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Church and State Under the Tudors '7 '7 Digitized by tine Internet Arciiive in 2007 witii funding from Microsoft Corporation littp://www.arcliive.org/details/cliurclistateunderOOcliiliala CHUECH AND STATE UNDER THE TUDOES PRIKTKD BT SP0TTI8W00DH AND CO., NBW-STRKKT SQUAIUI LOKDOM CHUECH AND STATE UNDEE THE TUDOES BY GILBEET W. CHILD, M.A. EXETER COLLEGE, OXFORD * Look unto the rock whence ye are hewn, and to the hole of the pit whence ye are digged'— Isaiah, li. 1 LONDON LONGMANS, GEEEN, AND CO. AND NEW YOEK : 15 EAST IG*" STREET 1890- J.II right* reserved PEEFACE A NEW book on a subject on which so much has been already written may seem to call for an apology. I think, however, that there are several reasons why such a book may be acceptable. A very large amount of new material for the history of the sixteenth century has been brought to light in recent years by the publication of State papers, ambas- sadors' letters, and other original documents which were formerly but little known. Much of this, it is true, has been worked up into many volumes by learned and able writers, to whom I am greatly indebted; but of these, some are works read almost exclusively by students ex professo, and many others, from the extent of ground which they have to cover, are too voluminous for ordinary readers : some, too, are written with so strong a party bias as to mislead rather than guide those who consult them. Again, any one whose reading has not been confined to recent works on English Church history, can hardly help remarking that the change of view in the new, as compared with the older, books, is often so great tliat VI CHURCH AND STATE UNDER THE TUDORS it is scarcely an exaggeration to say that, in the popular delineations of the subject, the lights and shadows seem almost to have changed places within the memory of living men. In such a state of things, it is not easy to beheve that the last word has yet been spoken, and it becomes interesting to inquire which of these diverse presentations accords best with the facts. The relations of Church and State form one very important and interesting branch of Church history, and it is to the purpose of illustrating this single portion of the subject that the following pages are devoted ; where I may seem to have strayed into others, it has been with the purpose of throwing light upon this. For the ordinary facts of the history I have had recourse to recent and accredited historians—to Hallam, Bishop Stubbs, Mr. Froude, Mr. Green, and others. The Introductory Sketch is taken mainly from Bishop Stubbs and Dr. Hook. But for the main portion of the work I have gone, wherever possible, to original sources ; by which I mean, not necessarily matter never published before, but the speeches, letters, and deeds of the actors in the events narrated, or of their coadjutors and contemporaries. The Notes in Appendix I. consist mainly of extracts from contemporary documents in support or illustra- tion of statements made in the text ; and I have added also an Appendix of some of the more important Statutes of the period, in order that my readers may be able to judge to some extent, by the veritable Acts of the State, how far it did or did not occupy the position which I have ventured to assign to it. This I have PREFACE Vll felt it necessary, from considerations of space, to com- press more than I could have wished. It remains for me to express my thanks to those from whom I have received encouragement or help, and especially to the officials of the State Paper Office, to whom I fear I must have been sometimes troublesome, but who have been invariably most kind and helpful; and, among them, particularly to the late Mr. Selby, whose loss is so widely felt. Above all, I must thank my old friend, the Eev. 0. W. Boase, Fellow and Librarian of Exeter College, who has most kindly helped me throughout, and supplied me with many illustrations out of his stores of historical learning ; and also the Eector and Fellows of the College, who have allowed me the un- restricted use of their valuable library. CONTENTS CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION DATB PAOa Object of the Book—The Relations between Church and State — 1 In Saxon Times . — 2 Courts, and Law administered by them — 3 The Church older than the State— Consequent Foreign Origin of Church Law — 4 Norman Conquest — 5 — Develops still further the Foreign Elements . 6 Effect of the Character of the Kings—Rivalry between Church and State — 8 — Unity of the Western Church imtil the Reformation . 9 — Its Independent Position depended on its Unity . 