Jahrbuch Der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten

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Jahrbuch Der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten © Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/; www.zobodat.at DIE MEISTER DER JAPANISCHEN SCHWERTZIERATHEN UEBERBLICK IHRER GESCHICHTE, VERZEICHNISS DER MEISTER MIT DATEN UEBER IHR LEBEN UND MIT ^" ^ IHREN NAMEN IN DER URSCHRIFT VON SHINKICHI HARA EINGELEITET VON JUSTUS BRINCKMANN BEIHEFT ZUM JAHRBUCH DER HAMBUROISCHEN WISSENSCHAFTLICHEN ANSTALTEN X)f X\y. HAMBURG 1902 GEDRUCKT IN DER REICHSDRUCKEREI ZU BERLIN © Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/; www.zobodat.at Das Recht des Abdruckes und der Uebersetzung ist vorbehalten. In Commissions -Verlag von Lucas Gräfe & Sillem in Hamburg. © Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/; www.zobodat.at Einleitung. Die Wiener Weltausstellung von 1873, auf der wir den Grund legten zur japanischen Sammlung des Hamburgischen Museums für Kunst und Gewerbe, bot zu Ankäufen japanischer Stichblätter und Schwertzierathen noch keine Gelegenheit. Erst nachdem im Jahre 1876 das Verbot des Schwertertragens im Frieden erlassen war, gelangten japanische Schwerter und ihr Beiwerk in grösserer Zahl nach Europa. Die ersten Ankäufe vermittelte uns zu Anfang der achtziger Jahre die R. WAGNER'sche Kunsthandlung in Berlin, deren unlängst verstorbener Inhaber, Herr HermaniN Paechter, sich in der Folge grosse Verdienste um die Versorgung der deutschen Sammlungen mit japanischen Alterthümern erworben hat. Ein Auf- enthalt des Direktors in Paris erschloss uns im Herbste des Jahres 1883 den damals bedeutendsten Markt für japanische Kunstsachen. Herrn S. Bing's mit ebensoviel Sachkunde wie Geschmack geleitete Handlung bot neben anderen damals bestehenden, seither in Folge ausbleibenden Nachschubes eingegangenen Handlungen eine über- aus reiche Auswahl von Schwertzierathen. In das Studium dieser einzuführen, war Herrn S. Bing's auserlesene persönliche Sammlung aufs Beste geeignet, während die öffentlichen Museen in Paris japa- nische Altsachen damals noch nicht sammelten. Als ein kundiger Berather erwies sich uns bei jener Gelegenheit für die Lesung der Künstlernamen und die Erklärung der Darstellungen auf den Stich- blättern Herr Tadamasa Hayashi, derselbe, der später, als Herr Bing seine japanische Handlung aufgab, um sich ganz der »l'Art nouveau« zu widmen, die vornehmste Handlung mit japanischen Alterthümern leitete, der Berather der bedeutendsten Pariser Sammler wurde und seine Laufbahn in Frankreich als Kaiserlich Japanischer Re- gierungs- Kommissar für die Weltausstellung von 1900 glänzend abschloss. Für die Ordnung der um die Mitte der achtziger Jahre in un- serem Besitze befindlichen, zum grössten Theil aus Beiträgen von Freunden des Museums angekauften Schwertzierathen boten sich © Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/; www.zobodat.at IV verschiedene Wege dar. Wir konnten sie nach technischen Gesichts- punkten, in geschichtlichen Gruppen nach Künstlerschulen und Meistern, oder mit Rücksicht auf die Motive der Darstellungen ordnen. Für die technische Gruppirung v^ar, so mannigfach auch die Verfahren der japanischen Metallkünstler