Renaissance & Freedom Movement

 Maulavi Ahamedullah revolted at . He later joined Begum Hazrat Mahal at Luc- Modern know. The Revolt of 1857  was annexed in 1856 on charges of maladministration and Jhansi was annexed  Discontent in the British Indian army on the owing to the Doctrine of Lapse. issue of the use of greased cartridges is the primary cause behind the revolt of 1857.  The company took over the princely states of Sa- tara (1848) Jaipur and Sambalpur (1849) Nag-  Soldiers had to bite the cartridges with their pur and Jhansi (1854) using this Doctrine. teeth before loading them into their rifles and the reported presence of cow and pig fat was  became folk heroine in the na- offensive to Hindu and Muslim soldiers. tionalist movement in India.  29th March 1857 - First spark of revolt at Bar-  On 17th June 1858 the Rani became a martyr rackpore, Meerut in Bengal where Mangal while fighting bravely. Pandey killed the British adjutant and was later  “The best and the bravest military leader of hanged for firing on senior officer. the rebels” Sir Hugh Ross said this about Rani  was the first Martyr of revolt of Jhansi. of 1857. He was hanged on 1857 April 8.  The original name of Rani of Jhansi was Mani  He was the member of 34th Bengal Infantry. Karnika.  10th May 1857 - Ninety sepoys of 3rd Native  described Rani Lakshmi as "Light Regiment at Meerut (UP) revolted on the issue in a dark background'. of the greased cartridges.  In Kanpur Nanasahib was proclaimed as the  The rebelled soldiers reached Delhi and they Peshwa and his troops were led by the brave proclaimed Bahadursha Zafar as the Emperor leader Tantiya Tope. of Hindustan.  Nana Sahib was refused pension, as he was the  Bahadurshah was the last Mugal ruler in adopted son of Peshwa Baji Rao II. India.  Azimulla Khan was the foreign minister of  Bahadurshah II was the leader of the revolt of . Delhi only for name sake.  Nana Saheb escaped to .  The revolt was actually led by the commander  Tantiya Tope was captured and hanged. in chief .  In Bihar of Jagdishpur led the  The imperial city of Delhi was regained by the revolt and defeated the British Army near Ar- British on September 1857. Bahadurshah II sur- rah, but he died on 23 April 1858. rended to Lt. Hudson on September 21, 1857 at  The revolt was completely crushed in 1858. Humayun’s Tomb in Delhi and was deported But it promoted the spirit of Nationalism and to Rangoon, where he died in 1862. patriotism. The Centres and Leaders Book on Revolt of 1857 of the Revolt The last Mugal...... William Darlimbil The Great Rebellion...... Ashok Mehta ...... Begum Hazrat Mahal (Awadh) Indian Mutiny...... G.B. Malleson Kanpur ...... Nana Saheb, Tantiya Tope & The Indian's first war of Independence..... V.D. Savarkar Azimulla Khan Eighteen fifty Seven...... S.N. Sen Delhi ...... Bahadur Shah II, Civil Rebellions in the Indian Mutinies ...... S.B. Chaudhary General Bhaktkhan Bihar ...... Kunwar Singh  The first Secretary of State was Edward Henry Jhansi ...... Rani Lekshmi Bai Stanly.  Longest Serving Secretary of the State - George Faizabad...... Maulavi Ahmadulla Hamilton. Bareily ...... Khan Bahadur Khan  Last Secretary of the State - William Francis Harre.  The administration by Indian Civil Service of-  In August 1858, the British Parliament passed ficials started as a result of the Govt. of India an Act, which put an end to the rule of the Act of 1858 (Queen Victorias Proclamation) company. The control of the British government  Educated middle class section of Indian popula- in India was transferred to the British crown. tion did not support the revolt of 1857.  V.D. Savarkar was the first to called it as an  The Queen's proclamation of 1858 is known as organised war for national independence. 'The Magnacarta of the people of India'.  Ashok Mehta in his book “ The Great Rebel-  A minister of the British Government called the lion” has tried to prove this to be a national Secretary of state was made responsible for the revolt.  Benjamin Disraeli described the revolt as a . ‘National Rising’.  The British Governor - General of India was now also given the title of Viceroy who was also the Cultural & Social representative of the Monarch. Changes of India  Lord Canning was appointed as the First Vice-  The 19th century saw India make a late entry roy of India. into the modern age from medieval times.  The ideas and activities of Rajaram Mohan Roy,  He was the Governor General of India when Ishwar Chandra Vidya Sagar, Vivekananda, the revolt of 1857 took place. Swami Dayananda Saraswathi and many other reformers directed the regeneration of Indian Society. ? What is Doctrine of Lapse? Ans: The Doctrine of Lapse was an an- nexation policy of Governor General Lord ? What is Wood Despatch? Dalhousie. Ans: The Educational Despatch of 1854, also known as Wood’s Despatch by Charles Wood. ♦ According to the Doctrine, any Princely state ♦ Charles Wood became the President of the Board or territory under the direct influence of the of Control. Later he became the second secretary of British would automati- state for India. cally be annexed if the ruler was died without ♦ Woods Despatch generally considered as the ‘Magna a direct heir. Carta’ of English Education in India. Historians and their views about the nature of Revolt V.D. Savarkar - A Planned War of National Independence R.C. Majumdar - Neither first nor National War of Independence Sir James Outram - A Result of Hindu Muslim conspiracy Sir John Lawrence - Sepoy’s Mutiny Benjamin Disraeli - A National Rising T.R. Holmes - War between Barbarism and Civilisation

Introduction of Western  Lord Curzon appointed a Universities Com- Education and Modern Ideas mission under Thomas Raleigh.  The English East India Company showed very  The Sadler Commission was appointed by little interest in the education of its subjects. Lord Chelmsford to review the working of the  The Calcutta Madrasah set up by Warren Calcutta University. Hastings in 1781 for the study and teaching of  Bethune College was founded as a school in Muslim law. 1849 by J.E.D. Bethune at Calcutta and in 1879 it developed into the first women’s college in  The Sanskrit College at Varanasi was set up India. by Jonathan Duncan in 1792 for the study of Hindu law and philosophy.  In 1928 the appointed a five member committee with Sir Philip Joseph  The Asiatic Society was founded on January Hurtog as its chairman to report on the growth 15, 1784 by Sir William Jones. of education in British India.  The establishment of the Universities of Cal-  Basic education, also called Nai Talim was not cutta, Bombay, Madras, Punjab and Allahabad so much a methodology of education. were some landmark developments of this  This scheme was first put forward by Mahatma period. Gandhi in 1937 in a series of articles in his  The Indian Education Commission of 1882, weekly, the Harijan. generally known as ‘Hunter Commission’ was appointed by Lord Ripon.  The first conference on ‘ National Education’  Lord Curzon convened the first conference of as it was called, was convened at Wardha on Directors of Public instruction in 1901. 1937.

