Chalmers. • AMERICANS STILL WORRY ABOUT worsened. Among the reasons selected for I recommend further reading of the JOBS causing unemployment, was the lack of study to Members desiring further in­ job skills. formation.• Overall, the public supports the con­ HON. AUGUSTUS F. HAWKINS cept of the Federal Government taking OF CALIFORNIA the lead in providing jobs and training IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES to the unemployed. The American public PLACING THE COMPROMISE NAT­ Tuesday, September 12, 1978 firmly holds the belief that people should URAL GAS BILL IN PERSPECTIVE be able to work if they want to and a e Mr. HAWKINS. Mr. Speaker, the clear plurality of 47 percent feels that Labor Department recently released the it is the responsibility of Government to HON. BRUCE F. VENTO results of an important survey of the provide a job for everyone who wants to OF MINNESOTA public's attitude toward unemployment work. This result is significant when one IN THE HOUS.E OF REPRESENTATIVES and related issues-unemployment, Gov­ considers that four other alternatives Tuesday, September 12, 1978 ernment, and the American people. As were presented: Creating jobs through we move toward :final House considera­ • Mr. VENTO. Mr. Speaker, I am sub­ business expansion; encouraging job mitting for the RECORD an article which tion of legislation to reform the CETA creation through a personal income tax system, H.R. 12452, I appreciate the op­ appeared in the September 1, 1978, St. cut; providing tax breaks for corpora­ Paul nia. "We were in­ take up the career he'd been thinking about Bruce Catton has left this world. But, variably the Union army," he wrote, "and we since he was 12 years old. never lost. Johnny Reb died by the platoon From 1920 to 1926, Catton worked as a his great works will live on and will and the battalion before our unerring reporter, first for the Cleveland News, then serve millions of future citizens of the musketry." the Boston American and the Cleveland world. In sum, Benzonia was a good place for a Plain Dealer. In 1926 he became a Washing· The articles follow: young boy to be in the early years of the ton correspondent for the Newspaper Enter­ [From the Traverse City Record-Eagle, 20th Century. "Life was unhurried and un­ prise Association, a job he held until 1941. sept.a, 19781 worried ..." Catton recalled. "There was While he was working for the association, nothing to do but grow up, and we could Catton found time to turn out a couple of NIGHT TRAIN COMES FOR HISTORIAN CATTON take our time a.bout it." novels, both of which he later dismissed as (By BUI McCulloch) Unlike many other pioneer college towns totally worthless. Apparently, neither work BENZONIA.-In terms of the national recog­ in Michigan, though, Benzonia never was ever published. nition he received during his lifetime, Bruce amounted to much. The village had drawn In 1942 Catton became director of in• oatton was probably the most illustrious of much of its early vitality from the lumber formation for the War Production Board, Benzie County's native sons. He was a writer boom. And that prosperity came to an abrupt then held similar posts after the war with and historian of the first rank, a two-time end when the trees were gone. As a result, the Department of Commerce and the In­ Pulitzer-Prize winner, a National Book Award Caton wrote: Benzonia seemed to pass from terior Department. His wartime experiences re~ipient. adolescence to senility in one uneasy step. led to his first published book, "The War As a historian, Catton possessed a rare After Benzonia College folded in 1900, Lords of Washington." abllity to breathe life into the characters and Caton's father began selling insurance for After that, Catton turned his attention to events he chronicled. He did this naturally, a llving. And when Catton was 6 years old, the subject that had fascinated him ever convincingly, without resort to literary con­ his family moved to Boyne City, where his since his boyhood: the Civil War. With only trivance. In his later years, he suggested that father worked briefly as the manager of a one exception-the largely autobiographical this abllity might have been a function of his new insurance company office. "Waiting for the Morning Train"-his writ­ upbringing. He said he always felt as though Boyne City at that time was one of the ing over the next 25 years focused on the war he had grown up in the era about which he last strongholds of the logging industry. It between the states. did most of his writing. was a boom town, not much llke Benzonia. His first book on the Civll War, published His biographies say he was born in Petos­ at all, with several sawmills, a blast furnace, in 1951, was "Mr. Lincoln's Army," followed key in 1899. But that was only because his a major shipping harbor, a railroad and 13 in 1952 by "Glory Road." Neither book at­ mother's family lived in Petoskey at the time. saloons. Day after day, Catton watched trains tracted much attention at first. But in 1953, She traveled there in the fall of 1899 for the hauling pine logs to the mllls where huge Catton published "A Stillness at Appomat­ express purpose of giving birth to her second gang saws were kept busy ripping out mil­ tox," completing his now-famous trilogy on child. lions of board feet of lumber. Living near the Union Army of the Potomac. That book The Catton home in those years was lo­ the Boyne River, he also witnessed the spring won the 1954 Pulitzer Prize for history and cated in Benzie Ct>unty. And Bruce Catton log drives-tens of thousands of logs drifting also earned Catton the National Book Award. did most of his growing up in the small vil­ downstream from the winter logging camps In 1960 he won his second Pulltzer for the lage of Benzonia, where his father served as to the sorting grounds at the river's mouth. narrative that accomoanied "The American acting president of struggling Benzonia Col­ When he grew older, Catton came to un­ Heritage Picture History of the Clvll War." lege during the final two years of its exist­ derstand that what he had seen in Boyne In all, Catton produced more than 15 ence. Catton's recollections of his days in City was a reflection of modern man's un­ volumes on the Civil War, including one for Benzie County later served as the basis for willingness to restrain his dominance of the youngsters: "Banners at Shenandoah." a book, his next-to-last, "Waiting for the environment. The timber resource was once Starting in the 1930s, Catton spent most Morning Train," published in 1972 by thought to be inexhaustible. But technology of his vacations in the county where he had Doubleday. soon provided the machines that made it grown up. And it was here in Benzie County The Benzonia that he knew in his youth, possible to strip the land bare. And once it that he died of an undisclosed respiratory Catton wrote, was an anomaly. Founded as a became possible to do so, Catton said, there illness on Aug. 28. He was 78. college town in 1858 by men of strong Chris­ was no turning back, no way to stop short Catton had been 73 when he finished his tian belief, the town became an outpost of of the ultimate objective. In less than the autobiography. In it, he observed that early temperence and piety in the middle of north­ span of a single lifetime, a priceless resource youth is just like old age in one respect-"it ern Michigan's prodigal lumber boom. Catton was consumed. And the big lumber com­ is a time of waiting before a big trip to an likened his boyhood to "grt>wing up with the panies went elsewhere in search of trees. unknown destination. The chief difference Twelve Apostles for next-door neighbors." Catton's stay in Boyne City was short. In is that youth waits for the morning limited "In a way this was uncomfortable," he con­ 1906, his family moved back to Benzonia, and age waits for the night train." ceded. "To meet the nagging problems of this and his father became principal of Benzonia Benzonia, he reflected, had been a good world while you are thinking about the re­ Academy, a prep school that had replaced place to wait for the morning train. quirements of the next one does not always the failed Benzonia College. Catton attended come easily.... " a regular village school through the seventh [From the Washington Post, Sept. 1, 1978] But the world problems and ge•neral social grade, then skipped the eighth grade and BRUCE CATTON upheaval of the early 1900s were not well entered the academy as a freshman in the If Lee did not surrender to Grant the way understood in Benzonia. Years later. Catton fall of 1912, just before his 13th birthday. Bruce Catton described it in "This Hallowed would lt>ok back and see his home town as a That year also saw Catton begin to form Ground," he should have. Like two other place where time, for a little while at least, some definite notions about his life. It all great historians of the Civll War, Douglas had stood stm. "We were out of date without started with his father reading news ac­ Freeman and Allen Nevins, Mr. Catton was knowing it," he wrote. "The country was counts of the 1912 Republlcan National Con­ first a journalist; and he lived by the jour­ moving out from under us before we realized vention and observing that newspapermen nallst's imperative-whi·~h is the fiction writ­ that anything in particular had changed. certainly must lead interesting lives. er's, too-to make the reader see. Because Just when a wholly materialistic culture was A year or two later, a local resident asked Mr. Catton made more people see "hls" war becoming dominant we were shaping our Catton what he planned to be when he grew than ever before, he was tainted with the lives according to the requirements of the up. "As far as I can remember I had not name of "popularizer," which merely meant culture it was dii;placing." consciously ma.de any choice," Catton wrote. that he saw history as art as well as facts. In this sense, Catton said. he could almost "but now that the question was asked I Yet, as other first-rate historians such as claim that he had 1ttown up in the days that replled unhesitatingly: "I am going to be a David Donald of Harvard attest, Mr. Catton preceded the Civil War. And this was prob­ journallst." was a first-rate historian-the first to use ably one of the reaROns that tumultuous Except for one brief period during which regimental histories as a source. And he was period in American history always seemed so he aspired to become a concert viollnist, it a workhorse. Less than half a life of writing real tt> him, he said. appears that Catton never wandered too far books (he began at age 49) produced 17 ma­ Catton's fascination with the Civil War from his early resolve to go into newspaper jor works, the last being a state history of was fueled bv his contacts with men like work. The lesson to be learned from that, Michigan, where he was born 1n a small town Elihu Linkletter, Lyman Judson, John Van Catton later observed, is that fathers should that, temperamentally, he never left. Deman, Ca.si::ius Judson and John Morrow­ always be careful what they say to their His small-town background must have vetera.ns who'd actually fought on the leg­ impressionable children. helped shape his approach toward his subject. enda.rv battlefteldi; at Gettysburg, Atlanta., Catton graduated from Benzonia Academy Mr. Catton grew up hearing the tales of the Wilderness, Shil("lh. Most of these men in the spring of 1916, just two years before it Union vets, and he understood the war more were well into their 70s when young Catton went under, and that fall joined the fresh­ as a clash of people than as a clash of forces got to know them: to a small boy, they man class as Oberlin College. When the and ideas. Once, in reply to a question from seemed positively heroic. United States entered World War I, though, his friend and researcher, E. B. Long, he From time to time, Catton and his young Catton interrupted his education and joined said: "I don't know; maybe I was there"-ac­ playmates used to re-enact the Civil War on the Navy. He returned to Oberlin after the counting for his descrip•tive sense. But there September 12, 1978 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 29079 was also the perpetual presence of the war in The real problem ls NHTSA's unwllllngness on the executive branch by putting restric­ his mind. He belived, too, in the perpetual to properly consider the test data supplied tions on the use of f'ederal funds. presence of the war in our minds, that by APTA, bus and component manufacturers In this case, the agency and participants "whatever the American people might here­ (prior to mandating the 121 system), which in the debate agree on the need for a tougher after do would in one way or another take data conclusively proved that the 121 sys­ standard for bus a.nd truck braking capabil­ form and color from this experience." tem was not ready for use. ity. But they disagree sharply on how that Part of Mr. Catton's legacy ls the ldea­ should be achieved. whlch many historians have since adopted­ That is