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The European Community and the Relationships Between Northern Ireland and the Irish Republic: a Test of Neo-Functionalism

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The European Community and the Relationships Between Northern Ireland and the Irish Republic: a Test of Neo-Functionalism Tresspassing on Borders? The European Community and the Relationships between Northern Ireland and the Irish Republic: A Test of Neo-functionalism Etain Tannam Department of Government London School of Economics and Political Science Ph.D. thesis UMI Number: U062758 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U062758 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 or * tawmjn 7/atA K<2lt&8f4&o ii Contents List of Figures v Acknowledgements vi 1. The European Community and the Irish/Northern Irish Cross- 1 border Relationship: Theoretical Framework Introduction 2 1. The Irish/Northern Irish Cross-border Relationship: A Critical 5 Test of Neo-functionalism ii. Co-operation and The Northern Irish/Irish Cross-Border 15 Relationship iii. The Irish/Northern Irish Cross-border Relationship and the 21 Anglo-Irish Agreement iv. The Anglo-Irish Agreement and International Relations Theory 25 Conclusion: The Irish Cross-border Relationship and International 30 Relations Theory: Hypotheses 2. A History ofThe Cross-Border Political Relationship 34 Introduction 35 i. Partition and the Boundary Commission. 35 ii. The Cross-border Relationship. Phase One: Insulation and State 41 Building iii. The Cross-border Relationship. Phase Two: Modernisation and 45 Reform iv. The Cross-border Relationship. Phase Three: Crisis 50 v. The Cross-Border Relationship. Phase Four: 51 Intergovernmentalism and the Search for Solution vi. The Cross-border Relationship. Phase Five: 55 Intergovernmentalism and the Anglo-Irish Agreement iii 3. The Commission and Cross-Border Co-operation 63 Introduction 64 i. The Role of the Commission in the EC's Decision Making 65 Process: Theory and Practice ii. The Commission and the Up-Grading of Irish and Northern 68 Irish Common Interests iii. The Commission and the Irish/Northern Irish Cross-Border 82 Relationship iv. Conclusion: The Role of the Commission in the Irish/Northern 97 Irish Cross-Border Relationship 4. The Civil Service and Cross-Border Co-operation 100 Introduction 101 i. The Role of the Civil Service 102 ii. The Sources of Cross-Border Co-operation 104 iii. The Administration of Co-operation 110 iv. The Anglo-Irish Division and Civil Service Co-operation 115 v. The European Community and Co-operation 122 vi. Conclusion 125 5. Economic Elites and Cross-Border Co-operation 127 Introduction 128 i. The Role of Economic Elites in the National and EC 129 Decision-Making Processes ii. Economic Structure and the Rationale for Cross-Border Co- 133 operation iii. Economic Elites and Cross-border Co-operation 139 iv. Conclusion: Economic Elites and Cross-Border Co-operation 159 iv 6. Political Parties and Cross-border Co-operation. 163 i: The European Parliament Introduction 164 i. The Role of the EP in the EC's Decision-Making Process 166 ii. The Irish and Northern Irish Political Parties 170 iii. Irish/Northern Irish MEPs and the European Parliament 180 iv. Conclusion 189 7. Political Parties and Cross-border Co-operation 192 ii: Local Government and Cross-Border Co-operation Introduction 193 i. The Role of Local Government in Northern Ireland and the 193 Republic ii. The EC and Local Government Cross-Border Co-operation 197 iii. Conclusion 207 8. Continuity and Change in the Cross-Border Relationship 209 Introduction 210 i. The EC and the Irish/N orthern Irish Cross-Border Relationship: 210 1988-1993 ii. Neo-Realism and the Cross-Border Relationship 214 iii. Neo-Functionalism and the Cross-border Relationship 218 iv. Conclusion: The Effect of the EC on the Irish/Northern Irish 221 Cross-Border Relationship: Theoretical Results Appendix 1 223 Bibliography 226 V List of Figures Figures 1.1 Hypotheses of neo-functionalism and neo-realism 2.3 Religion, Sex and Unemployment in Northern Ireland, 1971. 