Tribal Revolt Tribe Year leaders Cause Bhills...... 1817...... Sewaram...... Agrarian hardship Ramosi...... 1822...... Chittur Singh, Pratap Singh, Dattaraya Patkar...... British Rule Ahom...... 1828-33...... Gomadhar Kunwar...... British occupation Khasi...... 1829-32...... Tiruth Singh...... British occupation Kol ...... 1831-32...... Buddhu Bhagat...... Land transfer to outsiders Santhals...... 1855-56...... Sidhu and Kanhu...... British Rule Indian Renaissance  After the death of Raja Brahmo Samaj was divided into several sects. Socio-Religious  Adi Brahmo Samaj led by Devendranath Tag- Reform Movements ore and Brahmo Samaj of India led by Keshav The historic role of socio- religious movements Chandra Sen were started in 1866. can only be understood within the context in  Devendranath Tagore was the founder of Tat- which they originated and functioned. wabodhinisabha in Calcutta in 1839. Raja Rammohan Roy (1772-1833)  Keshav Chandra Sen started a paper called & Brahmo Samaj Indian Mirror in 1861.  Sadharan Brahma Samaj was started by Anan-  Ram Mohan Roy established the Brahmo dmohan Bose in 1878. Samaj at Calcutta in 1828 in order to purify Hinduism and to preach monotheism.  Surendra Nath Banerjee was the first Indian who took up his political activity on an all India  Believed in monotheism and opposed idol wor- basis. ship.  Tuhfat - ul- Muwahidin or Gift to Monotheists  Established the ‘Atmiya Sabha’ in Calcutta in is also a work of Raja Ram Mohan Roy. 1815 in order to propagate monotheism and to  Raja Ram Mohan Roy died of meningitis at fight against the evil customs and practices in Bristol, England in 1833 and was buried at Hinduism. Arnos Vale Cemetery, Bristol, England.  He also applied rationality to Christianity by publishing in 1820, a book entitled “The per- Prarthana Samaj (1867) cepts of Jesus, the Guide to peace and Happi-  Founded in 1867 in Bombay by Dr. Atmaram ness.” Pandurang as an offshoot of the Brahmo Sa-  In 1821, he started a Bengali Weekly called maj. Samvad Kaumudi.  It was later joined by M.G. Ranade and R.G.  Mirat-ul-Akbar (the Mirror of News) which Bhandarkar. was the first journal in Persian started in 1822.  It was a reform movement within Hinduism.  The Mughal Emperor Akbar Shah II gave Ram  It concentrated social reforms like inter-dining, Mohan the title ‘Raja’. inter - marriage, remarriage of women etc.  In the same year Ram Mohan and Dwaraka- nath Tagore jointly started a newspaper called (1875) Bangadatta.  It was founded by Swami Dayananda Saras- wathi at Bombay in 1875.  In 1825, he started the Vedanta College at Cal- cutta.  He considered Vedas as eternal and infallible and said ‘Go back to Vedas’  In 1828, August he founded the BrahmaSabha Later in 1845 the name Brahmo Samaj was  (1824 - 1883) was a San- given to it by Devendranath Tagore. yasi from Gujarat.  He led a life -long crusade against the practice  Dayananda, was known in his early life as Mool Shankar. of Sati.  He was the first to use the terms - Swarajya,  Finally in 1829 he succeeded in persuading Lord Swabhasha and Swadharma. William Bentick to abolish it.  He is called the Saint of Dakshineswar.  Vivekananda was born on 12 January in 1863 at Calcutta.  His birthday is celebrated as National Youth Day in India. (January 12)  His real name was Narendranath Dutta. Swamy Dayananda Saraswathy  He attended the Parliament of The World Reli- Works : gions at Chicago in 1893. Satyartha Prakash (Hindi)  The first ‘Ramakrishnamath’ was established Veda - Bhashya Bhumika (Hindi & Sanskrit) at Baranagar. Veda - Bhashya (Sanskrit)  In 1894, he founded first Vedanta Society in New York.  He was the first to consider Hindi as the na- tional language.  He started two papers - the monthly Prabud- dha Bharata in English and Udbodhana in  He started the Suddhi Movement to re-convert Bengali. to Hinduism those who were converted to other religions. He is known as Calvin of Hinduism.  Later he made his second visit to USA in 1899.  Lala Hansraj, a follower of Arya Samaj founded  He spoke at the congress of the History of Re- Dayanand Anglo Vedic College at Lahore in ligions at Paris in 1900. 1886.  He was described as the Cyclonic Hindu.  Aryaprakash was the news paper started by  He is called the patriot saint of India. Dayanand Saraswati.  ‘Vedanta’ according to him was a fully rational Ramakrishna Mission (1897) system.  It was founded by in 1897  In 1898 , (Margaret Elizabeth at Belur in West Bengal. Noble) an Irish lady was initiated to brah-  Shri Ramakrishna Paramhamsa (1836 - 1886) macharya by Vivekananda. was born in West Bengal.  His early name was Shuddirama Gadhadhar  His major works : Karma Yoga, Bhakti Yoga, Chatterjee. Raja Yoga.

Socio - Religious Reform Movements 1815...... Atmiya Sabha...... Raja Ram Mohan Roy 1828...... Brahma Samaj...... Raja Ram Mohan Roy 1867...... Prarthana Samaj...... Dr. Atmaram Pandurang 1873...... Sathyashodhak Samaj...... Jyotiba Phule 1875...... Arya Samaj...... Swami Dayananda Saraswathi 1887...... Deva Samaj...... Shiv Narayan Agnihotri 1897...... Ramakrishna Mission...... Swami Vivekananda Theosophical Society (1875)  The official journal of Young Bengal Movement  The Theosophical Society was founded by was ‘Jnanvesan’. Madame Blavatsky and Col. H.S.Olcott at Newyork in 1875. Pandit Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar  Books written by Blavatsky : The secret Doctrine,  He contributed to the uplift of Indian Women Nightmare Tales, The key to Theosophy. by struggling in favour of widow remarriage.  In 1882, its head quarters was shifted to Adayar  He opposed child marriage and polygamy. near Madras.  He evolved a new technique of teaching San-  Dr. came who to India in 1893, was skrit and a modern prose style in Bengali. its notable President. Jyotiba Phule  Annie Besant represented The Theosophical  Born in 1827 at Poona, he belongs to the low Society at Parliament of the World Religions of caste of Mali from Maharashtra. Ghulam Giri 1893 in Chicago is the work written by Jyotiba Phule.  In 1898, she started the Central Hindu School  He struggled against upper caste domination and Brahaminical supremacy through his at Benaras (Varanasi), it later became Benaras Sathyashodhak Samaj founded in 1873. Hindu University under Madan Mohan Ma- lavya (1916). Deva Samaj (1887)  She started the Home Rule League with the Co-  It was started in 1887 by Shiv Narayan Agni- hotri at Lahore. operation of in 1916.  The religious text of this Samaj was “Deva In 1914, Dr. Annie Besant founded two papers (a) The Shastra” and “the teaching Devadharma”. Common Weal (weekly) (b) New India (daily).  Books written by Annie Besant : My path N.M Joshi to Atheism, The Law of Population, Esoteric  He founded the Social Service League at Bom- Christianity. bay in 1911.  She was the first woman President of Indian  He also founded the All India Trade Union Congress in 1920 at Bombay. National Congress at the Calcutta session of INC in 1917.  He left AITUC in 1929 and started the Indian Trade Union Federation. Young Bengal Movement H.N. Kunzru  Started by Henry Vivian Derozio, who was  He founded the Seva Samiti at Allahabad in 1914. an Anglo Indian teacher in the Calcutta Hindu College. Veeresalingam Pantulu  He founded the Rajmundri Social Reform As-  His followers were known as the Derozians. sociation in 1878.  Their movement was known as “Young Bengal  He promoted widow remarriage. Movement”.  They attacked the old traditions and decadent Sikh Reform Movements customs.  In 1873, the Sikh Sabha Movement was founded  He composed a poem “To India My Native at Amritsar. Land”  Kuka Movement was started with the aim of  In 1828 he started the Academic Association. Sikh reform and restoration of Sikh sovereignty in Punjab by driving the British away.  Kuka movement was founded by Bagat Jawa- Civil, Tribal & Peasant harmal, popularly known as Sian Sahib in the Uprisings 19th century. Sanyasi Rebellion Akali Movement  In this rebellion, the Sanyasis or Fakirs includ-  The next important Sikh reform movement was ing the Hindu and Muslim ascetics stood up Akali movement. against the oppressive tax collection of Bengal,  Main aim was to purify the management of the Bihar and Orissa in 1765. Sikh gurudwaras by removing the corrupt and  They were suppressed and this suppression selfish priests from them. included massacre of 150 Fakirs in 1771.