not a reassuring evaluation of In response to the brewing controversy, that one ca.n best grasp the momentous ac­ this agency's performance. bills have be-en introduced in the House and tions of men by learning the significant de­ The Ninth Circuit U.S. Court of Ap­ Senate that would suspend the standard for tails of their lives-what they wore, how they a. year; legislation ls pending that would peals, after taking 2 years to evaluate the prohibit the Transportation Department sounded. Part, too, ls the publication "Amer­ information submitted by the parties in ican Heritage," to which Mr. Catton contrib­ from enforcing the standard; and the in­ uted so much, and with which he placed Paccar against NHTSA, found: dependent National Transportation Safety the study of history in the public domain. In view of substantial evidence received Boa.rd ls preparing to investigate the tramc His largest legacy is the memory of his gen­ by NHTSA that the "in use" performance of safety a.ddminlstration as legislation that erosity as a man and scholar which touched vehicles equipped with antilock was not con­ would compel the probe moves through all who knew him br his work.e sistent with the performance required by the Congress. Standard, and in some circumstances may Of even greater conc~rn to agency oftlclals have been more hazardous than the per­ is a ruling on the standard last April by the formance of pre-Standard vehicles, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit agency's failure to conduct more intensive that they believe sets a dangerous precedent. APPLYING THE BRAKES TO THE 121 testing of trucks a.nd tractor-trailers certi­ In its decision, the court overturned the SAFETY STANDARD fied under the Standard wa.s not only un­ braking standard on technical, rather than reasonable, but also a legal abuse of dis­ procedural grounds-a judgment, agency cretion • • • the comprehensive data before oftlcials feel, it ls not qua.lifted to make. HON. DAN MARRIOTT us indicates that there is a. strong probabil­ The agency ls aopealing the decision to OF UTAH ity that the performance of a substantial the Supreme Court but until the Court de­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES number of vehicles whose braking systems cides whether to hear the case, the standard have been altered to include overpowered wm remain in effect. Tuesday, September 12, 1978 front axles and a.ntilock devices ha.s created Regardless of the Court's decision, how­ •Mr. MARRIOTT. Mr. Speaker, years a potentially more hazardous highway situa­ ever, agency oftlclals and opponents of the ago Charlie Chaplin made a movie called tion than existed before the standard became standard agree that the 121 affair has operative. damaged the agency's effectiveness and hurt "Modern Times" that highlighted the its credibility. perils and pleasures of mechanized so­ My very capable colleague, Represent­ THE STANDARD ciety. Often in the recent past we have ative SHUSTER of Pennsylvania, has re­ When the 121 standard became effective seen that modern technology can as of ten ferred to the history of 121 brakes as in early 1975, it required that all new buses be a boondoggle as a boon. We have seen criminal behavior by NHTSA. Such irre­ and trucks be able to stop within 217 feet drugs like thalidomide which deformed sponsibility is inexcusable. The arro­ when traveling a.t 60 miles per hour; the newborn children, fire retardants which gance of NHTSA on this issue seems to be previous standard required only that these are found to cause cancer, and pollution boundless. All criticisms are banished by vehicles be able to stop within 400 feet at control devices which produce more toxic that speed. By comparison, most cars can NHTSA with shallow characterizations stoo within 200 feet. poisons than the older model's exhaust. like "rhetorical" and "anecdotal." Mr. Since it was issued, the standard has been We have become more sophisticated in Speaker, that will not wash. Such high­ a.mended several times to its current level viewing all changes as progress. The bot­ handedness with the public good can no of 293 feet. tom line results are what we must look longer be tolerated. The editor of a truck­ The standard also requires that new ve­ to. ing magazine referred to NHTSA as hicles be able to stay within a 12-foot-wide The people of the United States have having "arrogance not to be believed, an lane while braking without the wheels been subjected to a constant danger on arrogance the likes of which have not locking. the highways for the last 3 years. This been seen in the western world since Most buses have been able to meet the is a silent threat which lashes out arbi­ kings stopped ruling by divine right." requirement without additional equipment. trarily and suddenly to take life, limb, But trucks have required a computer-con­ I am pleased that the Public Works trolled, anti-skid braking system in order to and property. While this danger has per­ and Transportation Committee voted comply with the standard. The system­ sisted, the agency that brought us man­ without objection to impose a 2-year which costs about $100 per axle-supple­ datory locking seat belts and air bags moratorium on the enforcement of this ments conventional brakes and operates has thumbed its nose at the public in­ irresponsible regulation. It is a credit to when sudden stops are necessary. A mini­ terest. This agency which has made a the House that it will fulfill its consti­ computer attached to each axle senses when habit of being a law unto itself is the tutional duty to supervise the executive the wheels are beginning to lock and momen­ National Highway Traffic Safety Admin­ tarily releases the brakes to gain traction. branch's performance. In this area that The total cost of additional brake equip­ istration. performance has been greatly lacking. I ment comes to a.bout $1,500 per truck. It took an act of Congress to stop the am glad that H.R. 11733 will begin to do NHTSA oftlclals think the computer system seat belt interlock system. It took an something about it. ls the a.ni::wer for improving brake standards act of Congress to stop mandatory air I would like to submit for the RECORD and, at the same time, preventing vehicles bags. And it will take an act of Congress the following letter and article: from jackknifing. But opponents of the sys­ to undo the mischief of the 121 regula­ tem believe that it ls unreliable, dlftlcult to tion. Every other Government agency APPL YING THE BRAKES TO THE 121 SAFETY maintain-and extremely dangerous. They which has taken a look at the 121 brakes STANDARD contend that the brake system ls responsible has raised fundamental problems with (Bys. Scott Rohrer) for 18 deaths since the new standard went the regulation requiring these costly and The furor over brake standards for trucks into effect. unsafe brakes. and buses shows the frustrating paradox PROBLEMS facing government oftlclals who try to put Most of the major trucking firms say they What then is the bottom line for the out regulations in the "public interest.") have had nothing but problems with the new 121 air brakes? Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard system. They point out that computers, In the case of the 121 air brakes, it is 121. Relatively obscure, yet extremely con­ which are very delicate and sophisticated, are clear that these highly touted brakes troversial, this standard has placed the Na­ sub.1ect to a tremendous beating on the na­ have never lived up to the expectation of tional Highway Tra.ftlc Safety Administration tion's roads. their advocates. Indeed, they have cre­ (NHTSA) in a. lot of hot water. MHTSA "ls asking a system to do some­ ated many opponents who fear for their While public furor over the standard has thing In an environment that it can't Uve own lives and those of the public. The been dwarfed by the agency's ongoing bu­ in," George D. Green, vice president of national PTA has come out firmly reaucratic battle over air bag systems, the Breeze Corps. Inc., manufacturer of a cable controversy exemplifies a frustrating para­ that prevents jackknifing, said in an inter­ against use of the brakes on school buses dox facing government oftlcla.ls who try to view. as well as on any other vehicle. put out regulations that a.re seemingly in "Of great concern also are the deficiencies John B. Schnell, manager c.: research the "public interest." that were found in the anti-lock electronic for the American Public Transit Asso­ In addition, the case provides another components of the 121-equlpped vehicles," ciation, said on July 19, 1978: example of Congress trying to work its wm E. E. Kynaston, assistant chief of the Call- CXXIV--1828-Part 21 29080 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS September 12, 1978 fornla Highway Patrol, told the Senate Gov­ interview that "absolutely," without ques­ whole highway safety effort. Who wlll believe ernmental Affairs Subcommittee on Goveri.. tion, accidents have decreased considerably them when they come out with their next mental Efficiency and the District of Colum­ since then. A number of other firms have also regulation?" bia last Dec. 7. disconnected the brakes and the Transporta­ The newness and complexity of computer tion Department's Bureau of Motor Carrier SEPTEMBER 12, 1978. brakes have led to another problem-a Safety, a. part of the Federal Highway Admin­ HON. DAN MARRIOTT, shortage of trained mechanics to repair the istration, has stopped checking trucks to see Longworth, House Office Building, systems. Indeed, this maintenance problem lf the brakes are in compliance. Wasnington, D.C. was one factor in convincing NHTSA to ex­ Critics of the standard are exasperated at DEAR MR. MARRIOTT: Since December of empt school buses from the standard since NHTSA's refusal to rescind the regulation in 1977 the National PTA has studied the serious it was first issued. light of what they consider to be overwhelm­ problems ca.used by inadequate field testing Donald K. Strout, vice president of main­ ing evidence on their side. of computer-operated brakes on school buses, tenance for Wilson Freight Co., wrote in a Rep. Bud Shuster, R-Pa., ranking minority commercial buses and highway trucks. statement to the Senate subcommittee: "The member of the House Public Works and The PTA continues to believe that the Bu­ quantity of brake failures and complaints Transportation Subcommittee on Surface reau of Motor Carrier Safety, as regulated by are too numerous to tabulate. Parts to repair Transportation, said: "When an agency the Federal Aid to Highway Act, should de­ and replace the computerized modulating promulgates a regulation that possibly causes clare a. complete moratorium on all com­ systems are extremely dlfflcult to obtain. 18 deaths and when an agency promulgates puter-operated air brakes until adequate field Service on the road and even at major cities with reckless disregard, then there is a ques­ testing and subsequent product adjustment ls virtually non-existent." tion of criminal negligence.'" has declared such antllock braking regulation Kynaston added that the malfunctioning The full committee has approved a Shuster safe. of the computer brakes adversely affects con­ amendment to the Surface Transportation We join the Utalh PTA and other concerned ventional brakes. Instead of improving Assistance Act (H.R. 11733) that would bar citizen groups in urging members of Con­ braking distances, the standard, he said, "has the Motor Carrier Safety Bureau from spend­ gress to vote for the complete ban on com­ resulted in more vehicles having their brakes ing funds for enforcing the standard. The puter-operated a.tr brakes, the 121 a.ntllock out of adjustment, which wlll lead to longer House Ways and Means Committee approved regulation, as specified in H.R. 11733, the Sur­ stopping distances and control lnstablllty." the financial aspects of the blll on Aug. 1 face Transportation Bill. Critics of the new brake system also say it and sent it to the House floor. Very truly yours, ls dangerous because when it does fall, it Said. Marriott of NHTSA: "Nobody over GRACE BAISINGER, takes two to ten seconds before the conven­ there, including Joan Claybrook, has the President.e tional brake system starts functioning again. best interest of the public in mind. They're Within that time, a truck could go as far as all jus.t trying to save their hides. They 810 feet lf traveling at 55 mph. don't have the courage to· admit they're TV NEWS POLICIES NHTSA has investigated almost every major wrong." accident that critics say has been caused by NHTSA's Dugoff said such charges "are the new brake system. "We have never found just not true." And Claybrook told the Sen­ HON. CHARLES ROSE (the system] to be the oause of a serious ac­ ate subcommittee: "We do not want to re­ OF cident," Howard J. DugofJ, deputy adminis­ NORTH CAROLIN A move a system which, from the best evi­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES trator of NHSTA, said in an interview. "We've dence that we have at this moment, seems tried to