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CERN PS/SPS Run of Records the CERN PS and SPS Accelerators Ended 1 978 with a Flourish

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CERN PS/SPS Run of Records the CERN PS and SPS Accelerators Ended 1 978 with a Flourish A 500 GeV pulse as recorded at the CERN SPS on 20 December. This record peak energy was achieved in a machine development run and is not intended to be regularly used in physics runs. (One reason for this is the heavy penalty in electrical power, as can be seen from the shape of the magnet pulse near 500 GeV where field saturation has set in). The SPS will, however, begin regular operating cycles at 450 GeV in the course of 1979. During the 17 GeV runs PETRA reached a peak luminosity of 1.2 x 1 030 per cm2 per s at each intersec­ tion. This is about a fifth of the value expected at these low' energies. Although beam currents correspond to the design values, the beam cross- sections are wider than expected due to space charge effects. This is being investigated. In February, more high frequency power was installed to enable the machine to move to higher energies. CERN PS/SPS run of records The CERN PS and SPS accelerators ended 1 978 with a flourish. In their last run of the year, new records of beam intensity, number of protons accelerated and beam energy were clocked up at the SPS — all of great significance for the physics pro­ gramme at the machine. all experimental areas (North, West with the electricity supply were Crucial to the success was the and Neutrino) could be operated cleared. On 20 December, the excellent performance of the PS. The simultaneously. The SPS efficiency 450 GeV cycle was repeated, fol­ hew linac injector, which came into moved to 88% compared to 80% lowed by 475 GeV. action at its full energy of 50 MeV in the previous year. The first attempts at 500 GeV September, reaching its design cur­ A major aim in machine operation were thwarted at 491 GeV due to rent of 150 mA a month later, in 1 979 will be to consolidate relia­ radial displacement of the beam enabled higher intensity beams to be ble running at 2 x 1013 protons per because of increased saturation of accelerated through the PS, so that pulse. This is already a significant the magnets causing a distortion of 1.55 x 1 013 protons per pulse at an step towards the longterm aim of the the closed orbit in the region of the energy of 10 GeV were being sent to 'intensity improvement programme' radial r.f. pick up. A minor change the SPS (compared to the previous which is to reach 3 x 1013. However, in radial beam position brought peak of 1.3 x 1013). Using two pulse things get more difficult as the inten­ 500 GeV and the machine ticked injection, this enabled the peak sity climbs, as colleagues at Fermi- over for an hour accelerating protons intensity accelerated to 400 GeV in lab have learned. to this energy. The SPS thus joins the the SPS to reach 2.1 x 1 013 protons After the physics run, a machine Fermilab accelerator as the highest per pulse. More importantly, the development period was used to test energy proton synchrotron in the intensity could be sustained at 2 x the energy abilities of the machine. world. 1013. Here the aim is to establish reliable It is not, however, intended to During the six week run, 3 x 1 018 operation at 450 GeV which is operate the machine for physics at protons were delivered to the SPS scheduled to begin in June. The 500 GeV. The magnets run heavily experimental targets. This meant installation of a third 90 MVA into saturation, the power require­ that over the year, the number of transformer makes these energies ment is high (e.g. 7.6 kA magnet protons fed to the experiments more possible. On 1 9 December, 450 GeV currents at 500 GeV compared to than doubled compared to 1 977 and was quickly reached when problems 4.9 kA at 400 GeV) and reliable CERN Courier, March 1979 13 For the proposed scheme to collide protons and antiprotons in the CERN Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR)r it will take 24 hours of dedicated time on the 28 GeV Proton Synchrotron to produce just one pulse of circulating antiprotons in the /SR. This motivated Phil Bryant of ISR Division to produce his own interpretation of the control room. operation of the accelerator could not be guaranteed. To complete the story of recent PS/SPS achievements, in the last run of 1 978 a beam storage experi­ ment was carried out in readiness for the collision of proton-antiproton beams in the SPS which is sched­ uled for 1 981. Beam was sent to the SPS at an energy of 15.8 GeV, above the SPS transition energy which was manoeuvred to below 14 GeV for the test. (The proton- antiproton scheme will avoid the complication of going through tran­ sition energy.) This