Muslim Reform Movement Santal Rebellion  With the establishment of the permanent Aligarh Movement settlement in 1793, Indian landlords were given  This movement was started by Sir Syed Ahmed ownership over land as long as they paid a Khan for the social and educational advance- stipulated tax to the state annually. ment of the Muslims in India.  Thus Santal lands came under colonial con-  Sir Syed Ahmed fought against obscurantism trol. through his journal - Tahzid-ul- Akhlaq.  The introduction of a money- based economy  In order to promote English education among pushed them into the clutches of rapacious the Muslims, he founded a modern school at money lenders and unscrupulous Bengali trad- Aligarh in 1875. ers.  Sir Syed Ahmedkhan founded 'Scientific Society' in 1864 for the upliftment of Muslim Society.  On 30 June 1855, two Santal rebel leaders, Sidhu and Kanhu Murmu mobilized 30,000  Later this school was developed into the Mu- hammadan Anglo - Oriental College. Santhals and declared a rebellion against British colonists. Deobond Movement  The revolt was brutally crushed and Sidhu and  It was a movement that began after the founda- Kanhu were killed. tion of the Dar - ul - Ulum at Deoband in 1866 by Maulana Hussain Ahmed. Wahabi Movement  Wahabi movement in India was a part of the Ahrar Movement Indian freedom struggle as it offered a serious  It was a movement founded in 1910 under the threat to British supremacy in India in the 19th leadership of Maulana Muhammad Ali, Hakim century. Ajmal Khan etc.  The movement was led by Syed Ahmed Barelvi  It was against the loyalist politics of the Aligarh  The Wahabi Movement essentially condemned Movement. all changes and innovations to Islam.  It was a revivalist movement which held that the Ahmadia Movement return to the true spirit of Islam was the only way to  It was also known as the Qadiani Movement. get rid of the socio political oppression.  Founded by Mirza Ghulam Ahmed at Qadiami  After the death of Syed Ahmed in May 1831, in Punjab. the two brothers Wilayat Ali and Enayat Ali  Main aim : Reforming Islam carried on their revolutionary activities to end British dominion in India. Kheda 1918  Gandhi’s first‘no-revenue’ campaign.  Gandhi’s first great experiment in Satya-  Due to the failure of crops, the peasants of graha came in 1917 in Champaran, a district Kheda, Gujarat had expressed their inability in Bihar. to pay the revenue. Gandhiji supported their cause and asked them to withhold the payment  The European planters had been forcing of revenue till their demand for its remission the peasants to grow indigo on 3/20 of the was met. total land (known as the Tinkathia system) and also to sell their products at a very low  Following the satyagraha the government had price. to ultimately accede to the demands of the  Gandhi started a satyagraha against this peasants and issued instructions to collect the ‘Tinkathia System’. revenue only from those who could afford to  Government appointed a committee of en- pay it. quiry on which Gandhiji served as a member.  During the Kheda Satyagraha, many young  The committe of enquiry recommended some nationalists such as Sardar Vallabhabhai Patel measures to alleviate the miseries of Indigo and Indulal Yagnik became Gandhi’s followers. cultivators thereby bringing the satyagraha to an end. Viceroys of India

 The British took brutal measures against this Lord Canning (1856 - 62) movement and were able to subdue it com-  Revolt of 1857. pletely in 1870.  Queen Victoria’s Proclamation or India Act of Kuka Namdhari Movement 1858.  This movement started in Punjab under the leader-  Withdrawal of the ‘Doctrine of Lapse’ in 1859, ship of Jawarmal and Ram Singh in 1845. which was passed by Lord Dalhousie.  Its aim was to purify the Sikh religion but soon it drifted to become a political movement. English education, mill made cloth and other imported  Bardoli satyagraha 1928 was a major episode goods were boycotted. of Indian independence movement.  In 1872, Ram Singh was deported to Rangoon  The movement was led by Vallabhbhai and died in Rangoon in 1881. Then the move- Patel. ment was crushed.  In 1925, Bardoli in Gujarat suffered from Indigo Revolt (1859 - 1869) flood and famine. However the government of the Bombay Presidency had raised the tax  It was an uprising of indigo farmers against the rate by 30%. indigo planters.  Patel organised no revenue campaign.  The revolt started from Nadia where Bishnucha- ran Biswas and Digambar Biswas first took up  Finally the government instiuted a commis- arms against the planters. sion under the chairmanship of Maxwell Broomfield to look into the Bardoli land  The indigo planters were put into public trial revenue. The committe recommended to and executed. reduce land revenue to 6.02%  The revolt was ruthlessly suppressed.  Foundation of the Universities of Calcutta, Lord Northbrook (1872-76) Bombay and Madras in 1857.  Kuka movement of Punjab turned rebellious  Indigo Revolt in Bengal in 1859-60. during his period.  White Mutiny by the European troops of East  He was believer of free trade. India Company in 1859.  He lowered the import duty and abolished  Indian Penal Code - 1860. export duties on many commodities.  Indian High Court Act - 1861. Lord Lytton (1876-80)  Bahadurshah II was sent to Rangoon  He is known as Viceroy of Reverse Character.  Indian Councils Act of 1861.  Passing of the Royal Titles Act of 1876 and the  Enactment of Indian Code of Criminal Proce- assumption of the title empress of India (kaiser- dure. i-hind) by Queen Victoria, this event is called  In 1859 a Rent Act was passed to protect the as Delhi Durbar (1877). cultivators of Bengal from the oppression of the  Passing of the Vernacular Press Act of 1878. land - lords.  Passing of the Arms Act of 1878.  He was the last governor general and the first  Lowering of maximum age from 21 years to viceroy of India. 19 years for the Civil Services Examination, an attempt to prevent Indians from entering Civil Lord Elgin (1862 - 63) Services.  Suppressed the Wahabi Movement  Appointment of first Famine Commission  Lord Elgin succeeded Lord Canning as Viceroy under Sir Richard Strachey. in 1862.  Started Statutory Civil Service.  He died of heart disease in 1863.  Second Anglo Afghan war in 1878.

Sir John Lawrence (1864 - 69) Lord Ripon (1880-84)  Created the Indian Forest Department.  Passing of the first Factory Act in 1881 for the  Followed a policy of rigid non-interference welfare of child labour. in Afghanistan called policy of masterly inactivity.  ‘‘We do not ask favours, we only want justice’’ Lord Mayo (1869-72) - .  Wahabi and Kuka movements were active.  Dadabhai Naoroji is the author of the book ‘‘Poverty and UnBritish Rule in India’’ which  He established the Rajkot college at Kathiawar contains the famous ‘‘drain theory’’. and Mayo College at Ajmeer for the Indian  Aurobindo Ghosh called INC a ‘‘begging Princes. institute’’  He organised the Statistical Survey of India.  Bibin Chandra Pal viewed ‘‘INC playing with  Lord Mayo organised the first comprehensive bubble’’. census of India in 1872.  Tilak, the father of Indian unrest said ‘‘INC  He created a Department of Agriculture and should distinguish between begging and Commerce. claiming right’’ Tilak said ‘‘Rights are not  He was the only viceroy to be murdered in begged they are claimed’’. office by a convict in the Andamans in 1872.  Repeal of Vernacular Press Act in 1882. Lord Dufferin (1884 - 88)  Foundation of the Local Self Government  He was the Viceroy when Indian National (1882) Congress formed in 1885 December 28.  Third Anglo Burmese war  Holding of the first decennial and regular  Commented on the Congress being a micro- census in 1881 which put the total population scopic minority. at 254 million.  Appointment of an Education Commission Lord Lansdowne (1888 - 94) under Sir William Hunter in 1882.  Factory Act of 1891.  He was a true liberal of the Gladstonian era with  Indian Council Act of 1892. a strong belief in the virtues of peace, Laissez  Appointment of Durand Commission to define the line between British India and Afghani- faire and self government. stan.  He took great interest in the welfare of the peas- Lord Curzon (1899 -1905) ants and workers.  Creation of a new province called the North  He introduced a Tenancy to improve the condi- West Frontier Province. tion of the ryots of Bengal and Oudh.  Appointment of Universities Commission in  The Ilbert bill controversy was occured. 1902 under Sir Thomas Releigh and passing of Indian Universities Act 1904. Early Associations Year organisation Founder...... Place 1838 landholders society Dwaraknath Tagore...... Calcutta 1839 British India Society William Adams...... London 1843 Bengal British Indian Society George Thomson...... Calcutta 1851 British India Association Devendranath Tagore...... Calcutta 1862 london India Committee C.P. Mudaliar...... London 1866 East India Association Dadabhai Naoroji...... London 1867 National Indian Association Mary Carpenter...... London 1872 Indian Society Anand Mohan Bose...... London 1875 Indian League Sisir kumar Ghosh...... Calcatta 1876 Indian Association Anand Mohan Bose and S.N. Banerjee .... Calcutta 1883 Indian National Society Shishir Chandra Bose...... Calcutta 1884 Indian National Conference S N Banerjee...... Calcutta 1885 Bombay Presidency Association Mehta and Telang...... Bombay 1888 united India Patriotic Association Sir Syed Ahmed Khan...... Aligarh 1905 Servants of India Society G.K. Gokhale...... Bombay 1920 Indian Trade Union Congress NM Joshi (founder)...... Lucknow (President) 1924 All India Communist Party Satyabhakta...... Kanpur 1928 Abdul Gaffar Khan...... Peshwar 1936 Sahajananda and N.J. Ranga...... Lucknow 1940 Radical Democratic Party M.N. Roy...... Calcutta  Partition of Bengal took place in 1905.  Chamber of Princes established in 1921.  