track it down but it's turned out to to be improving. The warranty data show Tuesday, September 12, 1978 be nothing but smoke." Joan T. Claybrook, administrator of the that it is getting more and more reliable. • Mr. ROSE. Mr. Speaker, a valuable agency, told the Senate subcommittee that Yet lf we were to remove the standard, there analysis of the role of television news in the agency's investigations have been a "frus­ would be no incentive for the supplier in­ dustry to improve the capab11lty of their situations involving terrorism has been trating experience because it's very easy to systems." published in the August 26 to Septem­ make an allegation and very hard to conduct ber 1 issue of TV Guide, America's tele­ these investigations." Dugoff said agency offtclals are frustrated It has been difficult to pinpoint whether with the trucking industry's opposition. But vision magazine. the system ls at fault in accidents because of he concedes the agency ls partly to blame for In his article, "When Hostages' Lives its nature or the reactions of individual the resistance because the first version of Are at Stake," John Weisman, TV drivers. the standard turned out to be too strict. Guide's Washington bureau chief, ex­ Rep. Dan Marriott, R-Utah, sponsor of a The agency ls not alone in its frustra­ amined the complex question of when blll (HR 10562) that would impose a one:­ tion-the manufacturers of the brakes feel TV reporters should rush in to pursue year moratorium on enforcement of the their product ls getting a bum rap. news or desist to protect the lives of standard, said: "That's the trouble with 121. "We feel we have a good product," said hostages. The system ls so inconsistent-it works, then Roy Nagel, an engineer for the envll'onmen­ lit doesn't work." That's why, he added, it ls ta.I activities staff of Genel'al Motors Corp. As chairman of the Evaluations Sub­ hard to pin the blame for the accidents. Mar­ Opponents dismiss that belief. "Jf this ls committee of the House Committee on riott became involved in the controversy a better brake," said Geoff Myers, a lawyer Intelligence, I have participated in hear­ when the brake system was blamed for a representing the Truck Equlnment and Body ings on the threat of terrorist activities truck-car crash in his district that left four Distributors Assoclatfon, which ls fighting in this country. Accordingly, I am con­ persons dead. Sen. Orrin G. Hatch, R-Utah, ls the standard, "you wouldn't need a federal cerned about the problems inherent in sponsoring a slmllar blll (S 2850) in the mandate" to force acceptance of it. television news policies. Senate. Surveying the wliole controversy, Dugoff Mr. Weisman and TV Guide have ren­ NHTSA admits there were problems with commented, "The nat.ure of the debate has the new system when it went on the market. become very nolitici7.ed. The facts are not dered a timelv public service by exam­ but it contends that the bugs have been really being debated anymore." ining an aspect of the awesome challenge worked out and the system ls becoming more COURT DECISION confronting television. reliable. Even more ls at stake for NHTSA because The article may assist the television As evidence, it cites a preliminary study of the Court of Appeals ruling in Aprll. industry and the public in the evolution completed by the University of Michigan's "The decision really shook us up," said of ethical values in the context of un­ Highway Safety Research Institute that Dugoff, "because its precedentlal implica­ precedented news events in which ter­ found that trucks with the system had 20 tions are immense." rorists seek to manipulate and exploit per cent fewer accidents than trucks with­ The court ruled that although the stand­ out it. ard ls necesary and the new system may the media. But Strout of Wllson Freight remains un­ be reliable one day, the standard should be TV Guide's article follows: convinced. Since they began using the sys­ rescinded until there ts evidence that It WHEN HOSTAGES' LivEs ARE AT STAKE tem, he said, the firm's drivers have had twice can be met safely. (By John Weisman) as many accidents and four times as many The decision also shook up NHTSA's sister Hosta.~es. That word makes law-enforce­ jackknife accidents. In addition, four drivers agency, the Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety. ment officials very nervous these days. But were killed. "It's a. bad precedent," said Kenneth L. there ls another word, too. One that makes "There may be some area of doubt whether Pierson, deputy director of the bureau, be­ cops, FBI men and security people equally all four can be laid to the rstandardl and cause the courts "wlll be substituting their jittery. And that word ls television. "Com­ maybe there was only two or three, but we own regulation for the agency's." Pierson bine the two in the wrong way," says a. U.S. had not even had the average of one driver and Dugoff said the courts lack the technical Department of Justice official, "and you per year getting kllled until we accepted 121 background to make such decisions. could have real trouble on your hands." vehicles. Now we have four drivers in one If the Supreme Court does not overturn In the past three yea.rs, the United States year, "Strout testified at the December the decision, Dugoff said, "it will be a real has experienced scores of hostage-taking in­ hearings. blemish on the agency's reputation." cidents. Most, fortunately, have been resolved Beoause of the increase in accident~. Wil­ Some say that has happened already. "The without loss of life. But during the tense son Frei~ht disconnected its computerized real tragedy [of the 121 controversy]," hours of waiting and negotiating, the great­ brake systems late last fall. Strout said in an said Shuster, "is that it just discredits the est disagreement, antagonism and confilct September 12, 1978 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 29081 . often have not been between hostage-takers Services; and Capt. Frank Bolz, a 22-year of Palestinian terrorists at Entebbe. Schwartz and the police, but between the cops and the veteran working out of police headquarters. adds: "There may also be too much concern news media-especially TV. Both Schlossberg and Bolz characterize thetr on the press's part about the holders, and So far as anyone can tell, no hostage has relations with the media as good; a sentiment not enough about the hostages.'' yet been k1lled because of something a echoed by a number of New York's TV re­ NBC has written guidelines for its staff, broadcaster put on the air. Some TV news­ porters. But they learned to deal with the according to NBC News president Lester Crys­ men call that sk111. "But it ls just damn media through mistakes. tal. ABC does not have any, however. Neither luck," says a former Los Angeles police chief, "I remember our first hostage-negotiating do most local stations-the first, usually, to Edward M. Davis. Others in law enforcement job," says Schlossberg. "The John & Al Sport­ send reporters onto the scene. Indeed, many agree with him. So do dozens of former hos­ ing Goods store in Brooklyn. Four terrorists local stations do not want guidelines. James tages, many of whom feel that broadcast holding 14 hostages. Our first mistake was we Snyder, news director of WDIV-TV, Detroit, coverage of their own situations had actu­ wanted a news blackout. So we told the press, who directed coverage of the Hanafis when ally put their lives in jeopardy. 'You can't have nothing.' That made 'em he worked in Washington, says, ''I'll be happy What some in law enforcement call a text­ good and mad. to sit down and write a whole set on what to book example of the kinds of mistakes broad­ "Then we shut off the electric power in do the next time somebody named Kha.alls casters can make took place in Washington, the area, so cameramen couldn't use their takes over three buildings within two miles D.C., in March 1977. There, 12 Hana.ft Mus­ lights. So the TV stations sent portable gen­ of the White House. But I'm not so sure that lims occupied three bu1ld1ngs for 39 hours. erators down to the site, and the next thing I can write them to cover every terrorist act More than 140 hostages were captured in the you know the criminals were in the dark and that comes up." siege. Eight in the District Building, two the cops were all lit up nice and bright." Harvey Schlossberg disagrees. Sure, he says, blocks from the White House, 11 in the city's there are several different forms of hostage­ Islamic Center, right in the heart of Em· Schloosberg's negotiating team managed to taklng. "But all of these situations can be bassy Row, and 123 at the national head· rescue the hostages and persuade the ter­ reduced to some pretty basic psychological quarters of B'nal B'rlth. rorists to surrender without a shot being dynamics," says Schlossberg. "What we're fired. But during the after-siege critique that doing ls talking about people who consider It was, one reporter said at the time, a is part of the NYPD negotiating team's rou­ story made for television. But in the scramble themselves losers. But instead of lying on the tine, most of the police officers' questions floor and kicking their feet or holding their for news, and the competition for scoops, revolved around the media. "We had spent the broadcast media made mistakes. Enough breath, they do something powerful-they so much time arguing with the media," says take hostages. It's a way for them to manip­ of them, in fact, to cause 70 percent of the Schlossberg. "We knew that neither party listeners in a subsequent radio poll to say ulate the world. You might say that hostage­ was malicious. I d.ecided that it was just a taking is a problem-solving device for one that media coverage might have threatened question of misunderstanding." the lives of the hostages. Broadcast coverage with an inadequate personality. was given an even more dismal rating by the The NYPD decided to remedy the situation. "Now I'm not talking about censorship in Hanafis' hostages themselves. Virtually all Bolz and Schlossberg st,arted to include re­ any way," Schlossberg insists. "But report­ thought that the media had had no regard porters in the same training sessions used by ers have got to know that they're part of the for their lives at one time or another. NYPD hostage negotiators (more than 75 re­ dynamics too. These hostage-takers go from porters have gone through the program so obscurity to world power in two minutes just What mistakes were made by broadcast far). "We try to take away the mystique," by holding a gun to somebody's head. So journalists during the Hana.ft siege? says Bolz. "If they understand what we do, you've got to be careful about how much During an on-the-air interview, Hamaas we think they'll honor our requests." media coverage you give them. Not enough Abdul Kha.alls, leader of the Hanafis, was Why are on-air interviews with hostage­ and they're liable to do something outrage· asked by one broadcast journalist whether takers such a sore point with law-enforce­ ous. Too much and they become insatiable." or not he felt that he could trust the police ment officers? One reason, says Bolz, is that It would make many law-enforcement offi­ negotiators. "reporters don't know if the question they're cials happy to see the press formulate guide­ A radio reporter mistakenly referred to the asking will set the terrorist off. lines that would rule out such elements of Hanafis as "Black Muslims." Word came back "Sometimes," adds Bolz, "reporters are just hostage coverage as telepho.ne calls to the to the station that unless an on-air apology stupid. A Canadian reporter once called in criminals, broadcasts describing police tac­ was made, several hostages would be de­ to a hostage-taker. The perpetrator told him tics, live reports and interviews with the capitated. (The apology was made.) he wanted to trade the hostages for nar­ hostage-taker's famlly. Another broadcaster, during an interview cotics. So the reporter says, 'Don't be Many reporters, however, feel that the pub­ with Khaalis, asked whether or not the stupid-if you give up all your hostages, you lic's right to know ls absolute. "No one is Hana.ft leader had "set any deadlines yet." won't have anything to deal with'." out to jeopardize a hostage's life if the police Fortunately, Khaalis overlooked the ques­ Another reason law-enforcement peopl~ say that putting this or that on the air will tion. dislike detailed coverage is that it tends tp do that," says WDVM-TV (Washington) re­ A minicam unit started setting up in a harden the position on both sides. Dr. Robert porter Susan King. "But we must let the building just across from the eighth floor Shellow, who was the principal social scien­ community know what is going on. What area Kha.alls occupied. One of the terrorists tist for the National Advirory Commission I report may turn out for good, or it may spotted it. According to Hank Siegel, a hos­ on Sodal Disorders, puts it this way: "The turn out for evil. Either way, I have no tage at the B'nal B'rith