sind, unser Material vi^eitaus zu umfangreich. Für die kunstgeschichtliche Gruppirung fehlte uns aber noch das nöthige Wissen und der Ueberblick, denn kaum waren damals die Anfangsgründe einer Geschichte des japanischen Kunstgewerbes in der europäischen Litteratur skizzirt worden. Fraglich war überdies, ob eine rein geschichtliche An- ordnung den praktischen Zielen, die wir in's Auge fassen mussten, genügend gedient hätte. So schlugen wir den dritten Weg ein und ordneten unsere Sammlung japanischer Schwertzierathen so, wie sie im Wesentlichen noch heute sich den Besuchern des Museums darbietet. Je nach den von den Künstlern benutzten natürlichen oder geschichtlichen Motiven wurden die Stichblätter und um diese die übrigen Theile des Schwertbeschlages gruppirt. Die Gruppen der Vorwürfe aus der Pflanzen- und Thierwelt wurden dabei so angeordnet, dass die Entwicklung jedes Motivs von seiner naturalistischen Wiedergabe bis zu seiner Stilisirung für ornamentale oder heraldische Aufgaben verfolgt werden konnte. Weiter sollte durch die mannigfaltigen Vorwürfe, welche den Mythen, den Sagen und der Geschichte Japans und Chinas, den herrschenden Religionen, der alten Dichtkunst und dem Alltags- leben entnommen sind, veranschaulicht werden, wie das japanische Kunsthandwerk bis zu unseren Tagen in lebendiger Fühlung mit allen Kulturinteressen des japanischen Volkes gearbeitet hat. In diesem Sinne gelangten wir zunächst dazu, 28 in sich abgeschlossene Gruppen in ebenso vielen Schaukasten, deren Inhalt in unserem illustrirten Führer vom Jahre 1894 beschrieben ist, aufzustellen. Bei dem Anwachsen der Sammlung reihten sich in Folge der Spaltung einzelner grossen Gruppen noch 5 weitere Schaukasten an, so dass nunmehr diese erste und Hauptsammlung der japa- nischen Schwertzierathen in 33 Schaukasten die künstlerische Ver- wendung von Vorwürfen aus folgenden Stoffgebieten darstellt: I. Chrysanthemum. 2. Kirschbaum (Sakura). 3. Pflaumenbaum (Mume). 4. Paulownia, Kiefer, Eiche, Ahorn, Gingko, Glycine. 5. Awoi (Asarum caulescens), Iris, Monochoria, Pfeilkraut. 6. Bambus, Reis, Hirse. 7. Kürbisse, verschiedene Steinfrüchte, Eierpflaume (Solanum melongena), Hülsenfrüchte. 8. Die sieben Pflanzen der Hara, Päonien, Clematis, verschiedene blühende Stauden, Lotos. © Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/; www.zobodat.at q. Fabelthiere: Drache, Howo-Vogel, Löwe, Kirin. lo. Der Thierkreis und von dessen Thieren: der Tiger, das Pferd, der Affe. II. Hunde, Wolf, Sichelwiesel, Dachs, Katze, Bär, Fleder- mäuse. 12. Shika- Hirsch, Rinder, Mäuse, Eichhörnchen, Hasen, Wildschwein, Elephant. 13. Kranich, Reiher. 14. Sperlinge, Schwalben, Chidori, Bachstelzen, Kuckuck. 15. Wildgänse, Braut- enten, Pfauen, Fasanen, Wachteln, Hühner, Tauben. 16. Raub- vögel: Adler, Falken, Weihen, Eulen, Dohlen. 17. Schildkröten, Frösche, Eidechsen, Schlangen. 18. Frische: Karpfen, Makrelen, Goldfische, Fugu- Fisch, Welse. 19. Grillen, Cikaden, Ameisen, Wespen, Tausendfüsse, Libellen, Spinnen, Schmetterlinge. 20. Krebse, Langusten, Schnecken, Muscheln, Tintenfische. 21. Landschaftliches: Wolken, Regen, Schnee, Blitze, Wellen. Der Fujiyama. Die acht Landschaften des Biwa-Sees. Gebirgs-, Fels-, Uferlandschaften. Der Mond. 22. Volksleben: Die fünf grossen Feste (Gosekku). Ländliche Beschäftigungen. 