Created Archaeological Department under the  Home Rule League founded by Annie Besant. leadership of John Marshal.  Third Afghan war started.  Foreign policy was mainly concerned with  Aligarh Muslim University was founded in Afghanistan, Peria and Tibet. 1920.  The Punjab Land Alienation Act of 1900 pro- vided against eviction of cultivators by money Lord Reading (1921-26) - lenders.  Foundation of Rashtriya Swayam Sevak Sangh  The Land Revenue Regulation of 1902 made by K.B. Hedgewar at Nagpur in 1925. assessment and classification of revenue more  Beginning of Indianisation of the officers cadre liberal. of the Indian Army.  compared Lord Cur-  Railway Budget was separated from General zon to the Mughal Emperor Aurangazeb and Budget in 1921. the Czar of Russia.  Hilton Young Committee on currency was Lord Minto II (1905 -1910) appointed in 1926.  Popularisation of anti-partition and Swadeshi  Viswa Bharati University started by Rabindra Movement. Nath Tagore.  Split in congress in the annual session of 1907  Train Robbery at . in Surat.  The British Viceroy who abolished Devadasi  Establishment of Muslim League at Dhaka in System. 1906 by Aga Khan and Salimullah.  Chauri - Chaura incident occured.  Indian Councils Act 1909.  Rowlat Act repealed.  He is regarded as the father of communal elec- torate system in India. Lord Irwin (1926-31)  Separate electorate for Muslims.  Popularly known as Christian Viceroy. Lord Hardinge (1910-1916)  Simon Commission arrived in Bombay - 1928  Repeal of partition of Bengal. February.  Transfer of Capital from Calcutta to Delhi.  Meerut conspiracy case.   Delhi Durbar and coronation of King George V Gandhi started his Dandi March. and Queen Mary  Chitagong Armoury Raid.  Establishment of Hindu Mahasabha by Madan  Lahore Congress, declaration of Poorna Mohan Malavya. held.  First Round Table Conference was his period.  Defense of India Act was passed in 1915.  Gandhi-Irwin pact - 1931 March Lord Chelmsford (1916 - 21)  The Government of India Act of 1919 was Lord Willingdon (1931-36) passed.  Communal Award in 1932 by Ramsay Mac  Rowlact Act, 1919 Donald.  Foundation of women’s university at Poona.  Poona Pact was signed.  Appointed Hunter Commission to investigate Jalianwala Bagh Massacre.  Third Round Table Conference in 1932.  White Paper on Political reforms in India was  72 delegates participated in the first session of published in 1933. the INC.  Burma was separated from British Empire in  First president of INC : W.C. Banerjee 1935.  G. Subramanya Iyer moved the first resolution  Govt. of India Act of 1935. in the first session. Lord Linlithgow (1936-43)  The Indian Association of S.N. Banerjee and Anand Mohan Bose, organised an All Indian  August Offer by the Viceroy in which he de- National Conference at Calcutta in 1885 De- clared dominion status as the ultimate goal of cember. British policy in India.  The term ‘congress’ was derived from the his-  In 1940 individual Civil Disobedience Move- tory of The United States of America. ment was started.  1942 came.  ‘Congress’ means assembly of the people.  Congress starts .  A.O. Hume was the first General Secretary of INC. Lord Wavell (1943-47)  The Second Session of the INC met at Calcutta  Wavell Plan, Congress repre- in December 1886, under the presidentship of sented by Maulana Azad Dadabhai Naoroji.  Royal Naval Mutiny of 1946.  The second session was attended by 436 del-  Interim Government was formed (September egates. 2, 1946)  The period from 1885 to 1905 is known as the  Prime Minister of Britain Clement Atlee an- Moderate Phase of Indian National Congress. nounced to give independence to India before  Prominent leaders of this phase were Dadabhai June 1948. Naoroji, Badruddin Tyabji, Feroz Shah Mehta,  Cabinet Mission arrived in 1946. Surendranath Banerjee, Gopalakrishna  16th August 1946, Muslim League observed Gokhale etc. ‘’.  The Congress Sessions lasted only for three days a year. Lord Mountbatten (1947-48)  The Grand Old Man of India: Dadabhai Naoroji  Last Viceroy of British India and first Governor (also known as Father of Indian Economics and General of free India. Politics)  Indian Independence Act was prepared.  Dadabhai Naoroji founded the East Indian  India was divided under his leadership. Association in 1866.  His plan to make India free on August 15, 1947  The name Congress was suggested to the or- is also known as June 3rd Plan. ganisation by Dadabhai Naoroji. Indian National Congress  Naoroji was the first Indian to become a mem- ber of the House of Commons on the Liberal  The INC was founded in December 28, 1885 at Parties ticket. the Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College, Bom-  Naoroji became the president of INC thrice, in bay. 1886, 1893 and 1906.  Founder of Indian National Congress: A.O.  He was the chief propounder of Brain Drain Hume Theory and "Wealth Drain Theory”.  First Muslim president of INC: Indian National Congress and its Badruddin Tyabji Important Sessions  Badruddin Tyabji was the first Indian barrister Year Place President at Bombay High Court. 1885 Bombay W.C. Banerjee  He became the third president of INC in Madras 1886 Calcutta Dadabhai Nauroji session in 1887. 1887 Madras Badruddin Tyabji  During the forth session of INC (1888 Allaha- 1888 Allahabad George Yule bad) emphasis was given on the formation of 1889 Bombay William Wedderburn its constitution. 1890 Calcutta Pheroz Shah Mehta  George Yule was the first foreigner to become the President of INC (1888 Allahabd) 1893 Lahore Dadabhai Nauroji  The British Committee of INC was founded in 1896 Calcutta M.A. Sayani 1889. 1897 Amaravati C. Sankaran Nair  William Wedderburn was the second foreigner 1904 Bombay Henry Cotton to became the President of INC (1889 Bom- 1905 Benaras Gopal Krishna Gokhale bay) 1906 Calcutta Dadabhai Nauroji  He was the first foreigner to preside twice the 1907 Surat Rash Bihari Ghosh INC Sessions. (1889 Bombay, 1910 Allahabad) 1910 Allahabad William Wedderburn  During the Nagur Session of 1891, the word 1911 Calcutta B.N. Dhar National was added to congress. 1916 Lucknow A.C. Majumdar  For the first time National Song Vande Mataram 1917 Calcutta Anni Besant was sung in the Calcutta session of INC 1896. 1923 Kakinada Maulana Mohammad Ali  C. Sankarannair was the first Malayali to be- 1924 Belgaum come the President of INC. 1925 Kanpur  He presided 13th session of INC at Amaravathi 1929 Lahore Jawaharlal Nehru on 1897. 1931 Karachi  Gopal Krisha Gokhale presided the Benaras Session of Congress 1905. 1933 Calcutta Nellie Sengupta  In this session INC decided to start Swadeshi 1938 Haripura Subhash Chandra Bose and boycott movement against partition of 1939 Tripuri Subhash Chandra Bose Bengal. 1940 Ramgarh Moulana  Ravindranath Tagore composed Amar Sonar 1946 Meerut J.B. Kripalani Bengala as a part of anti partition movement which later became the National anthem of  He was the author of famous book “ Poverty Bangladesh. and UnBritish Rule in India”.  Boycott of British product was first suggested  “We do not ask favours, we only want justice” by Krishna Kumar Mitra in Sanjivanis. words of Dadabai Naoroji.  The split between the moderates and extrem-  He founded ‘Gyan Prakash Mandali’ and ists came at the Surat Session of the congress Bombay Association in 1852. in December 1907.  Dr. Rash Behari Ghosh was the President of the INC at the time of this split.  The main leaders of the extremist group were Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, and Aurobindo Ghosh.  During the Madras Session (1908) INC formed its constitution. For the first time National Anthem  In the Lucknow session of the congress (1916) Jana Gana Mana the two functions of congress (extremists and was sung in the Calcutta session of INC 1911. moderates ) reunited.  This session was presided by Ambika Charan  In Madras Session of the INC (1927) propos- Majumadar. als for independence and to boycott Simmon  Mrs. Annie Besant was the first woman Presi- Commission were passed. dent of INC (1917 Culcutta).  During Calcutta Session (1928) All India Youth Congress was established.  During the Delhi Session (1918) along with  SN Banarjee many liberals resigned from con- Complete independence was demanded for the first time atLahore Session in 1929. gress.  It was presided by Jawaharlal Nehru.  During the special session of the congress in  Jawaharlal Nehru observed the Early congress Calcutta (1920) Gandhiji proposed to start Non- to be “an English Knowing Upper Class af- cooperation movement. fair.”  During the Delhi Session (1923) Indian National  During the Karachi Session (1931) Fundamen- Congress decided to establish All India Khadi tal Rights and Economic Policy proposals were Board. passed.  Only session presided over by Gandhi - Bel-  Nelli Sen Gupta became the third woman to gaum (1924). become the President of Indian National Con-  Sarojini Naidu was the first Indian woman to gress (1933 Calcutta) become the President of Indian National Con-  First Session held in a village was 1937 session gress (1925 Kanpur). held at Faizapur.  During the Guwahati Session of INC (1926)  In this session congress decided to take part in wearing Khadi was made compulsory to its election of 1937. workers.  1938 Session of congress was held in Haripura vil- lage, it was presided by Subash Chandra Bose.  During the Tripuri Session (1939) First in Indian National Congress Subash Chandra Bose defeated Pattabi First President W.C. Banerjee Sitaramayya (Gandhi’s candidate in First Muslim President Badruddin Tyabji presidential election) First English President George Yule  In Ramgarh Session (1940) decision was taken on individual sathyagraha . First Malayali President C. Sankaran Nair  Acharya J.B. Kripalani was the Presi- First Woman President Anni Besant dent of INC when India wins free- First Indian Woman President Sarojini Naidu dom. First Elected President Subhash Chandra Bose Partition of Bengal (1905)  A resolution to boycott British goods was ad- opted on August 7, 1905 at a meeting of INC at  Partition of Bengal was announced in July 1905 Calcutta. by the Viceroyalty of Lord Curzon.  