site, the Ha.nafi said, more the situation becomes public, the more choice: I have to report, and let the editors "Oh, great-television. We'll hang a couple it loses fluidity. It's like l·abor negotiations make the choice about whether to use it or of old men out the window by their ankles. or politics. The President and the Congress not." Let 'em take pictures of that!" can argue in private and make progress­ While most former hostages disagree with Hostage Alan Grip recalls a broadcast re­ each side giving, each taking. But once the King, one who does not is Charles Fenyvesi. porting that a fire ladder was being erected press reports where ea.ch stands, the positions Fenyvesi, the editor of the National Jewish outside the District Building and police were are set in stone. The same dynamic holds Monthly, was captured by Hamaas Khaalis going up the ladder. "The reporter implied­ for hostage situations." at the B'na1 B'rlth building. And despite his although he didn't say it directly-that they "The telephone is a two-edged sword," says harrowing experience, Fenyvesi insists that, were a.bout to rush the room where we were Bill Small, senior vice president of CBS News. as a reporter, he would feel obligated to call being kept. One of the gunmen just went "Sometimes, I think, it's therapeutic for the up a terrorist in the course of covering a hos­ crazy. He screamed, 'You tell those police to terrorist to talk, to tell his story. On the tage situation. take the ladder a.way or we're gonna start othe.r hand, it's very possible for a reporter "Sure, there are dangers in calllng in. But blowing people a.way.'" to infuriate the terrorist by asking the wrong it's also a way to allow the hostage-taker to question." Dr. Frank Ochberg, a psychiatrist at the let off steam. I remember Kha.alls coming in National Institute of Mental Health, cur­ CBS, the first network to issue written and telling us, 'The whole world ls watching rently serves as a consultant to the FBI on guidelines to its news staff regarding hostage me; the whole world is calling me!' It was terrorism and hostage taking. "The prob­ situations, does not rule out making phone his moment of glory. Instead of killing us, lem," he says, "is that you're pitting news­ calls to terrorists. But, the guidelines con­ that became his high point.'' men's First Amendment rights against the tinue, "CBS News representatives sho\lld en­ Is there any answer to the problem of cov­ managing of life-and-death situations. deavor to contact experts dealing with the ering hostage-takers? The most frequently What you've got is an almost impossible hostage situation to determine whether they heard one ls training. But former hostage situation. And the hostages are caught right have any guidance on such questions as Fenyves1 adds some cautionary words: "Face in the middle of it all.'' phraseology to be avoided [or] what kind of it-as reporters, we all thrive on crisis. But questions or reports might tend to exacerbate somewhere along the line, reporters have got Despite a history of mutual mistrust, there the situation.'' are some places in which the police and the to be told that their primary assignment is news media have come to an understanding. One hostage, who asked to go unidentified, to protect life. The media have got to take New York City is one of them. NYPD suggests that the networks are not so much life over scoop. formed a hostage-negotiating unit shortly at fault in their reports as local TV stations, "I can tell you, as a former hostage, that after the 1972 Munich Olympics. It was which tend to send less experienced reporters no o.ne has really redefined the assignment headed by Dr. Harvey Schlossberg, a career out to cover hostage situations. The point of covering hostage situations in that way, police officer who until his recent retirement is echoed by Murray Schwartz, president of yet. I just hope that they-that we do it, ran the NYPD's Department of Psychological Merv Griffin Productions, who was a hostage and soon.''e 29082 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS September 12, 1978

TAXFLATION AND THE WORKING THE CASE FOR THE KEMP-ROTH TAX CUT­ down the income spectrum, with the greatest PEOPLE: WHY TAXES FOR BLUE TAXFLATION AND THE WORKING MAN impact on the group from $15,000 to $30,000 (By Warren T. Brookes) in income, and particularly on white collar COLLAR WORKERS ARE GOING workers whose gross incomes have not even UP George J. is a. factory worker in Brockton. kept pace with inflation. On January 1, 1976, !le wa.s earning $200 a We know a man (Lawrence, K.) who is in week-a.bout the national average of $5 an his middle age, and holds down a. middle HON. JACK F. KEMP hour. (See Table I) management professional job paying about After ta.king out for Federal, state and OF NEW YORK $27,700 a year, up 50 percent from the in­ local taxes (including the property tax on his come he drew in a professional job in middle IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES house) and for Social Security, he was taking management back in 1967 (See Table II) Tuesday, September 12, 1978 home $161.69, to spend. Unfortunately, in that 10-year period his Thirty months later, in June of 1978, total tax bill ha.s risen from $4136 a year to • Mr. KEMP. Mr. Speaker, during the George's weekly gross pay had risen, through $9554, a. rise of 130 percent-or nearly 2% August 10 debate on the Revenue Act of his union contract and cost of living in­ times as much as his income I 1978, the tax bill, and my attempt, creases, to $246-again, about the national Worse still, he has watched the CPI (in­ average of $6.15 per hour. fiation) rise by 95.3 percent. The result is through a motion to recommit with in­ It was a husky increase of 23 percent in ·structions to report back that bill to the gross pay in 2Y:i years-or about 9 percent a that his after tax income has dropped, in House immediately with an amendment year-slightly above the national average of real terms by nearly $5000-0r-35 percent, including individual income tax rate income growth. even though his gross income has risen by reductions of about 30 percent over the Unfortunately, since January 1976, 50 percent. George's total tax bill (federal, state and Unfortunately, there are many middle in­ next 3 years, I stressed the critical im­ come Americans like Lawrence K., whose in­ portance of that motion and those lower local) has risen 43.2, nearly twice as fast as his income has grown. comes have grown nowhere near as fast a.s rates to the working people of this As a result his net after-tax income in­ taxes and inflation-and their living stand­ country. creased only 18 percent-not 23 percent. Dur­ ard has steadily declined. My pleas, and those of others equally ing this same 30-month period, the nation's They are paying marginal "taxfia.tion" ratP-s committed to restoring income growth, consumer price index (CPI) rose 17.2 percent. of from 85 to 120 percent on their every went unheeded as the House rejected the This means that, in constant dollars, raise-and in the process are falling steadily motion and then passed the Revenue Act. George's after tax income in June 1978, came behind the nation. This is why so many of to only $163.07, or a net real gain in that en­ their spouses are being forced into the labor But that Revenue Act will mean those tire period of only $1.38 a week! (See Table I) forces, just to keep up their family stand­ working people will pay more taxes next To put it another way, taxes and inflation ard-of-living-and this is one of the main year, not less. Under the guise of a tax ate up 97 percent of George's entire increase causes on our 6 percent unemployment rate, reduction, that bill allows a major tax in a. 21/i-yea.r period-which means that his at a time when we are.employing the highest increase to go forward. marginal "taxfla.tion" rate is 97 percent. share of our adult work force in history (58 For example, the average family of George, like all other middle American percent). four with an adjusted gross income of working people, is on a. terrible treadmill­ Small wonder, when Jack Kemp debated the more he earns, it seems, the less he his proposal on the Public Education program $12,900 next year will be $7 more, not seems to get. The harder he works, the fur­ "The Advocates" recently, 3500 of its largely less, in taxes. Maybe that is not much, ther behind he falls. No wonder productivity upper-middle-income liberal audience wrote but it is when you consider the Kemp in the U.S. is at lowest growth in history. in their ballots, 87.5 percent in favor of the amendment would have provided a $73 This is why George, and milUons like him Kemp-Roth cut-a vote of 7 to 1 in favor. tax reduction for an $80 difference are suddenly climbing on the bandwagon for This, in spite of very strong charges that between the bill and the amendment. If a massive federal tax cut, similar to the one the Kemp-Roth proposal was "snake-oil" that family makes $18.275 next year, the now being proposed by Kemp-Roth blll. economics, with disastrous consequences 1n (Unfortunately, the House under Speaker difference is even more dramatic. The bill O'Neill's urging, narrowly defeated the Kemp­ huge deficits and added inflation. provides an $18 reduction, but the Kemp Roth proposal last week.) While we have some reservations about the amendment would have provided a $146 Workers understand Congressman Jack Kemp-Roth advocates' claims that their 30 one, for $164 difference. Kemp when he talks to them about "the loss percent across the board tax cut will quickly But it is when you stretch out the of incentive," and the loss of the ab111ty for "pay for itself," in increased economic effects of the bill and the Kemp amend­ people like Geor&:e to save, and to put away growth, and real savings, we have no doubt for their future. either of the fairness, or the necessity of a ment to 3 years down the road that you As Kemp points out, the whole process of major across the board tax cut approach, see the biggest differences. That family inflation is driving folks like George into such as they suggest. making $12,900 next year will be paying higher and higher tax brackets, even while What few Americans realize is that, with­ $234 more in taxes in 1981, in contrast inflation is taking a.way the real value of their out a major tax cut proposal like Kemp­ with $87 less in taxes if the Kemp praises. Roth, they face a total increase of $286 bll­ amendment had been adopted. The $18,- Thus, as George's income rose 23 percent, lion, in additional taxes between now and 275 family next year will be paying $208 his federal income tax on that income rose by 1983---or the next five years. (See Table III). more in taxes in 1981, instead of the $330 80 percent, and his Social Security tax, rose This is a 107 percent growth in individual by 27 percent. and payroll taxes in five years! less if the Kemp amendment were law. I The Kemp-Roth tax cut act would cut put tables, showing the difference be­ George's total Federal income tax liab111ty by Of this. some 114 b11lion will be in Social tween the bill and the Kemp amend­ 41 percent, or about $380 a year (See Table Security hikes, alone, while another $172 bll­ ment for all lower and middle income IV)-and would mean that George would lion is just from "taxftation" effect on the have obtained a. net increase after taxes and Federal income tax. This means that with­ categories for 1979, 1980, and 1981 in the out Kemp-Roth the Federal tax burden on RECORD of August 17, pages 26816- inflation of $8.68 per week, instead of the $1.38 he actually got. individuals will grow 65 percent faster than 26818. While this doesn't seem like much comfort, our personal incomes over the next five vea.rs. During the August district work period its 529 percent more than he is now getting­ Unless something like the Kemp-Roth bill an article appeared in the Boston Herald and George is ready for any favors he can get. is enacted, this nation is faced with 10-20 American, written by Warren T. Brookes, Take the case of William R. who is a. $15,- years of stagflation-caused by declining pro­ 000 a. year accounting clerk in a Boston in - ductivity growth (now the lowest in the free a specialist in economic affairs, making surance company. This year he is receiving a world) weak capital formation-and a nation this point: The impact the Kemp-Roth 10 percent increase in pay because of a pro­ of working middle income folks disslllusloned legislation, the Kemp amendment, would motion. by their inab111ty to rise above the mount­ have in offsetting the higher inflation­ Of that $1,500 increase, 38 percent will go ing tide of government taxflation. pushed and higher social security taxes to Federal, state and local taxes, for an addi­ TABLE 1.-"TAXFLATION" AND THE AMERICAN FACTORY tional ta.x bill of $570 over what he is now over the next 3 years. paying. WORKER Mr. Brookes has taken the average And, another $1,050 of that will go down January June American factory worker and the aver­ the drain a.s a result of the inflation rate of 7 1976 1978 (p~~c~nn\) age American middle-income profes­ percent, which affects his entire income base. Gross weekly pay ______$200. 