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Authorizing the Shogunate Brill’S Japanese Studies Library Authorizing the Shogunate Brill’s Japanese Studies Library Edited by Joshua Mostow (Managing Editor) Caroline Rose Kate Wildman Nakai VOLUME 44 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/bjsl Authorizing the Shogunate Ritual and Material Symbolism in the Literary Construction of Warrior Order By Vyjayanthi R. Selinger LEIDEN • BOSTON 2013 Cover illustration: Scene from the episode “Kiso no saigo no koto” (“The Death of Kiso”) in Nara ehon Heike monogatari (early eighteenth century), Chapter 9. Reproduced with permission from Kokugakuin University Library, Tokyo. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Selinger, Vyjayanthi Ratnam. Authorizing the shogunate : ritual and material symbolism in the literary construction of warrior order / by Vyjayanthi Ratnam Selinger. pages cm. — (Brill’s Japanese studies library ; volume 44) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-24810-6 (hardback : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-90-04-25533-3 (e-book) 1. Heike monogatari—Criticism, Textual. 2. Heike monogatari—Language. 3. Genpei seisuiki—Criticism, Textual. 4. Genpei seisuiki—Language. 5. Japan—History—Gempei Wars, 1180–1185—Literature and the war. I. Title. PL790.H43S437 2013 895.6’322—dc23 2013019449 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. ISSN 0925-6512 ISBN 978-90-04-24810-6 (hardback) ISBN 978-90-04-25533-3 (e-book) Copyright 2013 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers and Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper. CONTENTS Acknowledgements ........................................................................................ ix Note on Conventions and Texts Used ...................................................... xiii 1 The Genpei jōsuiki and the Historical Narration of the Genpei War ............................................................................................... 1 The Late Heian World and the Genpei War .............................. 2 The Historical Rhetoric of the Genpei jōsuiki ............................. 4 Critical Approaches to Historicity in the Heike monogatari .... 10 The Scripting of Socio-political Order through the Semiotic Codes of Material and Ritual Culture ..................................... 12 Variants and Textual Lines .............................................................. 17 The Genpei jōsuiki and the Dai Nihonshi ..................................... 20 2 Fictions of Emergence: The Symbolic Regulation of Violence in the Battles of 1180 ............................................................................... 27 The Defiled East and the Unpropitious Beginning of the Genpei War ..................................................................................... 27 Cleansing and Karmic Rebirth: The Sacralizing Potential of the Bathhouse ................................................................................. 31 Dreaming the Body and Soothsaying the Face: The Legible Body in an Arbitrary World ........................................................ 39 The Fukuhara Edict, the Hōjōe, and the Legitimation of Violence ............................................................................................ 45 Tree Hollows, Boats, and other Fortune-Reviving Spaces: Yoritomo as the Latter-day Emperor Tenmu ........................ 53 The Battle of Fuji River and the Reimagining of the Borderlands ..................................................................................... 60 Punishing Traitors and Awarding Followers: Performing the Birth of a Law-Making Political Body ..................................... 63 Conclusion ............................................................................................ 65 3 Gastro-Politics and the Shifting Geography of Medieval Japan: Famine, Feasts, and the Court’s Appointment of a Shogun in 1183 .......................................................................................................... 69 The Material and the Cultural in Food ........................................ 69 Gallows Humor: Domesticating the Political Challenge of Minamoto Yoshinaka ................................................................... 70 vi contents Uncourtly Dining Manners in the “Nekoma” Episode: Challenging the Court’s Maintenance of Gastro-Political Order .................................................................................................. 76 Yoritomo’s Feast in the Heike: Rewriting the Center-Periphery Dichotomy ..................................................... 83 Food and the Shifting Geography of Power: The ‘Warrior Banquet’ Trope in the Konjaku monogatarishū ................... 89 Shogunal Feasts: Power and Pageantry in Medieval Japan ... 97 The Yōwa Famine in Historical Records ..................................... 100 Conclusion ............................................................................................ 104 4 Converging and Diverging Doubles in 1185: Sword Replicas and the Locations of Martial Power .................................................. 107 Sword Symbolism and Political Duality in the Medieval World .............................................................................. 107 (Re-)Placing the Imperial Sword in the Medieval World ...... 111 The “Hōken setsuwa” Passage: Atsuta Shrine and the Overlay of Sword Stories ............................................................. 114 Proleptic Visions of New Swords in the Genpei jōsuiki ........... 123 The “Tsurugi no maki”: Bloodline and the Fashioning of Shogunal Genealogy ..................................................................... 127 Conclusion ............................................................................................ 135 5 The Cultural Shift from the Carriage to the Horse: Portending Historical Change .................................................................................... 141 Horses amidst Carriages: Turmoil in the Construction of Symbolic Authority ....................................................................... 142 Clashing Vehicles in the Streets of Kyoto: Marking Imperial Decline .............................................................................................. 147 The Horse that Sparked the Genpei War: Absorbing the Unpredictable Eruption of Warrior Violence ....................... 151 Ikezuki and Surusumi: Horse Racing (kurabeuma) and the Transformation of War into Sport ............................................ 154 The Darkness of Horse Narratives in the Konjaku monogatarishū: Violence Rendered Distant .......................... 158 Equine Culture and the Logic of Power in Late Heian to Kamakura Japan ............................................................................. 163 contents vii 6 The Past in the Present: Troping Warrior Power in the Muromachi and Tokugawa Periods ................................................... 167 The Uses of the Past: The Founding of Warrior Power in the Retrospection of Later Eras ........................................................ 170 Works Cited ...................................................................................................... 173 Index ................................................................................................................... 185 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This book is dedicated to the memory of two valued teachers at Cornell University who passed away in the past year, Karen Brazell and Kyoko Selden. Karen was both academic advisor and life coach, and Kyoko was the most generous mentor and insightful listener one could hope for. From my days at Cornell, Brett de Bary remains an inspirational guide, modeling for me intellectual engagement and professional generosity. Likewise, Edwin Cranston and Joan Piggott were incredibly important teachers who showed me how to be faithful to the language and history of medieval Japan. All these mentors deserve much of the credit and none of the blame for this book. Among countless others who provided gener- ous advice during graduate school, Ding Xiang Warner, Daniel Boucher, and Fred Kotas deserve special mention. I have had the good fortune of meeting generous teachers in my second research “home” of Japan. While I was a graduate student, Hyōdō Hiromi of Gakushūin University and Matsuo Ashie of Kokugakuin University invited me into their seminars and generously shared their considerable expertise on the Heike with me. Matsuo Ashie, in particular, has seen this project to the end, providing feedback during critical phases, and arranging for Kokugakuin University Library to share the illustrations included in this book. She also invited me into a research group named Bunka genshō to shite no ‘Genpei
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