Charka came to typify the popular concern for  The partition came into effect on October 16, country’s economic self - sufficiency. 1905.  The government version was that the partition  Swadesh Bandhav Samiti of Barisal founded by of Bengal was purely an administrative mea- Ashwini Kumar Dutt was the largest volunteer sure. body to support .  Partition of Bengal led to staunch opposition.  First real labour union - The Printers Union The Indian national congress viewed the was formed on October 1905. partition as an attempt to ‘divide and rule’  Tilak began the Swadesh Vastra Pracharine policy. Sabha to propagate Swadeshi Movement.  Agitation against the partition manifested itself  Savarkar founded ‘Mitra mela’. in the form of mass meetings, rural unrest and  The main drawback of the Swadeshi movement Swadesi movement. was that it was not able to garner the support  They started mass movement declaring Oc- of the mass Muslims. tober 16, 1905 as the ‘days of mourning’ in Calcutta. Formation of Muslim  In 1906 Rabindranath Tagore wrote Amar League 1906 Sona Bangla as a cry against the partition of  Muslim League was setup in 1906 under the Bengal. leadership of Aga Khan, Nawab Salimullah  The ceremony of Raksha Bandhan was ob- of Dhaka and Nawab Mohsin - ul- Mulk. served on October 16, 1905.  In 1928, the Muslim League rejected the Nehru  Hindus and Muslims tied rakhis on each other’s Report, as it did not incorporate all their de- wrist showing solidarity. mands.  But due to extensive political protest against  Bengal partition, the eastern and western part This led to the estrangement of Jinnah and of Bengal were reunited in 1911. formulated his infamous fourteen points (in- cluding separate - electorates, reservation of Swadeshi Movement 1905 seats in the centre and provinces, reservation of jobs for Muslims, creation of new Muslim  The Swadeshi movement started with the parti- majority provinces etc.) which became the text tion of Bengal by the viceroy Lord Curzon in 1905 and continued up to 1911. of the communal demands.   Its chief architects were Aurobindo Ghosh, Muhammed Iqbal, who presided over the Al- Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chan- lahabad session of the League in 1930 gave the drapal and Lala Lajpat Rai. idea of Separate Muslim State in North West  This movement involved the boycott of the Brit- India. ish products. The western clothes were thrown  In 1939, December 22 - The Muslim League ob- in burn fires and it was an act of honour to wear serves the resignation of the congress ministries the local Indian clothes. as Deliverance Day. Minto Morley Reforms Famous Conspiracy Cases of 1909 Case Year Accused  Minto Morley reforms envisaged a separate Nasik 1909-10 Vinayak Savarkar electorate for Muslims. Conspiracy  The Indian Councils Act of 1909 is commonly Alipore 1908 Aurobindo Ghosh known as the Minto- Morley reforms. Hawrah case 1910 Jatin Mukharjee Dacca Case 1910 Pulin Das  It effectively allowed the election of Indians to Delhi case 1912 Amirchand, Awad the various legislative councils in India for the Bihari & Rash Behari first time. Bose  It provided for the association of Indians with Lahore case 1929- 30 , Rajguru the executive councils of Viceroy and Gover- and Sukhdev nors. Banaras case 1915- 16 Sachindranath Sanyal Kakori case 1925 Rama Prasad Bismil  Satyendra Prasad Zinha became the first Indian and Ashfaq to join the viceroys executive council. He was appointed as law member. Indian Muslims will be allotted reserved seats  In 1940, March - Lahore session of the Muslim in the Municipal and district Boards, in the Pro- League passed the Pakistan Resolution.  On December 1943 the Karachi session of the vincial councils and in the imperial Legislature Muslim League adopts the slogan ‘ Divide and and that Muslims should vote for candidates for Quit’. the Muslim seats (separate electorates)  The name ‘Pakistan’ was framed by Rahmat  The real purpose of the reforms of 1909 was to Ali. confuse the Moderate nationalists and to check Surat Split (1907) the growth of unity among Indians.  The INC split into two groups. The extrem- Ghadar Party of ist and the moderates at the Surat session in 1907. India 1913  Extremists were led by Balgangadhar Tilak, Lala  The word Ghadar means revolt or rebellion. It Lajpat Rai, Bipin Chandra Pal while the moder- was started and organized by the Indian im- ates were led by Gopala Krishna Gokhale. migrants, to Canada and USA.  After the Surat Split the congress remained  The Ghadar party was initially known as Pa- under the control of the Moderates. cific Coast Hindustan Association.  The Moderates did not approve the boycott of Formed by Lala Hardayal, Tarakanath Das and foreign goods but the Extremists favoured it. Sohan Singh Bhakna.  The Moderates continued to have faith in the  The name was taken from a weekly paper, “The good intensions of the British government. Ghadar” .  They wanted self government in gradual  The first issue of ‘The Ghadar’ was published stages, while the Extremists wanted complete from San Francisco on Ist November 1913. autonomy at the earliest.  Its head quarters was at San Francisco  They attempted to bring about an armed revolt Lucknow Pact(1916) in India on February 21, 1915.  Lucknow Pact was signed in 1916. By this pact,  The plan was failed due to treachery. the Congress accepted the separate electorates  The rebellious regiments were disbanded given to the Muslims by the 1909 Act. and their leaders were either imprisoned or  Lucknow pact was brought about by Tilak and hanged. Jinnah.  It was first time that the congress recognised the Home Rule Movement (1916) Muslim League as the political party represent- ing the Muslims of the region.  Home Rule Movement was started by Annie  The pact brought about a change, temporary Besant and Tilak in 1916. although, in the attitude of the Muslims towards  The objectives of Home Rule movement were the “Hindu Congress” • Self Government for India in British empire  Both organisations jointly demanded dominions • Work for national education, social and politi- status for the country. cal reforms.  The Lucknow Congress also demanded a fur-  Annie Besant launched a campaign through her ther dose of constitutional reforms as a step two papers New India and Common weal. towards self government.  Tilak’s Home Rule Movement was to work in Maharashtra, Karnataka, Central Provinces and Montague-Chelmsford Berar and Annie Besant’s in the rest of India. Reforms (1919)  Home Rule Movement declined after Besant  In 1918 Edwin Montague, the Secretary of accepted the proposed Montagu -Chelmsford State, and Lord Chelmsford, the Viceroy pro- Reform and Tilak went to Britain duced their scheme of constitutional reforms known as the Montague - Chelmsford Reforms,  First Textile Mill : Bombay (1853) which led to the enactment of the Government  First Jute Mill at Rishra in Bengal (1855) of India Act of 1919.  First Factory Act was passed in 1881.  The Second Factory Act was passed in Salient Features of the Act 1891.  The council of Secretary of State was to comprise  First Industrial Commission was ap- 8 to 12 people, three of them Indian. pointed in 1875.  Dyarchy system was introduced in the prov-  The first real labour union was formed in inces. Provincial subjects were divided into October 1901 in Calcutta called the Print- Reserved subjects and Transferred subjects. ers Union.  The Central Legislature was to consist of two  The Madras Labour Union was the first houses, the council of the state and the Legisla- organisation with regular membership tive Assembly. and was started by G. Ramanujalu Naidu,  Provincial legislatures were to be unicameral. G. Challapathi and was presided over by  Sikhs, Anglo - Indians, Christians and Euro- B.P. Wadia in 1918. peans were also given the right of separate  Trade Union Act was passed in 1926 electorates.  The Legislature had virtually no control over the  Gandhiji renounced the ‘Kaiser-i-Hind’ medal Governor General and his Executive Council. given to him for his work during the Boer War.  One important development during the pe- Sarojini Naidu renounced the little 'Kaiser - i- riod was the evolution of the office of the Hind' speaker.  Sardar Udham Singh, who took the name Ram Muhammed Singh, murdered Dyer in England (1919) as a revenge to the Massacre.  This Act authorised the Government to im- prison any person without trial and convict (1920) in a court of law.  During the first world war, Turkey was allied  The Rowlact Act came into effect on 10th March with Germany and Austria against the British. 1919.  The Indian Muslims regarded the Sultan of  This Act thus, severely curtailed the civil liber- Turkey as their spiritual leader, Khalifa. ties of Indians in the name of curbing terror.  After the war, the British removed the Khalifa  The official name of the Rowlatt Act was the from power and fragmented Turkey. Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act (1919).  Hence, the Muslims started the Khilafat move-  Sir Sydney Rowlatt was the president of the ment in India for the restoration of the Khalifa’s committee to make proposals for the Act.. position.  Gandhiji decided to start ‘Satyagraha’ against  Their main demand was Khalifa’s control the proposed Rowlatt Act. The date for the first should be retained over the Muslim sacred country wide Hartal was fixed on March 30 and places. then shifted to April 6, 1919.  A Khilafat committee was formed under the leadership of Ali brothers, Maulana Azad, Jallianwala Bagh Hakim Ajmal khan, and Hasrat Mohani. Massacre (1919)  Gandhiji decided to extend support to the Khila-  In protest to the Rowlatt Act, Amritsar observed fat movement as this was to him an opportunity Hartal peacefully both on 30 March & 6 April of uniting the Hindus and Muslims 1919.  