00 $246. 00 23 sional worker and has shown the impact The result is that, after his $1,500 raise, Federal income tax ______10. 42 18. 85 80 William will be $120 worse off than he wa.s Social security tax ______11. 69 14. 88 27 of taxflation-the inflation-pushed State and local taxes ______16. 20 12. 15 31 before he got the raise. Net after taxes ______161. 69 191. 12 18 higher taxes-and higher social security, This means his "marginal taxflatlon" rate CPI (inflation) index ______166. 7 195. 3 17. 2 as well as higher State and local taxes, on ls 108 percent! That's the kind of rates that After inflation (1976 dollars)_ 161. 69 163. 07 • 8 those workers. Sweden charges its wealthiest class. Note: Net chan~e in income out of $46 gross pay increase= This very imPortant piece follows: This same process is now at work up and $1. 38. Marginal 'taxflation" rate; 97 percent. September 12, 1978 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 29083 TABLE 11.-ACTUAL MIDDLE INCOME PROFESSIONAL it, but this is what looks like will happen removing asbestos in presently commis­ WORKER (LAWRENCE K.) unless the Senate now incorporates the sioned ships, and promulgating a possible Percent Kemp-Roth provisions, making them timetable for implementing this removal. 1967 1978 change applicable in 1979.• Mr. Speaker, it is an important first step for this Nation to finally recognize G I · e $18 414 27, 694 50 F~~~~:i~~~~~~~~~--======2: 835 4, 865 72 the menacing proportions of occupa­ Social security tax______277 1, 071 286 OCCUPATIONAL CANCER STUDY tional exposure to asbestos. It is a p rt t 560 1, 850 230 s!~~sea~d~cise-tiix-es~======46 1eo- 1,552 frightening problem that will not go away State income tax______418 1, 008 141 by itself. And the time to act is now.• Net. ••• ------14, 278 18, 140 27 HON. GLENN M. ANDERSON Inflation index______100 195. 3 95. 3 OF CALIFORNIA Net W~tsl~~!~~~~~~~-----~~----_-___ !~~~~~- c-i.·~:) ... :-:~:~ ~~ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES BALANCE(S) OF POWER SERIES Tuesday, September 12, 1978 BOOKS II (H) (ii> -POLITICAL TABLE 111.-TAX INCREASES PLANNED FOR 1979-83 CULTURE (In billions of dollars) e Mr. ANDERSON of California. Mr. 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 Tota I Speaker, most of our colleagues know of my long concern for the problems created HON. JOHN B. BRECKINRIDGE Social security______9. 5 12. 7 24. 2 32. 6 35. 3 114. 3 by occupational exposure to asbestos. I OF KENTUCKY 0 .. ~~~~~t~ r~~-i~------13. 4 22. 4 32. 8 44. 9 58. 1 112. 2 hope each Member of this body reads IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES TotaL ______22.9 35.1 57.0 77.5 94.0 236.5 the article in this morning's Washing­ Tuesday, September 12, 1978 ton Post 0n the subject of work-related Source: Congressiona Budiet Office. cancer. • Mr. BRECKINRIDGE. Mr. Speaker, TABLE IV.-IMPACT OF KEMP-ROTH ON FAMILY OF 4 According to a study recently con­ in the past issue of the CONGRESSIONAL ducted by the National Cancer Institute RECORD I inserted the first part of an Present Proposed Tax Percent Income tax tax cut cut and the National Institute of Environ­ article entitled "Generations and Politics mental Health Sciences, at least 20 per­ in the U.S.S.R.," by Prof. Walter D. $180·0°0°0·------0 $m m $i~~ g~ cent of all cancer cases in the United Connor, appearing in the Septem~er­ $ I •••••••••• 378 41 $12,500______917 539 519 39 States will come from exposure to car­ October 1975 Problems of Communism. $15,000______1, 330 8li 653 37 cinogens on the job. The conclusion of Professor Connor's article follows: m:~~&::======i: {~~ ~: ~~8 1. ~~ The article cites the study as indicat­ $25,000______3, 150 2,047 1 m451 34 ing that occupational exposure to asbes­ Many of the Soviet dissidents have a full $30,000______H~~ ~· ~~~ • 33 participant orientation, but they are a min­ 35 000 1 875 tos alone may result in 2 million prema­ $ • ------5' 848 4' 512 2' 336 33 lscule part of the population. Their demands $40,000...... I I I ture cancer deaths in the next 30 years. This would account for 17 percent of all meet resistance and incomprehension from Mr. Speaker, the opponents of Kemp­ cancer deaths in thP Nation. The total the persisting "subject" culture, shared by Roth the Kemp amendment, upon read­ rulers and ruled alike. And the "authori­ figure also surpasses that of every man, tarion interlude," I would argue, extends over ing a~d studying these figures, have said woman, and child in any four of the dis­ the whole of Soviet history. that we should not be concerned about tricts which we represent. What is most interesting-and potentially 1980 and 1981, for Congres.3 still has time About 67,000 people a year will get relevant-here is the connection of Soviet to enact individual income tax rate re­ cancer caused by asbestos. Yet the study elites, including the "successors," to the ductions in future years. says, "There is no sound reason to as­ mass political culture. As children, young I have several comments. sume that the future consequences of adults, and persons commencing their First, the importances of individual careers, they imbibed that mass culture with present-day exposure to carcinogens in its reflections of official dogma-i.e., the income t.ax rate reductions to the econ­ the workplace will be less than those of "demonology" of the encircling capitalist omy is not only the dollar impact but also exposure in the recent past." Clearly, we world and the roseate picture of a remote the signal it sends. must not allow the present-day exposure Communist future-and with its clear in­ Does it send the signal that it wants to level to continue. dications of penalties awaiting those who lower taxes-a signal that will restore On October 9, 1975, new Government might aspire to political participation on any taxpayer confidence in their own eco­ but its own terms. standards on asb~stos were proposed, re­ Their entrance into the "elite" political nomic futures, which cumulatively add ducing the standard on allowable levels to culture involves further socialization-into a restoration of confidence in the en­ of asbestos in the workplace from 2 fibers the uses and pleasures, the problems and tire economy? Or does Congress want to per cubic centimeter, to 0.5 fibers per the risks, of power. The power they now possess raise or keep in place unnecessarily high same measure. More recently, the Na­ makes them anything but impotent. Yet, rates-a signal that makes the future tional Institute for Occupational Safety their intermediate, pre-elite socialization­ look bleak? Congress' signal on August and Health has recommended an asbes­ as wielders of derivative power on the lower 10 was that it was for higher taxes. It tos standard based on O.1 fibers per cubic levels of party and state bureaucracies-can sent the second, and that is the wrong centimeter. However, neither of these scarcely have done other than impress upon one. them the endurance, the "immutability" of proposed standards have been adopted. the Soviet polity and its game rules. FrOm Second, the likelihood of Congress Given everything we know, the present such material, one does not anticipate the passing another tax bill in 1979 is slight. 2.0 standard is clearly unacceptable, and emergence of personalities who will trans­ There are a number of reasons for this. I have urged that the appropriate Fed­ form the political system in any fundamen­ Historically, Congress does not pass tax eral agency propose a standard that will tal way. bills back-to-back, because it feels it assure the health and safety of American Expectancy.-This term admittedly lacks needs more time to see the economic ef­ precision; if anything, it ls distinguished workers and the families. With a mainly by its crudity. Yet it connotes an fects. Congress usually begins the con­ stronger standard, the figure of 2 mil­ important fact, namely, that Soviet citizens, sideration of tax measures in odd-num­ lion people who will die from asbestos­ despite their apoliticality and convictions of bered years-the offering of administra­ and they are people, not just statistics­ impotence, are strongly oriented toward tion and alternative proposals, public can be greatly reduced. their polity's "outputs." Subjects and not hearings, and so forth-but usually does A particularly tragic aspect of this parochials, they expect things of the state. not consider them in final form until problem is the fact that a large number And herein lies one of the main sources of the following, even-numbered years, of these workers who will die are Fed­ the stability of the system-but also a source which happen to be election years too. of potential danger, for the edge of expect­ eral employees. And a great many of ancy can cut both ways. Thus, we are talking about 1980. these are defense employees working in Delivery of expected output, or delivery of Further, as reflected in this year's bill, our country's shipyards. I have contacted the unexpected but welcome good or service, when Congress does act in an even-num­ each member of the House Armed Serv­ has been as critical a part of the Soviet mass bered year-the next is 1980-the tax ices Committee, urging that the vetoed experience of governmental performance as changes become effective the succeeding defense authorization bill be amended the deprivations the regime has imposed. The year-which would be 1981. Now, take a high evaluations placed by Soviet citizens on to include a requirement for a study the provision of socialized medical care and look at the tax increases we are going to evaluating present standards of permis­ universal basic education, as well as on the have between now and 1981 and tell me sible levels of asbestos in the shipyards career and upward mobility opportunities af­ this is what the Congress wants to sad­ and the :ieed for asbestos in new ships, forded by the expansion of higher education, dle the taxpayers with. I cannot believe the feasibility and cost-effectiveness of were major stimuli of social support for the 29084 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS September 12, 1978 regime even in the Stalin years, as mass In­ performance in meeting the mass expecta­ nants of a critical tradition among the in­ terviewing of the refugees of that era demon­ tions of the Soviet people. Yet, the USSR telligentsia have made the elites-scientific, strated.16 Largesse is scarcely the rationale has no guarantee that it can manage to do technical, and creative-the logical carriers for governmental provision of such services so indefinitely. If circumstances should re­ of "pure" political dissent, that is, of dissent and opportunities: an industrializing regime duce its output capacity, the expectancies which challenges the system as a whole. needs to provide them in order to develop, built into the political culture, which now This kind of dissent requires the ability to mobilize, and maintain a more "modern" support the regime, could well turn against construct and manipulate abstract ideas, to population and labor force. But the Soviet it. conceptualize political alternatives, to ask population, with a historically low level of The risks inherent in building stabllity on basic questions about the goals of the policy expectancy (or output-orientation), may ex­ capacity to "deliver" reflect the fact that vir­ as well as its methods, whether in a "moral perience them as "goods" freely allocated, to tually all the socialist regimes in the Soviet absolutist" or an "instrumental-pragmatic" be balanced against the rigors and depriva­ orbit-albeit in varying degrees-have moved framework.23 tions of a totalitarian regime. Chalidze spoke "from utopia to pragmatism" as a central The dissenters' prescriptions for change are recently to this point, blaming "ideologues" legitimating principle. Their claim on mass diverse-ranging from Sakharov's advocacy of ' for not informing the population that "the loyalties is rooted, now more than ever be­ liberal democracy, throug1h Solzhenitsyn's ap­ payment of pensions or the allocation of new fore, in their ability to "deliver the goods" peal for a benevolent and depoliticized au­ apartments is not something for which the within a demand structure that they can thoritarianism (the furtherests he deems the government should be thanked, but rather seek to moderate but cannot transform sub­ current leadership capable of going), to Med­ something that should be viewed as an obliga­ stantially or suppress.20 vedev's return to "true" Leninism-but all tion of the government under the Soviet eco­ The Soviet political culture has been reoresent alternative systems, not simply nomic system." 