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EMBEDDED PCS GPS MODULES COMPACT FLASH SUMIT PANEL PCS I/O MODULES ENCLOSURES SBCS On the cover Our annual Resource Guide showcases profiles of the latest industry-leading embedded computing products. Featured products: s 3YNOPSYS 6IRTUALIZER ENABLES COMPANIES TO ACCELERATE BOTH www.embedded-computing.com the development and deployment of virtual prototypes. s !VNET 0ERFORMANCE -ATCHED +ITS TAKE THE GUESSWORK OUT Õ}ÕÃÌÊÓ䣣ÊÊNÊÊ6ÕiÊÊUÊ ÕLiÀÊx of hardware compatibility, pairing SBCs with LCD screens.
7 Tracking Trends in 102 -community Beat Embedded Technology Keeping the embedded conversation going Building universal connectivity By Jennifer Hesse By Warren Webb
Silicon Software Strategies
20 26 34 Understanding embedded 8 Model-Based Design 24 Wireless in telehealth: 30 design, all in good time optimizes system behavior Critical considerations for Q&A with Elie Ayache, Silicon Labs Q&A with Ken Karnofsky, MathWorks technology adoption Q&A with Mark D. Benson, Logic PD Smart energy apps making 14 Embedded virtualization 26 the move to ZigBee enables scalability of real-time Fostering an ecosystem 32 Q&A with Øyvind Strøm, PhD, Atmel Corporation applications on multicore of support By Kim Hartman, TenAsys Corporation Q&A with Chuck Kostalnick, Avnet Embedded The duality of low power: 16 Design challenge and opportunity OSGi platform provides 34 for growth Internet-connected secure Q&A with Mitch Little, Microchip Technology and real-time services in embedded devices Silicon SoCs driving 20 By Johnson Yan, aJile Systems Inc. HetNet evolution By Joachim Hallwachs, DesignArt Networks 2011 Resource Guide Silicon 39 Software 46
2011 OpenSystems Media ® © 2011 Embedded Computing Design Strategies 52 All registered brands and trademarks within Embedded Computing Design magazine are the property of their respective owners. COTS Collection 65 ISSN: Print 1542-6408, Online: 1542-6459
4 | August 2011 Embedded Computing Design Resource Guide www.embedded-computing.com
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6 | August 2011 Embedded Computing Design Resource Guide www.embedded-computing.com Tracking Trends in Embedded Technology By Warren Webb
@warrenwebb [email protected]
Building universal connectivity
As we approach the pervasive-computing vision, designers and In our Software section, Kim Hartman of TenAsys Corporation customers alike are starting to expect universal connectivity uncovers the price and performance implications of virtualization in almost every embedded device. A ubiquitous network con- for real-time embedded applications employing multicore pro- nection can enhance an embedded design in a number of ways, cessor technology. He looks at techniques to combine a software such as eliminating the hardware required for a local user inter- platform requiring deterministic performance with a General- face or improving customer satisfaction with remote operation, Purpose Operating System (GPOS) for a graphics-rich user inter- software updates, troubleshooting, and automatic usage moni- face. In the same section, Ken Karnofsky of MathWorks answers a toring. Designers can also increase the apparent performance series of questions covering the fundamentals, trends, and advan- of an embedded product by offloading computing tasks to tages of employing model-based design for embedded projects. remote processors. The Strategies section of this issue includes an in-depth technical A major challenge for embedded designers is to pick the article by Johnson Yan of aJile Systems covering new innovations appropriate connection mechanism depending on the product’s in Java technology from the Open Services Gateway initiative deployment location and security requirements. Designers must (OSGi) Alliance tailored toward embedded devices. These choose from a wide range of networking interface standards, innovations, along with new silicon-based platforms for direct including Modbus or Ethernet for hardwired connections or Java bytecode execution, promise to enable Java-based systems Bluetooth, ZigBee, Wi-Fi, and cellular for wireless links. that meet the performance, cost, and security requirements of today’s embedded devices. In a Strategies Q&A session, To ensure that these networking protocols track user require- Chuck Kostalnick of Avnet Embedded discloses that many of his ments and match new applications, standards organizations are customers are looking for off-the-shelf products to reduce sched- constantly updating and extending their offerings. For example, ules and avoid the costs of board layout, manufacturing, and life- the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) recently released cycle management. Logic PD’s Mark Benson covers the radio their version 4.0 specification that includes low energy Find Me frequency emissions, security, and data integrity issues facing and proximity profiles to locate or disable portable devices designers of wireless in-home telehealth devices. when they are separated from the authorized user by a specified distance. In addition to the obvious smartphone and laptop loca- This issue also includes our annual Resource Guide, with a host tion tools, the Bluetooth SIG envisions new proximity-sensing of embedded products divided into dozens of categories to sim- applications that protect valuables, pets, and even children. It is plify your next design project. You can find wide-ranging off- easy to predict scores of new personal security products for the the-shelf modules along with specialized embedded components mass market based on this innovation. to solve your unique requirements. You will also find plenty of embedded support software including OSs, development aids, In this issue of Embedded Computing Design, we present