Renaissance & FReedom movement Maulavi Ahamedullah revolted at Faizabad. He later joined Begum Hazrat Mahal at Luc- Modern India know. THE REVOLT OF 1857 Awadh was annexed in 1856 on charges of maladministration and Jhansi was annexed Discontent in the British Indian army on the owing to the Doctrine of Lapse. issue of the use of greased cartridges is the primary cause behind the revolt of 1857. The company took over the princely states of Sa- tara (1848) Jaipur and Sambalpur (1849) Nag- Soldiers had to bite the cartridges with their pur and Jhansi (1854) using this Doctrine. teeth before loading them into their rifles and the reported presence of cow and pig fat was Rani of Jhansi became folk heroine in the na- offensive to Hindu and Muslim soldiers. tionalist movement in India. 29th March 1857 - First spark of revolt at Bar- On 17th June 1858 the Rani became a martyr rackpore, Meerut in Bengal where Mangal while fighting bravely. Pandey killed the British adjutant and was later “The best and the bravest military leader of hanged for firing on senior officer. the rebels” Sir Hugh Ross said this about Rani Mangal Pandey was the first Martyr of revolt of Jhansi. of 1857. He was hanged on 1857 April 8. The original name of Rani of Jhansi was Mani He was the member of 34th Bengal Infantry. Karnika. 10th May 1857 - Ninety sepoys of 3rd Native Jawaharlal Nehru described Rani Lakshmi as "Light Regiment at Meerut (UP) revolted on the issue in a dark background'. of the greased cartridges. In Kanpur Nanasahib was proclaimed as the The rebelled soldiers reached Delhi and they Peshwa and his troops were led by the brave proclaimed Bahadursha Zafar as the Emperor leader Tantiya Tope. of Hindustan. Nana Sahib was refused pension, as he was the Bahadurshah was the last Mugal ruler in adopted son of Peshwa Baji Rao II. India. Azimulla Khan was the foreign minister of Bahadurshah II was the leader of the revolt of Nana Saheb. Delhi only for name sake. Nana Saheb escaped to Nepal. The revolt was actually led by the commander Tantiya Tope was captured and hanged. in chief Bakht Khan. In Bihar Kunwar Singh of Jagdishpur led the The imperial city of Delhi was regained by the revolt and defeated the British Army near Ar- British on September 1857. Bahadurshah II sur- rah, but he died on 23 April 1858. rended to Lt. Hudson on September 21, 1857 at The revolt was completely crushed in 1858. Humayun’s Tomb in Delhi and was deported But it promoted the spirit of Nationalism and to Rangoon, where he died in 1862. patriotism. THE CENTRES AND LEADERS BOOK ON REVOLT OF 1857 OF THE REVOLT The last Mugal ................................ William Darlimbil The Great Rebellion ................................ Ashok Mehta Lucknow ........... Begum Hazrat Mahal (Awadh) Indian Mutiny ....................................... G.B. Malleson Kanpur .............. Nana Saheb, Tantiya Tope & The Indian's first war of Independence..... V.D. Savarkar Azimulla Khan Eighteen fifty Seven ........................................S.N. Sen Delhi .................. Bahadur Shah II, Civil Rebellions in the Indian Mutinies ............................. S.B. Chaudhary General Bhaktkhan Bihar ................... Kunwar Singh The first Secretary of State was Edward Henry Jhansi ................ Rani Lekshmi Bai Stanly. Longest Serving Secretary of the State - George Faizabad ............ Maulavi Ahmadulla Hamilton. Bareily ............... Khan Bahadur Khan Last Secretary of the State - William Francis Harre. The administration by Indian Civil Service of- In August 1858, the British Parliament passed ficials started as a result of the Govt. of India an Act, which put an end to the rule of the Act of 1858 (Queen Victorias Proclamation) company. The control of the British government Educated middle class section of Indian popula- in India was transferred to the British crown. tion did not support the revolt of 1857. V.D. Savarkar was the first to called it as an The Queen's proclamation of 1858 is known as organised war for national independence. 