10 CHAPTER II INTRODUCTION (continued) Historical Sketch from Henri/ II. to Henry VIII Increase of Power of the Church— Four Parties in the State, viz., the King, the Baronage, and the Church, and, subse- quently, the People — 18 Tendencies to Divisions in the Church—Held in check by the Papal Authority — 15 Sources of the Power of the Clergy — 18 X CHURCH AND STATE UNDER THE TUDORS DATS FAQB . — Ideal of the Papacy . • . 17 Development of its Power — 18 The Church in England—the Daughter of the Church of Rome — 19 Papal Power in England—Not less than elsewhere, but greater — 20 Depression of the Papacy after Boniface VIII.—Anti-papal Legislation of the Plantagenets and subsequent Kings — coincident with it — 21 Papal Power considerable throughout it—Illustrations of this . 22 . — Reign of Richard II. (Wycliflfe) . 29 Statute of Praemunire 1393 30 Reign of Henry IV — 31 He hangs an Archbishop, and is not censured . 1405 32 Council of Pisa 1409 33 Reign of Henry V.—Council of Constance—Election of Martin 1414 84 v.—Revival of the Papacy—Its Effect in England . 1417 34 Dean Hook's Theory — 36 Church in England Papal throughout — 37 The Anti-papal Legislation — 38 The Relation of the EngUsh Clergy to the Papacy and the Crown respectively — 89 The Papal Power in France and elsewhere— Social and Moral . — Influence of the Clergy ... 40 CHAPTER III REIGN OF HENRY VIII Characteristics of the Tudor Times—General Ferment of Ideas — 44 Conditions under which Henry VIII.'s Statesmen worked . — 46 Peculiarities of the Reformation in England—Thomas Crom- well — 46 What he learnt from Wolsey — 48 His Aims — 49 The Praemunire—Its Effect on the Clergy and the Laity re- spectively — 50 Character of Henry VIII . — 51 King-worship in the Sixteenth Century — 58 . — Low Moral Standard of the Time . 54 Position of the Church at the Accession of Henry VIII. — .66 — CONTENTS XI CHAPTER IV REIGN QF HENRY VIII (continued) DATK PAQB Murder of Hun 1513 58 Case argued before the King—Henry's Speech on the Oc- casion . — 59 Unpopularity of the Clergy—Henry's Divorce affords the im- mediate Occasion of the Breach with Eome . — 60 Primd facie Henry was right — 61 Different Views of the Papal Dispensation — 62 Character of Clement VII.—How Henry became a Reformer — 63 Rise of the Divorce Question—Parliament . 1529 64 Its important Acts—Henry's Proclamation .... 1530 65 Submission of the Clergy 1531 65 Important Acts —Limiting the Privilege of the Clergy . 1532 66 Petition of Convocation agaiust the Annates—Complaint of the Commons against the Clergy 1532 66 Petition of the Clergy against recent Acts—Surrender of Con- vocation — 67 Comments of Chapuys on the Work of the Session . — 68 Bishop Stubbs's account of the Mediaeval Theory of Church and State — 69 Henry, Pope of England—Protest and Death of Archbishop Warham— Parliament not always submissive . — 70 Statute of Appeals April 5th, 1533 71 Convocation pronounces Katherine's Marriage null . — 71 Coronation of Anne Boleyn, June 1st—Date of her Marriage . — 72 Act for the Submission of the Clergy—Act against Payment of Annates—Act against Payment of Peter's Pence, &c. The Supremacy Act 1534 73 Convocation Petitions for a Translation of Scripture—The Archbishop changes his Title — 74 Act for the Oath to the Succession—Attainder of Fisher and More—Act of Supremacy — 75 Made Henry Pope — 77 Cromwell becomes Vicegerent—Fisher and More beheaded Paul III. excommunicates Henry—First Visitation of the Monasteries 1535 78 Act for Review of Ecclesiastical Laws—Act for Dissolving Smaller Religious Houses— Dissolution of Parliament of 1529—New Parliament and Convocation—Fall of Anne Boleyn . — 78 — Xll CHURCH AND STATE UNDER THE TUDORS DATB rkdM Cromwell takes his seat as Vicar-General 1536 79 First Articles of Religion—Parliament dissolved 80 Cromwell's Injunctions ........ 80 Act ^of Proclamations—Act for making Bishops by Letters Patent—Dissolution of the Abbeys—Act of Six Articles . 1539 80 History of this Act — 81 The Part taken in it by Convocation — 83 Bonner takes out a Commission from the King — 84 Act for the Dissolution of the Marriage with Ann of Cleves Act concerning Christ's Religion—Execution of Cromwell —Henry marries Catherine Howard 1540 85 Proclamation for a Bible in every Church .... 1541 86 Omission of the Pope's Name from Service-Books—Attainder of Catherine Howard and Lady Rochford . 1542 86 Bill for Bishops' Chancellors to marry—History of this Measure — 87 Publication of the King's Book—Reformation of Service-Books —An Act for the Advancement of True Religion 1543 88 Modification of the Six Articles—Act for Review of Ecclesiasti- 1544 89 cal Laws renewed—Publication of the King's Primer 1545 90 Heresy Act disappears in the Commons (Note) . — 90 Colleges and Chantries, &c., delivered up to the King—Married Doctors of Law (Chancellors) to exercise Jurisdiction Attainder of Duke of Norfolk and Lord Surrey—Death of Henry VIII — 90 CHAPTER V REIGN OP HENRY VIII.
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