a and design automation tools. variety of technical content and opinions from experts in the embedded community. For example, Joachim Hallwachs of The articles, interviews, and product listings in this issue cover DesignArt Networks outlines the infrastructure changes that a broad section of the embedded industry that can serve as a we can expect in data-centric networks, along with the role of a valuable technical reference for your next project. Please give us new generation of System-on-Chip (SoC) technology to simplify your ideas on future topics and information that we can provide the transition. In the Silicon Q&A section, Dr. Øyvind Strøm to support your design efforts. If you have an idea for a tech- of Atmel covers the latest ZigBee specifications and their use nical article that would be of interest to the embedded design in low-power, smart energy embedded applications. In addi- community, please send me a short abstract. tion, Elie Ayache of Silicon Labs explains recent innovations and changes in timing components and how they will affect embedded designs. Mitch Little of Microchip Technology also answers our questions about the technical challenges and future Warren Webb, Editorial Director opportunities facing embedded design teams. [email protected] www.embedded-computing.com Embedded Computing Design Resource Guide August 2011 | 7 Understanding embedded design, all in good time Silicon Q & A Q&A with Elie Ayache, Timing Products, Silicon Labs
Timing devices have evolved to address the growing form factor processing modules. Timing devices have evolved accordingly to diversity of embedded systems. Moving beyond standard address the diverse requirements of these off-the-shelf timing products, many of today’s clocks are embedded systems.
designed to enable flexibility in frequency generation and A key trend in timing devices today is tuning capabilities of the clock signals while also providing to provide flexibility in clock signal frequency generation and tuning capa- a system-wide solution for improved integration and bilities. This latter capability has recently lower costs. Elie describes trends in timing requirements become more vital due to the increased dissemination of differential signaling in for embedded systems and explains how developers can embedded applications. In addition, the leverage the benefits of fully customized, application- ability to provide necessary features to assist the designer in minimizing power specific clocks and oscillators. consumption for mobility and green initiatives, as well as conformity to the ECD: How are recent trends in the into classic embedded designs. If these Federal Communications Commission, timing device market affecting the way legacy chipset architectures required have become a norm in timing devices. embedded products are designed today modifications to the main system clock, versus 5-10 years ago? the changes would be infrequent and rela- In addition, timing devices are now tively minor, and it often made sense to offered in diverse package types that were AYACHE: Timing devices represent accommodate them by adding discrete not available a decade ago. These pack- a substantial market that encompasses components to the board. ages – including some as small 1.2 mm clock ICs and frequency control devices x 1.4 mm – are now available to address used in virtually all electronics products. To a great degree, this trend has kept varying requirements for small form Despite its importance to the electronics the timing requirements for embedded factors and manufacturability in today’s industry, the timing device market has systems very similar to their mainstream embedded applications. been relatively slow to change. In fact, PC predecessors. Differences were during the past two decades, timing device mainly associated with products’ longer ECD: What do embedded suppliers have delivered clocking and fre- production life spans and their confor- developers need to understand quency control products at a surprisingly mity to industrial grades. In a nutshell, about timing devices (clock ICs and slow rate of innovation. However, recent embedded systems have not required frequency control devices) to stay trends in the embedded market are driving frequent and significant changes to on top of these trends? change and innovation in the competitive timing device design. landscape for timing devices. AYACHE: To understand today’s timing In the past seven or eight years, however, devices, it is helpful to comprehend Classic embedded designs historically the basic computation architecture of recent trends in main system design. The have focused on systems such as indus- CPUs, graphics/VGA controllers, mem- first important factor to consider is the trial automation and control, point-of- ory controllers, and I/O interfaces has recent integration of basic timing func- sale, test and measurement, and medical become overwhelmingly pervasive in a tions into mainstream PC chipsets that equipment. Certain mainstream PC multitude of emerging end products that historically would have been provided chipsets, or slightly modified versions of require an operating system and only externally as part of the total timing them, were chosen for these embedded a limited number of applications. This device. The embedded version of these applications. These chipsets typically dynamic has broadened the embedded chipsets might possibly require smaller had life spans of more than six years. market from being mainly industrial timing components, often in the form of After achieving industrial-grade com- to include a wider range of consumer expansion buffers or stand-alone comple- pliance, the x86 chipsets would migrate and enterprise systems, as well as small mentary clock generators.