11 His criticism is no doubt fashioned by history-by the history of the "adjustment" in the polity of today. This well-warranted, but the critical point here system (the blueprint of which ls still so may even be tJhe case with some of the neona­ is that the ideologues may and probably have much the product of Stalin), by the life his­ tionalist, "Russite" dissent, which supports suceeded quite well in convincing the popu­ tories of Soviet citizens, and indeed by the new forms of authoritarian politics as desir­ lation that the government is to be thanked history of pre-Soviet Tsarist Russia, as well. able in themselves. for such benefits. There is thus the force of inertia behind it, Two points are worth making with regard (The relative modernation of Soviet mass a tremendous inertia which must be taken to the potential of this variety of dissent. expectations despite lifelong exposure to uto­ into account in any attempt to anticipate First, it involves only a small minority of pian rhetoric also contributes to stab111ty. political change in the USSR, and which those Who belong to functional elites. The Modest but steady improvements in housing, should make us wary of speculations that majority are presumably willing to accept the the avallablllty of consumer durables, in the rely too heavily on an inexorable "logic" of micro-level "exchange" relationship which provision of food, have apparently been suf­ development of the Soviet system or on the exists between themselves and their poUtical ficient to keep the rank and file from Minsk "necessity" of change due to the difficulty of superiors and whicih assures them of relative and Omsk satisfied with their lot until that carrying out coordinating and integrative affluence and security in return for compe­ day when "communism achieved" will ban­ tasks in an increasingly complex USSR. tent service and polttlcal quiescence, though ish scarclty.1a Although, by Western stand­ The impact of history, as we see it in the It denies them a role in setting goals. ards, Soviet life ls stlll mean and shabby, one political culture it has formed, should not Second, the issues raised by the mlnori ty of of the greatest accomplishments of the re­ be slighted in answering the questions raised dissenters seem to have Uttle root in, and gime, as "manager" of its subjects• expecta­ at the start a.bout "generation gaps." Some little resonance with, the concerns of the tions, has been to insure that Western stand­ of the answers that relate to the short-term masses. Indeed, the absence of a llnk between ards do not become a critical reference prospects for change are implied in this sec­ the elite and the masses ls one of the weak­ point.) tion. Explicit answers may be deferred until nesses of the "democratic movement" that This, however, ls only one side of the coin: after we have examined some forces which have enabled the regime to contain it and to expectancy may also prove a source of weak­ may militate for long-term change-in par­ be flexible in coping with it. ness. To the degree that I am correct in argu­ ticular, the various currents of dissent that The specter of dissident members of the ing here that public expectations are a stable have emerged in the last ten years and seem elite helping to generate, and then articulat­ and important part of Soviet mass political to point toward a differentiation of the po­ ing, active resentments among the masses ts culture, they can be potentially dangerous in litical culture. one which must at times 'haunt Soviet lead­ the event that they are abruptly violated. DISSENT: ALTERNATIVE SUBCULTURES ers, but at present the latter have little rea· Recent Soviet history provides us with When the history of the Soviet Union of son to worry about so improbable a develop­ examples of these dangers. The violent clv11 the 1960's and 1970's is written, dissent will ment.2' disturbances in Novocherkassk in 1962, figure as a major phenomenon. On the other Very different from "programmatic" polit­ evoked by sudden rises in the cost of food­ hand, the system's phenomenal stability, its ical dissent, with its alternatives to the cur­ stuffs the population expected to continue failure to crack or to change in character rent system, are the national-ethnic and re· receiving at relatively stable prices, is a under the assaults of the politically alien­ Ugious forms of dissent. The issues tJhat these well-known one-and I doubt that any seri­ ated, will provide an equal amount of grist kinds of dissent raise do concern members of ous student would believe this to have been for the historian's mill. the Soviet masses. At the mass level, "rights" the only such disturbance that has occurred Despite the stability of the system, dissent such as the right to worship, to speak a for such reasons. Andrei Amalrik under­ has nonetheless demonstrated the rise of given language, to keep one's identification scored precisely these considerations in his differentiated political "subcultures" in the with a given group, to Uve in one's own "1984" essay. USSR, or at least shown that the seeds of "home" within Soviet borders, mean more He argued that working-class irritations such subcultures do exist. If the concrete than the right to choose between electoral and discontent, though real, 'were neutral­ manifestations of dissent might have been candidates; they are more than "abstrac· ized to a considerable degree by material unpredictable, the emergence of the under­ tions" that concern the intell1gentsia alone. progress, but speculated that a break in that lying attitudes could have been foreseen. Here, there is a commonality of concern progress, "an abrupt slowdown in the growth The manifold problems arising from a pol­ that links dissident elttes and the masses in of prosperity, a halt or a move backwards, icy of coordinating the relations between the a common enterprise-the protection and ad· would evoke such strong outburst of dissatis­ polity and the specialized functional sectors faction, combined with violence, as would vancement of national and religious identity. previously have been lmposslble.10 of an increasingly complex system- Le., be­ But such demands differ from those of the tween apparat and "functional elites"-in primarily "political" dissenters in that they Other evidence, of a ·different sort, points accordance with predominantly command to the powerful effect of the socialization could for the most part be accommodated rather than exchange criteria 21 have worked processes in developing a certain level of without major change in Soviet political "expectancy" among Soviet citizens. Some to alienate some of those elites and even to structures, although they would imply cause them to deny the legitimacy of the changes in the substance of politics. In the Soviet emigre arrivals In Israel, it seems, find system. the adjustment to a life and economy with ethnic and rellglous spheres, what the dis· less structured and formalized allocative However, a complementary phenomenon, senters are demanding, essentially, are im· pinpointed by Rudolf Tokes in a recent munities, not from Soviet law as it is written, mechanisms difficult. Even professionals 22 alienated from the Soviet system-artists, essay, complicates any projections one but from the systematic violation of legal doctors, scientists, etc.-seem in retrospect might make on the basis of this alienation: guarantees that has been an operative prin· to have been "well-adjusted" in the sense while the regime since the mid-1960's has ciple of the system in action. that their expectations with regard to a lost legitimacy in the eyes of many members It is an interesting irony that the rise of guaranteed market for their canvases and of functional elites, its legitimacy has prob­ dissident political subcultures around is­ services, guaranteed facilities for their work, ably grown for the masses as a whole. As sues of ethnicity and religion is, to a signifi­ etc., had been met in the USSR, so that they suggested above, the main reason for this cant degree, the product of Soviet mob111za­ found the absence of these advantages in is very likely that the regime has "delivered t1on successes over the past fifty years. Soviet Israel a source of difficulty. the goods" in material terms, thereby re­ modernization, a! manifested particularly in Today, as Western nations face severe eco­ sponding to the "secularized" criteria of -economic development, in the extension of nomic oroblems and domestic turmoil, the legitimacy by which the masses measure gov­ universal basic education and literacy, even Soviet Union, as usual, seems quite stable­ ernmental performance. in the development of the state adminis­ no doubt owing, in part, to an acceptable Dissent, then, has been generally-though trative networtc tt-elf, has moved the non­ not totally-an enterprise of the elite. Oc­ Rus.sian natioba1tt1es far from their pre­ Footnotes at end o·f article. cupational status, education, and the rem- dominantly "parochial" political culture of September 12, 1978 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 29085 Tsarist times. Among the ethnic masses, and their presumptive successors, he finds should develop and be prolonged to the there has developed a subject culture in "no strong grounds for believing that they point of excessive strain on economic and hu­ which they a.re concerned with government are of major significance." 28 In my own view, man resources (despite the popular support "outputs," and at the same time at least any likely newcomers to the Politburo in such a "defensive" war would initially en­ the germs of a participant culture have been the next few years have already been suffi­ gender), or if a change in the Middle East planted among the ethnic elites. Could peas­ ciently exposed to the mass and elite variants situation should lead to a large-scale in­ ant illiterates "mobilize" in the way the of the political culture to guarantee that volvement of troops and materiel abroad, Crimean Tatars have done? Similarly, could they wlll resemble their seniors. It ls, after "history" is likely to reassert itself, posing traditional agrarian populationi:, Russian or all, the only political culture they know, critical questions about the viability of the non-Russian, organize the networks of com­ and given their ages, they began learning system under stress. munication and action in defense of religious it in the Stalin era, have witnessed its dur­ Then, aspects of the poll tical culture identity that groups ranging from the Evan­ ab111ty in the Khrushchev years, and seen it which have been sources of stability could gelical-Baptists to the Lithuanian Catholics support the regime since 1964. work instead to weaken the system. A re­ have? The answer is clearly negative. But the The extreme centralization of power in the gime which rests on the apolitically of the process of modernization has distributed to Soviet system-a fact inexplicably overlooked masses in "good" times cannot be sure of national and religious groups, elite and mass by many whose reading of "popular" moods the continuing support of apolitical masses alike, a modicum of resources for initiating leads them to expect change-provides an in bad times. A regime secure by virtue of unconventional political action. These re­ additional guarantee of continuity. Even if convictions of political impotence on the sources, diffused and limited as they are, we had strong evidence of "generational" fis­ part of the masses cannot be confident of can hardly be compared to the centralized sures in the mass political culture, there ls security if its coercive resources, which in coercive resources at the disposal of the re­ no reason to assume that Politburo (and the final analysis insure that impotence, are gime, but they are more than nothing. They Central Committee) recruitment policies overstretched to deal with foreign enemies. have enabled mixed populations of elite and must reflect them. The regime does not en­ And a regime which has, for all its ideological masses to develop a shared political language gage in random sampling to seek its suc­ rhetoric, gained support largely through a and consciousness around certain issues of cessors. Those successors are the survivors of thoroughly "secular" satisfaction of the joint interest; to break, at leat partially, with a process spanning their prior party-state everyday expectations of most of its sub­ the apoliticality and feeling of impotence of career, during which those noted by their jects, can lose such support should the ex­ the dominant political culture; and to assert seniors for incompetence, failures, or mani­ pectations grow to the point where they expectations not officially "legitimized." festations of heterodox ideas and "instabil­ could no longer be met. They, like the dissidents whose focus ls on ity" have gradually been sifted out. The sur­ FOOTNOTES the broader issues of political structure, have vivors are consequently all the more likely lo See Alex Inkeles and Raymond A. Bauer, contributed to the restoration of "politics" to lack such "negative" characteristics and The Soviet Citizen, Cambridge, Mass., Har­ in the USSR. to be more like their superiors than not. vard University Press, 1961. PRESENT AND FUTURE Moreover, until those superiors themslves lr Op. cit., p. 