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TRADE UNIONISM and SECTARIANISM A1'k)NG DERRY SHIRT WORKERS 1920-1968 with Special Reference to the National Union of Tailors and Garment Workers

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TRADE UNIONISM and SECTARIANISM A1'k)NG DERRY SHIRT WORKERS 1920-1968 with Special Reference to the National Union of Tailors and Garment Workers TRADE UNIONISM AND SECTARIANISM A1'K)NG DERRY SHIRT WORKERS 1920-1968 With Special Reference to the National Union of Tailors and Garment Workers A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Science, University of London. by Andrew Robert Finlay Department of Anthropology University College London 1989 BIRL LONDIN. UNIV. -1•- ABSTRACT The problem at the heart of this study is: to what extent and in what ways was the development of trade unionism in the Derry shirt industry influenced by sectarianism? This problem and my approach to it were elaborated in contradistinction to existing theories of trade unionism in Northern Ireland. According to the main theory, developed most cogently within traditional Irish marxism, trade unionism was thwarted by sectarianism. I suggest that this theory has more to do with the reductionist and evolutionist assumptions of its authors than with social reality and argue that the relationship between trade unionism and sectarianism Is better understood with an approach in which it is recognised that both of these institutions are constituted through the actions of concrete individuals who are themselves consituted by society, and in which priority is given to the meanings which individuals ascribe to their actions and predicaments. My- study is based on interviews with a sample of retired union officials and activists. My respondants were keenly aware of the Catholic-Protestant dichotomy, but, contrary to what traditional Irish marxists would lead one to expect, they did not regard sectarianism as a significant problem until the 1950s, My analysis of union growth and structure 1920-1952 largely confirmed this view: union densities compared favourably with clothing workers in Britain, and the main factors underlying fluctuations in membership were more or less the same as elsewhere in Britain. Conflict between Protestant and Catholic shirtmekers only became a problem as a result of inter-union rivalry which followed the formation of a breakaway union in 1952. Sectarian conflict was activated by a specifically trade union power struggle, not vice versa, Thus, this study does not merely contradict the prevailing view of the relationship between trade unionism and sectarianism - it inverts it. -2- CONTENTS TITLE PAGE 1 ABSTRACT 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 3 LIST OF TABLES AND MAPS 6 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE TEXT 7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 8 CHAPTER 1: TRADE UNIONISM IN NORTHERN IRELAND: A THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Introduction 9 1.2 Trade Unionism and Marxism in Northern Ireland: the Problem of Sectarianism 11 1.3 An Alternative Approach 25 1. 4. The Dialectics of Field Research 31 1.5 Methodological Issues 38 1.6 Conclusion 49 CHAPTER 2: DERRY, LONDONDERRY, AND ITS SHIRT INDUSTRY 1920-1968 2. 1 Introduction 52 2. 2 Doire, Derry, Londonderry 53 2. 3 The Origins of the Shirt Industry in Derry 69 2.4 The Religious and Political Composition of the Shirt Industry 78 2.5 Conclusion 85 CHAPTER 3: THE EARLY HISTORY OF TRADE UNIONISM AND THE STRIKE OF 1920 3. 1 Introduction 87 3. 2 Trade Unionism in the Derry Shirt Industry 1889-1919 90 3. 3 The Derry Shirt Cutters' Strike 99 -3- 3.4 The Aftermath of the Strike: the Fragmentation of the ASTI and the UGW 117 3. 5 Conclusion 128 CHAPTER 4: THE DECLINE AND GROWTH OF TRADE UNIONISM AMONG WOMEN SHIRTMAKERS 1920-1952 4. 1 Introduction 131 4.2 Fluctuations in Membership: the Institutional Context 141 4. 3 Trade Unionism, Female Shirtmakers, and the Family in Derry 161 4. 4 Trade Unionism and Sectarianism in the 1930s and 1940s 173 4. 5 Conclusion 189 CHAPTER 5: MALE SHIRT CUTTERS AND RELATIONS BETWEEN THE NUTGW AND THE ATGWU: THE POLITICS OF SKILL, SEX AND RELIGION 5. 1 Introduction 192 5. 2 The ATGWU and the NUTGW: a Sectarian Division? 195 5.3 Sex and Skill in the Derry Shirt Industry 206 5.4 Trade Unionism and the Politics of Skill 218 5. 5 Conclusion 224 CHAPTER 6: THE SECESSION OF THE DERRY BRANCH OF THE NIJTGW 1952-1954: TRADITIONAL IRISH MARXISM STOOD ON ITS HEAD 6, 1 Introduction 227 6. 2 The Origins of the Breakaway: Personal Differences and Intra-Union Conflict 232 6. 3 The Rank and File and the Breakaway 238 6. 4 The Reconstitution of the Derry Branch of the NUTGW 249 6.5 Inter-Union Relations and Sectarianism 257 6. 6 Conclusion 264 CHAPTER 7: RIVALRY AND ACCOMMODATION: TRADE UNIONISM IN THE DERRY SHIRT INDUSTRY 1954-1968 7. 1 Introduction 267 7. 2 Intra-Union Conflict and Accommodation 267 7. 3 Inter-Union Rivalry and the Changing Pattern of Union Organisation in the 1950s and 1960s 278 -4- 7.4 Inter-Union Accommodation 289 7.5 Conclusion 298 CHAPTER 8: TRADE UNIONISM AND SECTARIANISM IN THE DERRY SHIRT INDUSTRY 1920-1968: AN HISTORICAL AND THEORETICAL CONCLUSION 8. 