On 1 June 1920 the Khilafat Committee at  The arrest of Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlu and Dr. Allahabad unanimously accepted Gandhiji’s Satyapal on 10 April, 1919, under the Rowlatt suggestion of non co-operation and asked him Act in connection with satyagraha caused seri- to lead the Movement. ous unrest in Punjab.  The Khilafat Movement lost its relevance due  The result was a public meeting announced for to the reforms of Mustafa Kamal Pasha in Tur- 13 April 1919 in Jallianwala Bagh. key. He abolished Khilafat and made Turkey  The meeting started and there were about 6000 a secular state. to 10,000 people present in the meeting.  Without giving any warning to the people to Non - Co-operation disperse General Dyer ordered the troops to Movement (1920) fire. Many people were killed.  The Non - Cooperation movement was formally  On this occasion Tagore renounced his Knight- launched on 1 August 1920. hood in protest.  This movement was launched as per the resolu-  As a result one section left the party and formed tion of Calcutta Session and ratified in Nagpur the Swarajist Party. session in December 1920.  The formation of the new party by C.R Das  It was the first mass based political movement and Motilal Nehru was formally announced on under Gandhiji. January 1923 and its first conference was held  The main emphasis of the movement was on at Allahabad in March 1923. renunciation of Government titles, boycotting  They pleaded for the capture of seats in the law courts, Government educational institu- legislatures. tions, foreign goods and advocacy of the use  The fought the election in 1923 and of the Charka. won a majority in the legislative council of the  Swaraj or self rule redressal of Punjab wrongs central provinces. and Khilafat issue were demanded through Non - Cooperation Movement.  Vithalbhai J Patel became the President (speaker) of the Central Legislative Assembly.  The Government declared the activities of the congress and Khilafat volunteers as illegal.  With the death of Chittranjan Das in 1925 and with Motilal Nehru’s return to the congress the  By the end of 1921, all prominent nationalist leaders, except Gandhiji were imprisoned. following year, the Swaraj Party was greatly weakened.  The Government showed no signs of relenting as a result Gandhiji decided to intensify the movement.  However before the movement could be further  Kakori Conspiracy was a train robbery that intensified mass violence erupted at Chauri Chaura, took place between Kakori and Alamnagar, a village in the Gorakhpur district of UP. near Lucknow on 9 August 1925.  Congress volunteers burnt down a policesta-  The idea of this robbery was conceived by Ram tion and about 22 English policemen. Prasad Bismil and Ashfaqullah Khan who be- longed to the Hindustan Socialist Republican  Gandhiji called off the non Co-operation Movement on Feb. 12, 1922. Association (HSRA).  The objective of HSRA was to conduct an armed  Gandhiji was arrested and tried at Ahmedabad on March 18, 1922 and sentenced to six years revolution against the British Government. imprisonment.  On 9th August 1925, the number 8 down Train which carried the money bags belonging to the (1922) British Government Treasury in the guard’s van was looted.  A mob of countrymen of Chauri - Chaura near  Bismil was arrested on September 26, 1925 and Gorakhpur in UP, clashed with police. They Ashfaqullahkhan was arrested ten months later. burnt police station and killed 22 police men. Both were sentenced to death.  This compelled Gandhiji to call off Non-co- operation Movement. Delhi Central Assembly bomb case The Swaraj Party (1922)  Delhi Central Assembly bombing was done to  The decision of Gandhiji to suspend non - co- protest the introduction of the Public Safety operation movement resulted in the differences Bill and the Trade Dispute Bill. between the two sections of congress.  The HSRA decided to bomb the Assembly while  The report was rejected by almost all Indian the bills were being introduced to arouse public parties. opinion against them.  The outcome of the Simon Commission was  On April 8, 1929 Bhagat Singh and Batukesh- the Government of India Act of 1935, which war Dutt threw bombs at the empty treasury established representative government at the benches. provincial level in India.  They made no attempt to escape and courted arrest while shouting Inquilab Zindabad and Lahore Conspiracy Samrajyavad ko nash (down with the imperial-  After the death of Lala Lajpat Rai on 17 De- ism). cember 1928, Bhagat Singh, Azad and Rajguru  This leaflet was also thrown in the assembly. assassinated Saunders, a police official at  No one was killed in the bombing as it was Lahore who involved in the Lathi - charge on designed as a propaganda operation. Lala Lajpat Rai.  In the Lahore Conspiracy Case Bhagat Singh, Simon Commission Raj Guru and Sukh Dev were executed in the  In November 1927, the British Government Lahore jail on 23 March 1931. appointed the Indian Statutory Commission, popularly known as Simon Commission, to Trade Union Movement in go into the question of further constitution India reform.  The All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC)  Despite clear opposition of various political was founded in 1920. groups in India, the government announced that Simon Commission would visit India.  Lala Lajpati Rai was the first president of AITUC.  As soon as the members of the Commission landed at Bombay a complete hartal was ob-  The Trade Union Act of 1926 organised trade served. unions as legal Associations.  Wherever the Commission went, it was greeted  The Jamshedpur Labour Association was with black flags and slogans of ‘Simon go founded by S.N. Haldar and Byomkesh Chakra- back’. varthy in 1920.  The police mercilessly beat demonstrations at  In 1929, All India Trade Union Federation was Lahore and Lala Lajpat Rai received serious formed under the leadership of N.M Joshi. lathi blows, which proved fatal.  The Congress Socialist Party was founded  In May 1930 the Simon Commission Report in 1934. The main leaders were Jayaprakash was published. Narayan, Basawon Singh and Acharya Nar- endra Dev.  It did not recommend the establishment of ei- ther responsible government or dyarchy at the  Kanpur Labour Enquiry Committee was centre. founded under the chairmanship of .  Separate electorates were retained.  Indian National Trade Union Congress (IN-  It proposed reservation of seats for depressed TUC) is the trade union wing of the Indian classes. National Congress.  It recommended scrapping of dyarchy in the  It was founded on May 3, 1947, affiliated with provinces and establishment of responsible the International Trade Union Confederation. unitary government in provinces.  Centre of Indian Trade Union (CITU) was (d) Adult universal suffrage and founded in 1970. (e) Fundamental Rights. Major Trade Unions  Indian National Trade Union Congress (IN- Jinnah’s Fourteen TUC) Points  Centre of Indian Trade Unions (CITU)  Muslim League led by Mohammed Ali Jinnah  The All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) rejected and submitted the 14  Hind Mazdoor Sabha (HMS) points of Jinnah on 28 March 1929.  Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh (BMS)  Their main objections were  United Trade Union Congress (UTUC) and  Separate Electorates and Weightage : The  National Federation of Independent Trade 1916 - Congress Muslim League agreement, The Unions (NFITU). Lucknow Pact provided these to the Muslim community whereas they were rejected by the Nehru Report Nehru Report.  The Nehru Report, 1928 August, officially called  Residuary Powers : The Muslim realised that “Report of the Committee by the All - Parties while they would be a majority in certain Conference to determine the Principles of provinces they would control their provincial the ” was comprised of legislatures. Seven Chapters, two schedules and three ap-  They demanded, contrary to the Nehru Report pendices. that residuary powers to go to the Provinces.  Chapter seven, comprising 24 pages in print en-  The mobility of congress to concede these points titled ‘Recommendations” contains the broad must be considered a major factor in the even- outlines of the constitutional frame work. tual .  Back ground of the Nehru Report. In response to the resolution of the Madras Session of the Civil Disobedience Congress in Dec. 1927, all the parties Confer- movement -1930 ence was convened at Delhi on 12 Feb. 1928.  In 1930, Gandhiji launched the Civil Disobedi-  Representatives of 29 organisation attended. ence Movement.  On 19th May 1928 the Committee of all par-  In 1929, INC adopted ‘Poorna Swaraj’ (com- ties conference adopted a resolution to make Motilal Nehru the chairman to consider and plete independence) as its goal at the Lahore determine the principles of the Constitution of session of the congress under the Presidentship India. of Jawaharlal Nehru.  Some major recommendations of the Nehru  It also decided for launching a Civil Disobedi- Report were ence Campaign. (a) Dominion Status to India.  At midnight on 31 December 1929, Jawaharlal (b) Freedom of consciousness, Professing and Nehru unfurled the newly adopted Tricolour practice of one’s religion. Flag of freedom on the bank of river Ravi. (c) The lower houses in the centre and provin-  26 January 1930 was fixed as the first indepen- cial legislature consists of members elected dent day. by joint mixed electorates with reservation  The Civil Disobedience Movement was started of seats to the Muslims by Gandhiji with his famous Dandi March  He started his Salt Satyagraha or the Dandi  The Muslims demanded maintenance of March on the morning of 12 March 1930 along weightage and separate electorates, the Hindus with 78 volunteers. their abolition.  