19. The past decade has witnessed change in move on, they can still demote and remove 18 Paul Hollander deals perceptively with the internal landscape of Soviet political life, their presumptive successors. They retain the moderation of mass expectations in So­ change that has emerged, not because of, the power to do so, and they wm use that viet and American Society: A Comparison, but despite the regime's preferences. Mani­ power. New York, Oxford University Press, 1973, pp. fested in ways ranging from nonviolent dem­ There is still a further reason for being 338 ff. onstrations on Pushkin Square to the crea­ chary of placing undue importance on gen­ lo Amalrik, Zoe. cit., p. 61. tion of the now rich literature of dissent, erational differences in the context of the ~o For a discussion of such "secularization" it amounts to an open assumption by a small political succession. "Leaders" are by defini­ in a related context, see this author's "From but committed stratum of people of a "par­ tion atypical, unrepresentative of the age 'Utopia' to the 'Pragmatic' Society: Social ticipant" orientation toward politics. In no groups from which they are drawn. This is Consequences of Economic Reform in East­ sense, however, has this change been legiti­ so in the Soviet Union as well as elsewhere, ern Europe," Revue d'Etudes Comparatives mized and incorporated into the system. The and there ls no reason to assume that 1t will Est-ouest (Paris), March 1975, pp. 107-41 boundaries of the system have remained sta­ change. (Many Western scholars have by (paper originally presented at the Interna­ ble despite the change in the landscape dis­ now spent substantial periods in the USSR, tional Slavic Conference in Baniff, Canada, sent has been contained, though not rooted especially in universities. September 1974). out.25 Possibly one can read the Soviet future 21 An earlier piece by the author in this Various analyses during the same decade there, but it is not written on the faces of journal dealt with the relevance of different have offered differing diagnoses of the So­ the "typical" students with whom one may modes of integration to the potential for viet system's health. These have ranged from have a good deal of contact, but nther on political dissent. See "Disssent in a Complex prescriptions that the system must change those of the Komsomol activists, with whom Society: The Soviet Case," Problems of Com­ its ways or die 28 to conclusions that, af­ one has rather less contact overall. munism, March-April, 1973, pp. 40-52. fiicted though it undoubtedly is by various On balance, then, the Politburo of 1980 or 22 See Rudolf L. Tokes, "Dissent: The maladies to which any complex system may thereabouts should resemble in its dy­ Politics for Change in the USSR," in Henry be subject, lt still "works" effectively enough namics-both in the "united" face it pre­ W. Morton and Rudolf L. Tokes, Eds., So­ to rule out any diagnosis of terminal ill­ sents to the world and in the bureaucratic viet Politics and Society in the 1970's, New ness.21 Certainly, there have been grounds for log-rolling, interest brokerage, and in-fight­ York, Free Press, 1974, p. 8. both kinds of diagnoses, but more, it seems ing it hides-the Politburo of 1975. This ls 23 These are Tokes's terms, op. cit. 2 for the latter. not to say that a "1980-model" Politburo • Barghoorn se not issued were essentially "It gradually became apparent that the minor drawings such as stowage lockers or INFLATION /ESCALATION SSN 688 was considerably more than just a were associated with HMR's which were au· STATEMENTS larger SSN 637 ." Page 6A, paragraph 3. thorized later ln the construction period. "Given the above factors the protection COMMENT against inflation afforded by the first two These statements dispute and contradict MISCELLANEOUS SSN 688 contracts proved inadequate under the Navy's technical judgements regarding STATEMENT conditions of schedule slippages and during comparisons of SSN 688 Class with the pre­ "By implementing the foregoing basic ele­ the double digit era ot 1974-1975." Page 3, vious SSN 637 Class submarines. The SSN ments of the Agreement between the Navy para.graph 6. 688 was (particularly from a shipbuilder and General Dynamics, the Navy will, by "Fifth, the first SSN 688 contra.ct con­ standpoint) evolutionary and similar to the strict analysis, pay a competitive price for tained an escalation clause that had proved SSN 637 Class. Differences, where they ex­ the 18 SSNs constructed by General Dy­ adequate for economic protection during the isted, were obvious from study of the bid namics.'' Page 4, paragraph 7. stable 1960s but would prove to be woefully package data-drawings, specifications and inadequate during a period ot double digit lists of Government Furnished Equipments COMMENT inflation and under conditions where sched­ and full scale mock-ups, all of which were It is not clear what is meant by "strict ules were radically altered through Navy and available to EB prior to building SSN 688 analysis" or "competitive price.'' The only contractor related ca.uses, as well as factors Class submarines. competitor ls Newport News where a final beyond the control of either party." Page EB was in a particularly good position to price has not been established. However, 3A, paragraph 3. assess the "evolutionary" aspect of the dif­ based on current Navy estimates, it appears "Contractually the SSN 688 was a transi­ ferences between SSN 637 and SSN 688 de­ that EB ships (including the proposed set­ tion phase in defense procurement policies. signs. EB was directly involved in similar past tlement) are significantly more costly than The first 23 ships ( 18 under 2 EB contracts evolutions in submarine design such as that those at Newport News. and 5 under 2 Newport News contracts) were from Nautilus to Skate and Skate to Skip­ STATEMENT governed by contracts which provided in­ jack. "Fourth, the primary award criteria were adequate flexib111ty to cope with abnormal With regard to statement from the pre­ inflation." Page 6A, paragraph 4. based on ceiling price. The result of this award survey, NAVSEA notes the purpose ot radical technique was inordinately to lower "The risks of inflation, inadequately cov­ this survey was to determine if EB had the the spread between target and ceUing in a ered in the two SSN 688 contracts, are fully capacity and capability to build SSN 688 1lxed-price-incentive contract and reduce anticipated by the terms of the contract, re­ ships. This EB has done. NAVSEA questions virtually to the point of disappearance the formation the settlement provides for (At­ conclusion that reference to similarity to flexibility for absorbing cost increases with­ tachment 2, para. 7) ." SSN 637 Class reveals a "be.sic fallacy." in the terms and conditions of the contract. COMMENT This technique was used by the Naval Sea The "inadequacies" (if any) ot the esca­ SECOND FLIGHT PRICING/NEGOTIATIONS Systems Command only on the SSN 688 first lation provisions of the two SSN 688 Class STATEMENTS flight contract and, as a matter of Naval EB contracts is apparent only in the event policy, has not and will not be used again." there is ship construction/delivery delay. "Second flight negotia.tions were stgnUl­ Page 3A, paragraph 2. Compensation is based on the Bureau ot La­ cantly influenced by SSN 637 experience and early first flight experience, prima.rUy esti­ COMME;!'JT bor Statistics (BLS) indices which also re­ Award of the SSN 688 Class follow ship fiect "double digit" inflation. Claims evalua­ mates rather than actuals." Page 2, para­ graph 4. contracts was based on the objective ot ob­ tion on all SSN 688 contracts has substan­ taining the lowest total cost to the Navy. tiated that delay and manhour overruns not "Government and contractor optimism still ran high. EB cost reports and the first Contractually, ceiling price is the maximum "double digit" inflation, on the overwhelming Government cost exposure. Therefore, ceil­ causes of escalation/inflation cost growth. flight manhour estimates were the prima.ry basts for second flight pricing. First flight ing price was determined by the Navy to be manhour estimates to complete showed llt­ the best method for evaluating the first SSN SSN 688 CLASS VICE SSN 637 CLASS 688 Class bids. All three bidders were clearly STATEMENTS tle change from those proposed and accepted in January 1971 when that flight was on notice of this bid evaluation method prior "The Navy entered the 1970s with an ur­ is.warded." Page 3A, para.graph 6. to submitting their bids. The spread between gent demand for a new class ot nuclear at­ target and celling was set by the shipbuilders tack submarines that would embody signifi­ "In effect, the Navy was in a sole source in their proposals. position with Electric Boat." Page 4A, para­ cant advances in submarine technology." STATEMENT Pagel, paragraph 5. graph 2. "The SSN 637 Class nuclear attack sub­ "The second flight (11 ships) bidding pos­ "Newport News" turned out to be essen­ marine, dating back to the early 1960s, had ture by EB is a key to an understanding of tially· noncompetitive in the second flight been an extremely successful program due the critical situation which later devel­ bidding. Proposed prices were high and many in large measure to excellent performance by oped. A basic premise tor the bid was the very exceptions were taken to the terms and con­ Electric Boat, the designer and major pro­ favorable SSN 637 experience, together with ditions of the request for proposal. This wa.s ducer of this Class. Pagel, paragraph 6. more reliance on the then meager first fl1ght a period of deteriorating relations between On the basis of assumptions that history experience than was warranted.'' Page 6A, the Navy and Newport News." Page 4A. would later portray as overoptimistic, the paragraph 1. paragraph 2. SSN 688 program was considered to be COMMENT COMMENT merely an evolution from the SSN 637. In The second flight negotiations were not Agreement was reached with Newport News retrospect, significant misjudgments were influenced by SSN 637 experience. Although on terms and conditions. The award was made by both the Navy and industry." the shipbuilder utilized SSN 637 Class data based solely on price. It had nothing to do "The following extract from the Navy pre­ in his pn>posal preparation, the negotiations with deteriorating relations between the award survey regarding construction of the were based exclusively on SSN 688 require­ Navy and Newport News. first flight of SSN 688s reveals a baslc fal­ ments with particular emphasis placed on STATEMENT lacy: Page 2A, paragraph 3-5. the EBDIV direct manhour estimates (as "The delay and disruption caused by late "The requirements are generally suffi­ contained in EB cost reports) to construct GFI furnished by the Navy Design Agent ciently similar to previous SSN 637 Class the first flight ships. SSN 637 experience per­ warrant recognition beyond that obtained and 671 construction requirements to merit forman~e was not discussed. through strict claims analysis. The inherent the conclusion that EBDIV, with proper management preplanning, etc., can meet the DESIGN AGENT difficulties of documenting and analyzing production requirements." (Emphasis added) STATEMENT disruption are well understood in Govern­ COMPETITIVE ENVmONMENT FOR SSN 688 FmST "Cht>lce of an alternative design source ment and in the shipbuilding industry. The FLIGHT (1971) resulted in signiflcant costs to EB despite lateness of GFI early in the program, par­ efforts by the Navy to make this an effective ticularly as it impacted EB as the follow-on Hindsight underscores ft ve key aspects of the competition for the first SSN 688 con­ process." Page 3, para. 4. shipbuilder, undoubtedly created a disrup­ struction contract: COMMENT tion problem that is real despite an inabllity "First, was the stated optimism which There are no indications that the alternate to- quantify this with desired p·recision.'' viewed the SSN 688 as an evolutionary de­ i.e. Newport News design source inherently Page lOA, paragraph 5. velopment, just as the SSN 637 Class was an caused increased costs to EB. COMMENT evolution from the USS PERMIT (SSN 594) Class." STATEMENT The Navy by claims and analysis and quan­ STATEMENTS "The initial issue of detailed design draw .. tification paid for a major percentage of the "Shipbulldlng uniqueness and complexity ings was completed in March 1976." Page 12A, claimed delay and disruption caused by late connected with the new SSN 688 attack sub- para.4. GFI.e 29088 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS September 12, 1978 MIA LIVE SIGHTINGS II Japan on October 17, 1977. I'm waiting for remember the name of the place where those my turn to be admitted to the U.S.A. unfortunate men were being held. Today, I was surprised to read in the Trang Signed, (deleted). HON. ROBERT K. DORNAN Den magazine your ad re: information about OF CALIFORNIA the MIAs. The ad gave the address to contact LETTER No. 5, MELBORNE, December 23, 1977. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES as your name and address. So, I decided I DEAR UNCLE AND AUNT: I received your should write to you immediately to let you Tuesday, September 12, 1978 letter yesterday at about 2 p.m., but had to know about the Americans who are st111 in go to class so I can answer your letter only Vietnam. Mrs. Anh, I believe there is quite a today. • Mr. DORNAN. Mr. Speaker, in yes­ number of them in Vietnam and not just a terday's CONGRESSIONAL RECORD (p. Following, I shall recount the circum­ few. stances of my sighting of the two Americans 28838), I asked the Members of this I know it because I have seen them on a House to oppose any premature declara­ TV show, which the Communists showed to about 2 years ago; that was I believe, 4 or tions of death for Americans listed as an audience of cadremen, officials and gov­ 5 days after the Communists took Saigon. missing in action in Southeast Asia. ernment employees. The Communists ac­ It was about 8 a.m. on 02-05-1975, I and cused the Americans of crimes and they de­ a friend of mine by the name of (deleted) When I consider the possibility, the we were sitting in a. cafe in the Xeo Ro awful possibility of living, imprisoned nounced the men's crime.son the show. Mrs. Anh, the poor men, I felt so sorry for them, marketplace (v11lage of Dong Yen, district Americans I am reminded of the mental their faces were pale, thin and haggard, their of Kien An, Rach-Gia, now Kien-Giang, anguish of the dethroned King of France eyes were hollow like the bottom of rice­ province). in Dumas' great fictional work, "The bowls. And while they showed thE! film, the While my friend and I were sitting there Man in the Iron Mask". In the depths of commentator said "those imperialists must sipping coffee and talking we suddenly saw despair the for lorn prisoner cries: Does be severely punished, we shall do so until people running in the direction of the anyone know I am here? I imagine the their government pays for the war damage \river) dockside. We were surprised and so and rebuilds in full for Vietnam, especially we followed the crowd to see what was the horror. I am appalled by the realization matter. We found that people ran up to see that the fate of some of our missing men the areas they have bombed and destroyed." Mrs. Anh, I also know more thanks to a two Americans. Both Americans were sitting could be the same. It compels me to ask friend of ours, a Vietnamese doctor who have in the middle of a motorized sampan, both Members of this House, again and again, been released from a prison camp in North­ had their hands tied behind their backs with to favor the pursuit of every avenue, to Vietnam. Because this doctor was interned in a Vietnamese cotton striped scarf. There unravel every shred of evidence, to bring the same camp as my cousin who was an were 7 people on the sampan, including the this issue to a satisfactory conclusion. art1llery omcer captured during the year 1971. two Americans; two Communist cadremen I hope that some men are alive. I know My cousin was still in the camp so he sent sat on the front of the sampan and three that many honorable Members of this words to us through the doctor who came to sat on the rear and the Americans sat in be­ see us right away after his return. tween. At that very moment, two commu­ House, in all sincerity, do not hold out nists ran up to the city hall of Dong Yen for the possibility for that hope. I know The Dr. said today there are stm many American prisoners of war who are stm being something I do not know what. that, with the deepest convictions, they interned in North-Vietnam, as well as Viet­ One of the two Americans was a white believe that every American lost and un­ namese POWs. I asked him if they gave the man of about 30 years old, quite thin. The accounted for in Southeast Asia is same ration to the Vietnamese POWs and other was a Black man of about the same dead-and that we should put the issue the Americans POWs and he said that the age, but not too black and the latter was a to rest and close the final chapter of our Vietnamese received less foods than the little bit fatter and more solidly built. anguished involvement in Vietnam. But Americans, because they wanted to feed the Because I stood not too near so I could that is just the point: It is a matter of Americans properly to keep them in good not guess their height, by my estimates are belief. And, in any case, belief-no mat­ health in order to claim for reparation pay­ that they were about 7 or 8 centimeters ments from their government. taller than you, uncle. I didn't pay any at­ ter how strongly held-one way or the Mrs. Anh, I was among those who were tention to the color of their eyes. other, is simply not enough; belief does shown on the TV program because at the The two men apparently cried, and cried not substitute for sound, empirical evi­ time I was a government employee in charge a lot, because traces of tears were stlll on dence. It does not substitute for hard of controlling merchandises. After three their faces, their eyes were red, and their investigation, diplomatic pressure, or the months, I came under investigation because faces showed fear, sorrow and worry. most extensive analysis of testimony and they found out that I belonged to a "family The Communists said something, but I'm the cross-examination of refugees who which collaborated with the imperialists," sorry I do not remember. Most people in claim to have seen Americans living in they fired me so I managed to escape. Now Xeo Ro felt sorr"y for the unlucky men. Most I arrived here, I'm all by myself, without any of the local people were fam111es of the for­ Southeast Asia in the aftermath of the . friends or relatives. I have to stop here be­ mer Saigon Army and Administration per­ Vietnamese War. cause I have to go and teach a course for sonnel so they were rather sympathetic to Mr. Speaker, once again, I beg the in­ refugees. I swear that all what I write to you the prisoners. dulgence of this House. I ask Members today is the truth. Afterward, the Communists took the two to be aware that the possibility exists Signed, (deleted). men on in the direction of Kien An which that Americans may, indeed, be alive in meant they were heading deeper into the Southeast Asia. I cannot vouch for the LETI'ER No. 4 MAY 6, 1978. U-Minh forest. The sampan stopped for truth of the information given to me. As DEAR Mas. ANH: My name is (deleted), I about 20 minutes at the Xeo Ro dock. I mentioned in my remarks yesterday, was an omcer of the former Republic of I believe those two men were m111tary we cannot accept mere claims as hard Vietnam. I did not report to the new authori­ men because of their mmtary garbs. evidence, any more that we can simply ties and my family and I left our home on Signed, (deleted) ·• accept Vietnamese Communist denials (deleted) and went into hiding until we finally succeeded to escape from Vietnam on to the contrary. Each should be thor­ July 7, after several unsuccessful attempts. PRESIDENT'S VETO OF DEFENSE oughly investigated. I lived under Communist rule for over 15 AUTHORIZATION BILL REFLECTS I have received and sent the relevant months and have seen or hear about the GOOD BUDGETARY AND MILI­ information and untranslated letters to following MIA cases: TARY JUDGMENT the Defense Intelligence Agency for anal­ (1) I have seen an American on Ky-Dong ysis. Yesterday. I inserted letters "one" St. in Saigon about June 75, he was in dirty and "two." Today, I am inserting letters clothes, Japanese rubber sandals, thin ema­ HON. CHRISTOPHER J. DODD "three," "four," and "five." They are ciated and he look fearful. It was nightfall OF CONNECTIC'UT when I saw him. again properly sanitized of names for (2) A nephew of my wife who came to IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES the protection of Vietnamese family see us on about Feb. or March 1977 and he Tuesday, September 12, 1978 members from official Communist told us that tlhere was an American hiding retaliation. in his wife's family home in the area of • Mr. DODD. Mr. Speaker, last Thurs­ I ask my colleagues, once again, to Truong Minh Giang St. and that the Com­ day, I joined the 206 members of the give these documents their closest at­ munists didn't know about him yet. House of Representatives who voted to tention. (3) My wife's brother who came from North sustain the President's veto of the de­ The letters follow: Vietnam and he came to visit us. He told fense authorization bill. us that his son was a doctor serving with the The President was right on target in LETTER No. 3 Hanoi government. The doctor has served a (Transcript of a letter by (female), Japan, number of years in the highlands in the insisting that $2.1 billion for a nuclear­ Mar. 25, 1978) North, and he has seen a. v1llage in which powered aircraft carrier be deleted from DEAR Mas. LE THI ANH: My name is most inhabitants were Americans, some of the bill. The inclusion of the nuclear car­ (deleted). I'm presently in a refugee camp in those have married Vietnamese women. rier, I believe, actually weakened our Japan. I escaped from Vietnam and arrived in I'm sorry that I did not hear or do not national defense because other more im- September 12, 1978 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 29089 was for these reasons that I supported anese Army, as a second stage; return of portant programs were cut to pay for the power to the Central Government with the carrier. the President's veto.• withdrawal of the Syrians, as a third stage. Funding for a fifth nuclear aircraft They failed in their first stage. In addition, carrier would also continue what I be­ TRAGIC SITUATION IN LEBANON they started their harrassment campaign lieve to be a shortsighted and unwise against the Christians. They never took ":heir Policy of spending huge amounts of HON. EDWARD J. DERWINSKI orders from the President of Lebanon. All money to build just a few very expensive cease-fire requests had to ~o to the Presi­ ships. I am concerned that for too long, OF ILLINOIS dent of Syria. They fomented differences IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES between Christian parties by subversive ac­ our Navy has been evolving into a smaller tivities such as massacres, killings and !Jlain and smaller force of larger, more expen­ Tuesday, September 12, 1978 genocidal actions (Bekaa recently). sive vessels. It makes more sense to build e Mr. DERWINSKI. Mr. Speaker, I wish 5. There are enough indications that the larger numbers of smaller ships which to direct the attention of the Members to Syrians are acting on a plan, entirely dif­ would be less vulnerable in the event of a report I received from Our Lady of ferent from the one they agreed upon, openly. war. Modern surveillance techniques and Lebanon Roman Catholic Maronite Rite (b) Present situation: new, more sophisticated missiles are 1. The Syrians are no longer operating Church in Hillside, Ill. This report rep­ legally in Lebanon. rapidly making aircraft carriers-al­ resents the deep concern of Lebanese­ 2. The President of Lebanon is a mere pup­ ready high value targets-extremely vul­ Americans over the tragic situation that pet caught in his own net by the Syrians. nerable to successful enemy attack. In­ exists in Lebanon. The Christians are the lamb of sacrifice of stead of investing the taxpayers' money Under my amendment to the foreign the whole game. in a few, large vulnerable ships, it would assistance appropriations bill, Syria will 3. The Syrians are shelling indiscriminately be preferable to make our fieet less vul­ be denied $90 million in assistance. A the Christian residential areas of Beirut (in­ nerable to attack by building a greater similar bill in the Senate has gained cluding all hospitals), for the sole purpose of number of less expensive ships. forcing the Christian citizens to contained much support. neighboring areas, and the plan calls for I might point out that the United The massacre and farced migration of complete dismantling of the Christians' self­ States could build and operate three Christians in Lebanon is approaching defense. The Christians are definitely fight­ conventionally-powered aircraft carriers genocide and calls for condemnation ing for their survival and the survival of the for the price of two nuclear-powered and action by the United States and the only democratic Christian community in the carriers. If we decide that our Navy does world community. Orient, and more specifically, in the Arab need more aircraft carriers, then smaller world. The hate of the Syrians to the Chris­ The report fallows: tian minority, is only equal to their hate to conventional carriers, which can operate Do You REALLY CARE ABOUT YOUR FELLOW the Jewish community, the only two minor­ with existing aircraft, should be built. In CHRISTIAN? ities in the Middle East. the not too distant future, I am certain that the versatile vertically launched, Has it ever occured to you my friend that, III. CONCLUSION in the twentieth Century, you could be mas­ 1. Request from President Carter to use all