1 Introduction 301 8.2 Trade Unionism, Socialist Politics, and the Civil Rights Movement: the End of an Era 303 8. 3 Trade Unionism and Sectarianism in the Derry Shirt Industry: a Conclusion 318 APPENDIX 1: ORAL SOURCES 331 APPENDIX 2: TABLES 352 NOTES 358 BIBLIOGRAPHY 377 MAP: THE DISTRIBUTION OF SHIRT FACTORIES IN DERRY, 1954 389 -5- LIST OF TABLES AND MAPS TABLES: 1. The Main Shirt Manufacturers in Derry and Numbers Employed c1896 (factory workers and outworkers). 352 2. Signatories to the Londonderry Shirt Manufacturers' Federation Statement to the Boundary Commission 1925. 353 3. The Religious Affiliations of Male Shirt Workers Resident in the City (County Borough) of Derry 1901 and 1911. 354 4. The Religious Affiliations of Female Shirtinakers and Seamstresses Resident in the City (County Borough) of Derry 1901 and 1911. 354 5. Numbers of Members in the 'Londonderry' and the 'Londonderry (Factory Workers)' Branches of the ASTT 1914-1919. 355 6. Numbers of Members in the 'Londonderry' and the 'Londonderry (Factory Workers)' Branches of the ASTT 1920-1931. 356 7. Estimated Numbers Employed and Numbers of NIJTGW Members in the Various Centres of Shirt and Pyjama Manufacture in Northern Ireland in March 1948. 357 8. Numbers of NUTGW Members in Derry Shirt Factories in Each Quarter of the Year 1970. 357 MAP: The Distribution of Shirt Factories in Derry, 1954 389 -6- ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE TEXT Newspapers and Union Journals AP/RN An Phoblacht/Republican News DJ The Derr y Journal DS The Derry Standard OW The Garment Worker LS The Londonderry Sentinel Organisat ions ASTT Amalgamated Society of Tailors and Tailoresses ATGWIJ Amalgamated Transport and General Workers' Union Clu Congress of Irish Unions C?' Communist Party of Ireland CRM Civil Rights Movement CWu Clothing Workers' Union DCAC Derry Citizens Action Committee DLP Derry Labour Party FEA Fair Employment Agency I CTU Irish Congress of Trade Unions I LHS Irish Labour History Society IRA Irish Republican Army I rLP Irish Labour Party ITGWU Irish Transport and General Workers' Union I TUC Irish Trade Union Congress LDLP Londonderry Labour Party NAUL National Amalgamated Union of Labour NFWW National Federation of Women Workers NIC-ICTU Northern Ireland Committee of the Irish Congress of Trade Unions NICRA Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association NIL P Northern Ireland Labour Party NUDL National Union of Dock Labourers NUTGW National Union of Tailors and Garment Workers PD Peoples Democracy PRONI Public Records Office, Northern Ireland SDLP Social Democratic and Labour Party SMF Londonderry Shirt Manufacturers' Federation TUC British Trade Union Congress UGW United Garment Workers' Union. UI L United Irish League UULA Ulster Unionist Labour Association UVF Ulster Volunteer Force WU' Workers' Union of ireland -7- AC KNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis is based on interviews with a sample of retired trade union officials and activists which were mainly carried out during one year of fieldwork in Derry. This fieldwork was made possible by grants from the Thomas Witherton-Batt Trust Fund (University College London) and the Department of Education for Northern Ireland; I am grateful for both. My main debt, however, is to the people who welcomed me into their homes and put up with my questions: as will become apparent their answers to those questions had a profound affect on my views of trade unionism, Northern Ireland, and much more besides. I also want to thank those people who work for the NUTGW, ITGWU, and ATGWU in Derry, Belfast, Dublin, and London who helped me to trace retired members of their respective organisations and who facilitated my research in many other ways. I doubt whether one can be taught how to do anthropological field research: it seems to me to be something which, in large measure, must be learnt through experience. It is a difficult, but ultimately rewarding, experience, and I want to thank my supervisors - Rosemary Harris and John Gledhill - for encouraging me to embark on it, coaxing me through it, and, having completed it, helping me to turn it into a thesis. A grant from the the Radcliffe-Brown Memorial Fund for Social Anthropological Research was of considerable help during the final preparation of the typescript. I also want to thank a number of friends and colleagues: Lorry Leader, Oonagh O'Brien, Dick Hunter, and especially Valerie McConnell; the staff of Magee University College, Derry - particularly Eddie Mcwilliams; the staff of the Central Library, Belfast; my fellow members of the Irish Labour History Society in Belfast and Dublin - particularly Terry Cradden, Peter Collins, Bob Purdie, Theresa Moriarty, and Sarah Ward-Perkins. I owe a special debt to Lindsay, and, above all others, to my family - Roy, Vera, and Margaret. -8- CHAPTER 1: TRADE UNIONISM IN NORTHERN IRELAND: A THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL INTRODUCTION. 1. 1 Introduction This study does not fit easily into the literature on British trade unionism.
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