23. Blumenzucht, Blumenaufzierung, Chanoyu, Schachspiel, Musikinstrumente, Kinderspielzeug. 24. Bewaffnung. Friedhöfe. Grabsteine. 25. Japanische Göttersagen : Izanagi und Izanami, Amaterasu und Susanoo. 26. Geschichtliche Sagen: Sagenkreis des Yoshitsune und Benkei. Hidesato und der Tausendfuss. Yorimasa und der Nuye. Raiko und Watanabe mit den Onis. Die Fehden der Genji (Minamoto) und Heike (Taira). 27. Volksthümliche Ge- schichten: Die Alten der Kiefer von Takasago. Kiyohime und Priester Anchin. Der Fischer Urashima. Kindermärchen: Der wunderbare Theekessel, Hase und Dachs, Momotaro. Geschichten von berühmten Dichtern: Ono no Komachi, Narihira. Volksaber- glaube: Die Dämonen des Gewitters und Sturmes, Langbein und Langarm, die Tengus, die Shöjö. 28. Die buddhistischen Götter: Dharma, die Rakhans, Fudö- sama, die Niö-kongö, Marishiten. 29. Shöki. Die Sennin: Tekkai, Gama Sennin, Chinnan, Tsügen, Kiku Jidö u. s. w. 30. Chine- sische Gelehrten -Geschichten: Die sieben Weisen im Bambus- hain, Kiojai, Shiba Onkö, Kinkö und Andere. 31. Die sieben Glücksgötter. 32. Poetische Inschriften, Schrift, Grundmuster. 33. Wappen und wappenähnliche Verzierungen. Bei den Gruppen der Pflanzenmotive sind niit diesen natürlich oder dichterisch verknüpfte Thiere, ebenso bei den Darstellungen aus dem Thierleben zugehörige Pflanzendarstellungen hinzugefügt. Auch geschichtliche und sagenhafte Vorkommnisse, die zu ge- wissen Pflanzen und Thieren in Beziehungen stehen, sind den ! © Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/; www.zobodat.at VI Gruppen der Naturmotive beigegeben. So findet man z. B. in der Gruppe der Sakura die mit verwehten Kirschblüthen bestreuten Holzflösse des Sumidagawa- Flusses; den Ritter Kojima Taka- nori, wie er auf den entrindeten Stamm eines Kirschbaumes die Botschaft für den gefangenen Kaiser schreibt; die drei Freunde des Dichters: der Kirschblüthe gesellt Schneekrystalle und die Mondsichel. Das vergleichende Studium des reichen Inhaltes jener ersten Sammlung eröffnete dem aufmerksamen Beschauer schon inner- halb mehrerer der grösseren Gruppen einen Ausblick auf den Entwickelungsgang dieses Kunstzweiges insofern, als die nach Art von Schattenrissen oder wappenmässig stilisirten Naturformen in der Regel an den älteren Arbeiten vorherrschen und die rein malerische und naturalistische Behandlung der Vorwürfe vorschreitet, je mehr wir uns dem i8. Jahrhundert und der Zeit nähern, in der im iq. Jahrhundert Maler der Schule des Hokusai für die Stich- blatt-Künstler Vorzeichnungen lieferten. Aber je mehr weitere Ankäufe und Geschenke unsere Sammlung bereicherten, desto entschiedener ergab sich die Nothwendigkeit, den Zuwachs nicht ausschliesslich den Gruppen der ersten Sammlung einzuschalten, sondern als Grundlage einer zweiten Sammlung zu behandeln, die den ganzen Entwickelungsgang der japanischen Schwert- zierathenkunst vorführen sollte von ihren ersten, noch namenlosen Anfängen durch die grossen, in vielen Geschlechterfolgen Jahr- hunderte hindurch fortlebenden Künstlerschulen und die Werke führender Meister bis zu den Jahren, in denen gegen Ende des IQ. Jahrhunderts die letzten Tsuba-
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