technique proved feasible and will enable stored beams to be studied more easily. Beam was successfully accelerated and stored in single bunches of 8 x 1010 protons. This intensity would actually meet the design require­ ments for the colliding beams but there will then be other different conditions to be met as well. On 19 February, the eight year '300 GeV programme', authorized the development at CERN of sto­ be accelerated to 270 GeV before by the CERN Council in 1971, came chastic beam cooling techniques, being brought into collision in two formally to an end. It was gratifying, and the launching of the project to underground experimental halls (see within time allocated to machine collide beams of protons and anti- page 1 6). This will provide a collisioitL construction, to have comfortably protons in the SPS (see September energy equivalent to that of a exceeded the design energy and 1978 issue, page 291). 1 55 TeV fixed target accelerator, a intensity and to have already The plan is to produce the antipar- considerable increase over the high­ mounted a thriving physics pro­ ticles as a 3.5 GeV secondary beam est collision energies now available, gramme. from the 28 GeV Proton Synchro­ which are those provided by the tron (PS). Each burst of antiprotons 31 GeV beams in the ISR, equiva­ New role for the ISR will be cooled and stored in the Anti- lent to a fixed targed accelerator of proton Accumulator (AA) ring now 2 TeV. The CERN Intersecting Storage under construction. However even after the new Rings (ISR), usually associated with Continuous accumulation of anti- proton-antiproton scheme is imple­ colliding proton beams, is to take on protons over a period of about mented, the SPS will still function for a new role, providing experimenters 24 hours will yield a dense beam of much of the time in its primary role with colliding beams of protons and 6x1011 antiprotons which will be as a fixed target accelerator. During antiprotons. transferred to the PS for subsequent these periods the AA ring will be There is no fundamental reason acceleration to 26 GeV. This beam available to the ISR and other anti- which limits the ISR to proton oper­ will then be sent to the SPS through proton users. ations. Already some physics has a new transfer line, or to the ISR The ISR will be a particularly effi­ been done using deuterons, and the through a second new line. cient user of antiprotons thanks to its storage of alpha particles has been In the SPS, beams of protons and unrivalled storage capabilities. It will studied. The use of antiprotons in the antiprotons will circulate in opposite be able to stack antiproton pulses ISR has become possible following directions in the same ring and will over a period of several days and 14 CERN Courier, March 1979 Proposed configuration of beamlines for the antiproton project at CERN, which will supply beams of antimatter to the SPS proton synchrotron (through tunnel ll/O) and the Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR) (through tunnel TT6). then continue running with the Another advantage is that equip­ and elastic scattering should be stored beams for several more ment destined for antiproton experi­ available very quickly. Despite an days. ments at the SPS could first be expected rise in the proton-antipro­ At present, ten-day runs are anti­ tested at the ISR, so that maximum ton cross-section over the ISR cipated, with five pulses of 6 x 1 011 use is made of the limited colliding energy range, the difference be­ antiprotons being stacked over four beam time in the SPS. tween proton-proton and proton- days, followed by a six-day run with It is envisaged that the recently antiproton cross-sections should in stable beams. Data taking will be upgraded Split Field Magnet (SFM) fact decrease, but still remain possible throughout the run except at ISR intersection 4 with its very measurable. for brief interruptions when new large solid angle coverage, and the This data, together with results on pulses of antiprotons are stacked. proposed open axial field magnet elastic scattering and on quantum Using this scheme with a 30 A with the superconducting high lumi­ number exchange reactions, should proton beam at 26 GeV, the maxi­ nosity insertion at intersection re­ provide valuable new information to mum luminosity in a standard ISR gion 8 will play a major part in the consolidate our basic understanding intersection would be 1.3 x 1 029 per ISR antiproton physics programme. of hadron interactions. cm2 per s, and 9.2 x 1029 with the Rather than revealing any totally For rarer phenomena, the different superconducting high luminosity in­ new phenomena, the ISR antiproton quark configurations of proton- sertion applied to both beams.
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