4.1 Sources of EC aid 5.1 Percentage Distribution of GDP by Broad Sector in 1990 5.2 Proportion of GAO by Main Sectors, 1972 and 1975 5.3 Visits Abroad by Irish Residents — estimated Num ber of Overseas Visits 5.4 Cross-Border Trade Between Northern Ireland and the Irish Republic 5.5 Cross Border Trade as a Proportion of Northern Ireland's Manufacturing Total Sales 5.6 Irish Imports from and Exports to Northern Ireland, 1987- 1990 6.1 Groups of the EP 6.2 Permanent Committees of the EP 8.1 EC-induced Cross-Border Co-operation between Irish and Northern Irish Actors Maps 2.1 Distribution of Catholics and Protestants in Ulster 1911 2.2 Irish Boundary Commission Proposals vi Acknowledgements I have many people to thank for helping to complete this thesis. My supervisor Brendan O'Leary is owed particular thanks for giving me the opportunity to study at the LSE. He has been an excellent supervisor combining his undoubted academic skills with those of a natural teacher. I'm sure I am not alone in appreciating his patience and perceptiveness when dealing with PhD theses (and students!). I would also like to thank Paul Taylor for giving me his time and his advice and clarifying the various theories of integration I have used in this thesis. His help was essential in strengthening the EC aspect of this thesis. I am very grateful to the department of Government at Essex University, especially Hugh Ward for giving me the chance to undertake postgraduate work and for their warmth and encouragement. I must also thank Michael Gallagher, Michael Marsh, Patrick Keatinge and John O'Hagen in Trinity College Dublin for providing the stepping stones for my academic career and for their friendliness. I am grateful to the British Council which gave me maintenance funding for two years of my PhD and the ESRC which paid my fees. I am also grateful to the University of London Central Fund which funded my research trip to Brussels and facilitated my study of the EP and the Commission. I would also like to thank all those who I interviewed for their co-operation. I am deeply grateful to my parents who have borne the financial cost for most of my student life and who have always supported me and encouraged me and to Mary Rose, Lorcan and Emer. Last, but not least, I would like to thank Robert for his help in this thesis and for putting up with my contrary nature (especially in the final days of completion!). I hope he knows how grateful I am (for everything). Chapter One The European Community and the Irish/Northern Irish Cross-border Relationship: Theoretical Framework Introduction Meandering for 400 kilometres, the Irish border demarcates the line between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. It is a fine line which cuts through villages and towns. Like many land borders, there is scarcely a difference apparent between the 'black slanting' hills of Donegal and those which frame Derry/ Londonderry, nor between the quiet melancholy of Monaghan and that of Omagh. Yet the conflict in Northern Ireland has both reflected and reinforced the significance of the land border, making it more than a physical line, but a line which represents deep and old political division. The result of this division is that there has been only limited economic cross-border co-operation and even less political co-operation. The aim of this thesis is to examine the effect of the European Community upon the economic and political relationship between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland, that is upon the Irish/Northern Irish cross-border relationship. In examining the EC's effect upon the Irish/Northern Irish cross- border relationship, the theoretical aim is to test the validity of neo­ functionalist theory of integration in the Irish/Northern Irish case. Neo-functionalism proposes that the existence of common economic interests leads to economic co-operation between neighbouring regions. Such economic co-operation then leads to political co­ operation, even between regions which have experienced historic political tensions. Northern Ireland and the Republic are examples of such regions. Moreover, they have been members of the EC since 1973. The questions addressed by this thesis are whether there is evidence that the EC has increased economic co-operation between these two regions and whether or not any resultant economic co-operation has led to political co-operation. The impetus for this study was derived from the resurgence of neo-functionalism as result of the ratification of the Single European Act in 1987. This act included specific policy changes which were particularly relevant to the Irish/Northern Irish cross-border relationship. For example, the move towards the creation of a Single European Market implied a degree of policy harmonisation between EC states and aimed to abolish economic boundaries between states. By implication, the border between Northern Ireland and the Republic would also be the object of harmonisation policies. Moreover, because the creation of a single market would accentuate the economic difficulties experienced by weaker economies in the EC (NESC, 1989, p. 526), the Single Act included the provision for a significant regional policy reform. The subsequent 1988 reform entailed the identification of the weakest regional economies in the EC and pledged to concentrate an increased amount of EC regional aid upon a small number of most deprived areas.
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