It was 385km (240 miles) Journey from Sabar-  The Muslims claimed statutory majority in mati Ashram at Ahmedabad to Dandi on the Punjab and Bengal, while Hindus resisted their West Coast. imposition.  On April 6, Gandhiji broke the Salt Law by  The Conference broke up on January 19, 1931. picking up salt from the seashore at 6 in the morning Gandhiji and his volunteers picked Gandhi - Irwin Pact up Salt lying on the sea-shore.  Gandhi-Irwin pact refers to a political agree-  In Tamil Nadu C. Rajagopalachari led a Salt ment signed by Mahatma Gandhi and the then March from Tiruchirapalli to Vedaranyam on Viceroy of India on 5th March 1931. The terms the Tanjore Coast. He was arrested on 30 April, of the agreement included the following. 1930.` 1. The congress had to withdraw the civil  In Malabar, K. Kelappan, the hero of the Gu- disobedience movement. ruvayur Satyagraha, walked from Calicut to 2. The Congress must take part in the Second Payyannur to break the Salt law. Round Table Conference. Gandhiji was arrested on May 5, 1930. 3. The Government would release all those  After his arrest his place was taken by Abbas undergoing imprisonment for their activi- Tyabji and after the arrest of Abbas leadership ties in the civil disobedience Movement. passed on to Sarojini Naidu. 4. The Government would withdraw all or-  One notable feature of the Civil Disobedience dinances issued to curb the Indian national Movement of Gandhiji was the wide participa- movement and the Congress. tion of women.  The spirit in which the Gandhi - Irwin pact was signed did not last long. First Round Table  The pact shows that the British government was Conference anxious to bring the congress to the conference table.  The Indian Political community received the Simon Commission Report issued in June 1930 with great resentment. Second Round Table  The Congress started a civil disobedience move- Conference ment under Gandhi’s command.  It was held in London during the viceroyalty of  The Labour Government returned to power in Lord Wellington during September-December Britain in 1931. 1931.  The government decided to hold a Round Table  Gandhiji, Mohammad Ali Jinnah, Tej Bahadur Conference in London to consider new consti- Sapru, Sarojini Naidu, Ambedkar etc. attended tutional reforms. the Second Round Table Conference.  The first session of the conference opened in  Gandhiji demanded for the establishment of a London on November 12, 1930. responsible government both at the Centre and the provinces.  All parties were present except for the Con- gress, whose leaders were in jail due to the civil  He also demanded complete control over the disobedience movement. finances, army, defence and external relations.  British government refused to concede to these Pune. demands.  The untouchables are now popularly known as  Thus the conference ended in a failure on De- Dalits. cember 11, 1931.  According to the pact there shall be seats re- served for the depressed classes. Communal - Award  Election to these seats shall be joined electorates  After the failure of the Second Round Table subject. Conference, British Prime Minister Mr. Ramsay  The representation of the depressed classes in Mac Donald announced the Communal Award the Central legislature shall likewise be on the on August 16, 1932. principle of joint electorates.  According to the Award, the right of separate  In the central legislature 18% of the seats allotted electorate was not only given to the Muslims of to the general electorate for British India. India but also to all the minority communities  Gandhiji conducted fast in September 1932 in the country. Gandhiji declared a fast unto death to undo the provisions of the Communal Award of Ramsay  The award also declared untouchables as a mi- McDonald, the the British Prime Minister pro- nority and the Hindu depressed classes were viding for the scheme separate representation given a number of special seats, to be filled for the depressed classes, since that would cut from special depression class electorates in the area where their voters concentrated. across Hinduism.  The award was not popular with any Indian Party. Third Round Table  Muslims were not happy with the Communal Award as it has reduced their majority in Punjab Conference and Bengal to a minority.  In November 1932, the British Govt. Convened  They organized the Allahabad Unity Confer- Third Round Table Conference. ence in which they demanded for the replace- ment of separate electorates by joint elector-  From September 1931 until March 1933 under ates. the supervision of Samuel Hoare, the proposed  Many nationalist Muslims and Sikhs also par- reform took the form reflected in the Govern- ticipated in the conference. ment of India Act 1935.  The Congress also rejected the award.  Most of the main political figures of India were  Gandhi, protested against the declaration of not present for this conference. untouchables as a minority and undertook a  On the basis of the ‘white paper’ issued after fast unto death. the Third Round Table Conference in 1933, the  He also held meetings with the Untouchable Govt. of India Act was passed. leadership for the first time and try to convince them that they were very much part of the The Government of India Act 1935 mainstream Hindu Society. The Government of India Act 1935 was the last pre- independence constitution of the British Poona Pact (1932) Raj.  Poona Pact (1932) is the popular name of an  The significant aspects of the act were agreement between the untouchables (called • It granted Indian provinces autonomy and Depressed Classes) of India led by Dr. B.R. ended the dyarchy introduced by the Gov- Ambedkar and the Hindus of India that took ernment of India Act 1919. place on 24 September 1932 at Yerwada Jail in • It provided establishment of an All India  No future constitution to be adopted without Federation. the consent of minorities. • Direct elections are introduced for the first  Congress was disappointed by August offer. time.  Congress decided to start individual satya- • Sind was separated from Bombay, Orissa graha. was separated from Bihar and Burma was Individual Civil Disobedience (1941) separated from India.  The Congress Working Committee decided to • Provincial assemblies were to include more start Individual Civil Disobedience on October elected Indian representatives who in turn 17, 1940. could lead majorities and form governments  Vinobha Bhave was the first Satyagrahi who Governors retained discretionary powers was arrested on October 21, followed soon by regarding summoning of legislatures, giv- many more including Nehru and Patel. ing assent to bills and administering certain But the movement created little enthusiasm and special regions. Gandhiji suspended the movement on Decem- • The federal part of the Act was never intro- ber 17, 1940. duced due to strong opposition from the princely state rulers. Cripps Mission (1942)  In 1937 the first set of elections under this act was held.  It was an attempt in late March 1942 by the  The elections were held in 1937 and the con- British Government. gress got a majority and formed their own min-  It was also an effort to secure Indian Coopera- istries in Madras, Bombay, Central Provinces, tion and support in the World War II Orissa, Bihar, UP, NWFP and Assam.  The mission was headed by Sir Stafford  When the World War II broke out in Septem- Cripps. ber 1939, the Government of India immediately  Sir Cripps was a senior left - wing politician joined the war without consulting the National and government minister in the war cabinet of Congress or the elected members of the Central Prime Minister Winston Churchill. Legislature.  Cripps reached India during the viceroyalty of  Lord Linlithgow promised Dominion status Lord Linlithgow. to India after the war.  Cripps began by offering India full dominion  But the congress wanted complete indepen- status at the end of the war. dence and told its ministries to resign.  Gandhiji called it “as post dated cheque on a August Offer (1940) crashing bank”  August offer offered by Viceroy Linlithgow on  The mission could not get support from the August 8, 1940 congress and so it failed.  Its aim was to get Indian support in the war effort. Quit India Movement (1942)  It is the third popular agitation started under Its main proposals are the leadership of Gandhiji in 1942.  Dominion status as objective for India  The last major mass movement in the history  Setting up of Constituent Assembly after the of Indian freedom struggle. war mainly consisting of Indians.  On 14 July 1942, The Congress Working Com- Wavell Plan (1945) mittee meeting at Wardha (Maharashtra)  During the time of the second world war, the passed a resolution demanding complete in- conservative government in Britain led by Win- dependence from the British government. ston Churchill was keen to reach a solution on  On August 8, 1942 the Quit India Resolution the constitutional question in India. was passed at the Bombay Session of the All India Congress Committee (AICC).  The Viceroy Lord Wavell was permitted to start negotiations with Indian leaders.  Gandhiji gave the slogan “do or die” to his country men.  The idea of Wavell was to reconstruct the Gov-  The movement began on August 9, 1942. ernor General’s executive Council pending the preparation of a new constitution.  Gandhiji was arrested and imprisoned at the Aga Khan Palace in Pune.  The conference was convened by the viceroy  All the members of the Congress were arrested Lord wavell at Shimla in June 1945. and imprisoned at Ahmednagar Fort. The main proposals of the plan  On August 9, 1942 Aruna Asif Ali presided over the AICC session and hoisted the National  With the exception of the Governor General and flag. the Commander-in-Chief. All members of the  Gandhi went on a fast for 21 days and main- executive council were to be Indians. tained superhuman resolve to continue his  Caste Hindus and Muslims were to have equal resistance. representation.  