'The Magnacarta of the people of India'. Ashok Mehta in his book “ The Great Rebel- A minister of the British Government called the lion” has tried to prove this to be a national Secretary of state was made responsible for the revolt. Benjamin Disraeli described the revolt as a Government of India. ‘National Rising’. The British Governor - General of India was now also given the title of Viceroy who was also the CULTURAL & SOCIAL representative of the Monarch. CHANGES OF INDIA Lord Canning was appointed as the First Vice- The 19th century saw India make a late entry roy of India. into the modern age from medieval times. The ideas and activities of Rajaram Mohan Roy, He was the Governor General of India when Ishwar Chandra Vidya Sagar, Vivekananda, the revolt of 1857 took place. Swami Dayananda Saraswathi and many other reformers directed the regeneration of Indian Society. ? What is Doctrine of Lapse? Ans: The Doctrine of Lapse was an an- nexation policy of Governor General Lord ? What is Wood Despatch? Dalhousie. Ans: The Educational Despatch of 1854, also known as Wood’s Despatch by Charles Wood. ♦ According to the Doctrine, any Princely state ♦ Charles Wood became the President of the Board or territory under the direct influence of the of Control. Later he became the second secretary of British East India Company would automati- state for India. cally be annexed if the ruler was died without ♦ Woods Despatch generally considered as the ‘Magna a direct heir. Carta’ of English Education in India. Historians and their views about the nature of Revolt V.D. Savarkar - A Planned War of National Independence R.C. Majumdar - Neither first nor National War of Independence Sir James Outram - A Result of Hindu Muslim conspiracy Sir John Lawrence - Sepoy’s Mutiny Benjamin Disraeli - A National Rising T.R. Holmes - War between Barbarism and Civilisation Introduction of Western Lord Curzon appointed a Universities Com- Education and Modern Ideas mission under Thomas Raleigh. The English East India Company showed very The Sadler Commission was appointed by little interest in the education of its subjects. Lord Chelmsford to review the working of the The Calcutta Madrasah set up by Warren Calcutta University. Hastings in 1781 for the study and teaching of Bethune College was founded as a school in Muslim law. 1849 by J.E.D. Bethune at Calcutta and in 1879 it developed into the first women’s college in The Sanskrit College at Varanasi was set up India. by Jonathan Duncan in 1792 for the study of Hindu law and philosophy. In 1928 the Simon Commission appointed a five member committee with Sir Philip Joseph The Asiatic Society was founded on January Hurtog as its chairman to report on the growth 15, 1784 by Sir William Jones. of education in British India. The establishment of the Universities of Cal- Basic education, also called Nai Talim was not cutta, Bombay, Madras, Punjab and Allahabad so much a methodology of education. were some landmark developments of this This scheme was first put forward by Mahatma period. Gandhi in 1937 in a series of articles in his The Indian Education Commission of 1882, weekly, the Harijan. generally known as ‘Hunter Commission’ was appointed by Lord Ripon. The first conference on ‘ National Education’ Lord Curzon convened the first conference of as it was called, was convened at Wardha on Directors of Public instruction in 1901. 1937. TRIBAL REVOLT Tribe Year Leaders Cause Bhills ........... 1817 ............ Sewaram ....................................................................Agrarian hardship Ramosi ........ 1822 ............ Chittur Singh, Pratap Singh, Dattaraya Patkar ..........British Rule Ahom .......... 1828-33 ....... Gomadhar Kunwar ....................................................British occupation Khasi........... 1829-32 ....... Tiruth Singh ..............................................................British occupation Kol .............. 1831-32 ....... Buddhu Bhagat ..........................................................Land transfer to outsiders Santhals ...... 1855-56 ....... Sidhu and Kanhu .......................................................British Rule INDIAN RENAISSANCE After the death of Raja Ram Mohan Roy Brahmo Samaj was divided into several sects. Socio-Religious Adi Brahmo Samaj led by Devendranath Tag- Reform Movements ore and Brahmo Samaj of India led by Keshav The historic role of socio- religious movements Chandra Sen were started in 1866. can only be understood within the context in Devendranath Tagore was the founder of Tat- which they originated and functioned. wabodhinisabha in Calcutta in 1839. Raja Rammohan Roy (1772-1833) Keshav Chandra Sen started a paper called & Brahmo Samaj Indian Mirror in 1861. Sadharan Brahma Samaj was started by Anan- Ram Mohan Roy established the Brahmo dmohan Bose in 1878. Samaj at Calcutta in 1828 in order to purify Hinduism and to preach monotheism. Surendra Nath Banerjee was the first Indian who took up his political activity on an all India Believed in monotheism and opposed idol wor- basis. ship. Tuhfat - ul- Muwahidin or Gift to Monotheists Established the ‘Atmiya Sabha’ in Calcutta in is also a work of Raja Ram Mohan Roy. 1815 in order to propagate monotheism and to Raja Ram Mohan Roy died of meningitis at fight against the evil customs and practices in Bristol, England in 1833 and was buried at Hinduism. Arnos Vale Cemetery, Bristol, England. He also applied rationality