British released Gandhiji on account of his ill -  The Governor - General was to exercise his Veto health. on the advice of ministers. C. R. Formula (1944)  Wavell wanted Khizr Hyatt Khan as the Muslim representative from Western Punjab.  It was a proposal formulated by C. Raja go-  palachari to solve the political deadlock be- The Congress objected to the plan as “an at- tween the Muslim League and Congress. tempt to reduce the congress to the status of a  It was tacit acceptance of the League’s demand purely caste Hindu party.” for Pakistan. (INA)s  Gandhiji supported the C.R. Formula.  The INA or Fauj, an armed force The main points in C.R. Plan were formed by Indian nationalist in 1942 in South  Muslim League to endorse congress demand East Asia during World War II. for independence.  The aim of the army was to overthrow the  League to co-operate with congress in forming in with Japanese a provisional government at Atego. assistance.  After the end of the war a plebiscite was con-  The idea of Indian National Army was first ducted in the Muslim majority areas. conceived by Mohan Singh at Malaya, an of-  In case of acceptance of partition, agreement ficer in British Indian Army. to be made jointly for safeguarding defence,  The first division of INA was formed in Sep- commerce, communications etc. tember 1942 under Mohan Singh with Japanese  Hindu leaders led by V.D. Savarkar condemned help. C.R. Plan.  Later take over the leadership 1939 and founded All India Forward Block and of INA. the Kisan Sabha.  Subash Chandra Bose began to associate with  But in January 1941, he escaped out of India INA by July 1943. and reached Berlin (Germany) from where he  The command was handed over by Rash Bihari arrived in Singapore in 1943. Bose to Subash Chandra Bose in 1943.  Bose was popularly known as the ‘Netaji’  To the Indians, Subash Chandra Bose said ‘give  He was reportedly killed in an air crash over me blood I will give you freedom’. Taipei, Taiwan on August 18, 1945.  Subash Chandra Bose set up two INA head-  Justice Mukherjee Commission enquired quarters at Rangoon and Singapore. about the mysterious disappearance of Subash Chandra Bose.  The women’s regiment called the ‘Rani Jhansi’ regiment was under Captain Lekshmi Saigal. The Red Fort Trials  In May 1944 INA captured Mowdok and  At the conclusion of the war, the government hoisted the tri-colour flag on Indian soil. of British India brought some of the captured  The Japanese government handed over the INA soldiers to trial on treason charges. Andaman and Nicobar Island to him which  The prisoners would potentially face the death were renamed ‘Shaheed and Swaraj’ Islands penalty, life imprisonment. respectively.  The INA troops surrendered before the British  These trials attracted much publicity and public army in 1945. sympathy for the defendants, if found guilty.  The British Government of India charged INA  More than ten court martials were held between soldiers of waging war against the king. The November 1945 - May 1946. trials were held in the Red Fort in Delhi.  The most celebrated one was the joint court  The first three accused were capt. P.K. Saigal, martial of colonel Prem Sahgal, Colonel Gu- Capt. Shah Nawaz and Gurbaksh Singh rubaksh Singh Dhillon and major General Dhillon. Shah Nawaz Khan held in a public trial at Red  Subash Chandra Bose was born on 23 January Fort. 1897 at Cuttack in Orissa.  The INC and the Muslim League both made the  Jan 23 is celebrating as 'Desprem Divas'. release of these defendants.  He appeared for the Indian Civil Service in 1920 and passed with merit, but resigned before com- The RIN Revolt pleting his probation in April 1921, he joined  The RIN revolt started as a strike by ratings of the Congress and plunged into the national the Royal Indian Navy on 18 February in protest movement. against general conditions.  He was unanimously elected as President at the Haripura Congress session in 1938 and was  The immediate issues of the revolt were work- re-elected for the second term at the Tripura ing conditions and food. session in 1939, defeating Dr. Pattabhi Sitara-  By dusk on 19 February, a Naval Central Strike mayya, who was supported by Gandhiji. Committee was elected.  He resigned the Presidentship of INC in April  Leading signalman M.S. Khan and petty officer  Provoked by the success of the congress, the Telegraphist Madan Singh were unanimously Muslim League launched a Direct Action elected president and Vice President respec- Campaign on Aug. 16, 1946. tively.  On Sept.2, in the tense situation, the viceroy in-  M.S. Khan and Vallab Bhai Patel of the congress vited Nehru to form the interim government in who had been sent to Bombay to settle the the centre. Jinnah declined Nehru’s invitation. crisis.  The Muslim League proclaimed Sept. 2, 1946 as a “Day of Mourning” (later on 26 October the Cabinet Mission (1946) League joined the Govt.  The British Government headed by Atlee of  Without giving up the “Direct Action” and the Labour Party, appointed a Cabinet Mission accepting the Cabinet Mission Plan. consisting of Pethwick Lawrence, Stafford  The Constituent Assembly started its session Cripps and A.V. Alexander. on Dec. 9, 1946 in the Library of the Council  The Mission was headed by Lord Pethwick chamber. Lawrence (Secretary of State).  Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected Chairman.  Cabinet Mission arrived in India in 1946 March 23.  The Muslim League did not joint the Assem-  According to the cabinet mission plan there was bly. to be a union of India embracing both the British Mountbatten Plan (1947) provinces and princely states with control over  The actual division between the two new do- foreign affairs, defence and communication. minions was done according to what has come  All other subjects were to be vested in provinces to be known as the 3rd June plan or Mountbat- and the states but provinces were free to form ten Plan. groups for common action.  The border between India and Pakistan was  The cabinet mission also recommended a determined by . scheme of constitution making, which pro- vided that the union constitution was to be  Pakistan came into being with East Pakistan framed by a constituent assembly. and West Pakistan separated geographically  The member of which were to be elected on by India. communal basis by the provincial legislative  India was formed out of the majority Hindu assemblies and representatives of the states regions of the colony and Pakistan from the joining the union. majority muslim areas.  The Mission further suggested the establish-  The princely states were given a choice of which ment of interim government having the sup- country to join. port of major political parties. Partition of India (1947)  The Muslim League accepted the plan in June  In accordane with the Indian Independence 1946. Act 1947, India was partitioned into India and  The congress decided to join the proposed Pakistan. constituent assembly but it did not agree to the  The dominion of Pakistan was inaugurated in proposal for interim government. Karachi on 14th August 1947.  India became free on 15th August 1947. Reforms and Regimes  Pakistan’s Constituent Assembly met on 11 August 1947 and elected Jinnah as President. Cabinet Mission...... Wavell  A United India : Out of the total of 562 Princely Census, (first regular census)...... Ripon Communal Award...... Ramsay Mc Donald States in undivided India, 532 were within the Congress resolution for new Independent India...... Irwin complete independence  Mountbatten was sworn in as the Governor Cripps Mission...... Linlithgow General of India and Pdt. Jawaharlal Nehru Doctrine of Lapse...... Dalhousie was sworn in as the first Prime Minister of Dyarchy...... Chelmsford free India by Lord Mountbatten. Government of India Act, 1935...... Wellington  On August 23, 1947 Vallabhai Patel, ‘the iron I.N.A. Trial...... Wavell man of India’ and the ‘Bismark of India’ - was Indian Councils Act (1909)...... Minto II appointed Deputy Prime Minister of India. Montague-Chelmsford ...... Chelmsford Non-Cooperation Movement  On August 29, 1947 a Drafting Committee with Partition of Bengal...... Curzon B.R. Ambedkar as chairman was appointed Partition of Bengal revoked...... Hardinge - II to prepare a Draft Constitution of India. Partition of India...... Mountbatten  It submitted the Drafted matter to the Governor Permanent Settlement...... Cornwallis General on Feb.21, 1948. Poona Pact...... Wellington  It was finalised on November 26, 1949 and it Provincial Autonomy...... Linlithgow came into force on January26, 1950 when India Queen Victoria’s Proclamation...... Canning became a Republic. Quit India Movement...... Linlithgow Ist Round Table Conference...... Irwin Integration of States IInd Round Table Conference ...... Willingdon  The integration of Princely States was done IIIrd Round Table Conference...... Willingdon by Sardar Patel with the assistance of V. P. Rowlatt Act...... Chelmsford Prohibition of Sati...... William Bentinck Menon. Separate Electorate...... Willingdon  By August 1947, all the 554 States, with the excep- Suppression of Thuggee...... William Bentinck tion only of Hyderabad, Kashmir and Junagadh Transfer of India’s Capital ...... Hardinge II acceded to the union. from Calcutta to Delhi  On Oct. 24, Kashmir was invaded by Pakistan Repeal of Vernacular Press Act ...... Ripon tribesmen with a view to annex it to Pakistan. Agrarian Reforms...... Curzon  Harisingh, the Maharaja of Kashmir sought Ancient Monuments ...... Curzon Indian help and signed the “Instrument of Ac- Preservation Prohibition of female...... William Bentinck cession” on Oct. 27, 1947. infanticide  Ali Sheik Abdulla is known as ‘Lion of Kashmir’. Subsidiary alliance...... Wellesley  The Nizam of Hyderabad signed the agreement Sepoy Mutiny...... Canning to join the Indian Union through police action in Separate representation ...... Minto II 1948. for Muslims