8 | August 2011 Embedded Computing Design Resource Guide www.embedded-computing.com TS-WIFIBOX-2 A Complete Solution for 802.11g WiFi Applications
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Low power (3.2 watts), fanless Power via 5-12 VDC, USB, PoE (opt.) 64MB DDR-RAM 256MB ultra-reliable XNAND drive Micro-SD Card slot Figure 1 | Embedded x86 clock generation devices, such as Silicon Labs’ SL28541 clock IC, support a wide array of chipsets and processors; provide RS-232, RS-485, CAN, RTC clock generation for the CPU, memory controller, and I/O controller; meet Header with SPI and 11 DIO the latest timing requirements for industry standards such as PCI Express, SATA, USB, and legacy PCI; and offer a multi-PLL platform for independent 480Mbit/s USB, Ethernet, PoE option asynchronous signal generation. Boots Linux 2.6.24 in < 3 seconds
A second factor is the introduction of Although developers should seek timing Un-brickable, boots from SD or flash new chipsets that focus exclusively on solutions that best fit their design require- Customizable FPGA - 5K LUT embedded applications and rely primarily ments, they should also consider a number Optional DIN mountable enclosure on external main system clock generators. of variables in choosing their clock ICs – These timing devices have the flexibility most importantly, configurability and Ideal for gateway or firewall, protocol to address a multitude of form factors programmability, power consumption, converter, web server, WiFi audio, ranging from tiny processor modules to and package size. Developers should and unattended remote applications large-scale main boards. also choose vendors with comprehensive clock IC and frequency control portfolios Over 25 years in business A third important factor is the increased that address multiple embedded plat- Never discontinued a product dissemination of processing architectures forms with different architectures. For Engineers on Tech Support beyond x86 that present somewhat differ- example, Silicon Labs’ recent acquisition Open Source Vision ent system clocking requirements, mainly of SpectraLinear has added more than Custom configurations and designs w/ in the consumer and enterprise segments 100 low-power, highly customizable excellent pricing and turn-around time of embedded applications. These trends clock generator (Figure 1) and clock Most products ship next day are affecting clock IC suppliers who have buffer products to the company’s timing traditionally derived a major part of their product portfolio for high-volume, cost- revenues from the PC market. Clock IC sensitive applications, including various vendors who have dominated the PC embedded system designs. [Figure 1 | Embedded x86 clock generation devices, such as Silicon Labs’ SL28541 clock IC, support a wide array of chipsets and processors; provide clock generation for the CPU, memory controller, and I/O controller; meet the latest timing requirements for industry standards such as PCI Express, SATA, USB, and legacy PCI; and offer a multi-PLL platform for independent asynchronous signal generation.] Technologic timing device market now face rapidly SYSTEMS declining revenue in the PC clock market, To satisfy diverse system requirements, coupled with an underinvestment in other the timing IC industry has introduced We use our stuff. key growth markets such as communica- highly customizable timing devices visit our TS-7800 powered website at tions and consumer electronics. that integrate nonvolatile technology. www.embeddedARM.com (480) 837-5200 Microcontrollers Silicon Silicon |
These devices address the wide range of customer requirements by developing application-specific clocks customized to meet the frequency, type of output, jitter, phase, skew, and other interface require- ments for a particular application.
Perhaps the most significant limitation of traditional programmable clock solutions is that they require I2C-based firmware or BIOS development. In many applications, an I2C interface is either not available or not desirable.
New generations of configurable timing devices address the deficiencies associated with traditional I2C programmability solutions. These new timing products can be customized entirely at the factory or using Web-based utilities. This customiz- able approach benefits the system design by alleviating the burden of using BIOS memory space and allocation of scarce Figure 2 | Edge rate control is an effective technique for controlling EMI. firmware resources, as well as assisting Multiple edge rate settings can be controlled for each clock output and in boot time reduction. Once the device programmed via I2C or customized at the factory. is customized, I2C programming may still be used for post-boot features such rate controls for each individual output common-mode energy. By using the I2C- as hot-swapping, where the clock would allow board designers to customize each programmable or factory-configurable need to be enabled on-the-fly at detection output to its own load and trace length. skew and edge rate features available in
[Figure 2 | Edge rate control is an effective technique for controlling EMI. Multiple edge rate settings can be controlled for each clock output and programmed via I2C or customized at the factory.] of a hardware card plug-in. many clock ICs, each I/O can be indi- When multiple outputs of the same fre- vidually tuned to the PCB environment ECD: How can embedded developers quency are switching at the same point in for cross-point optimization and EMI leverage clock IC technology to address time, the end result is large EMI spurs at reduction. Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)? harmonics of the clock frequency, as well as increased noise at the power supplies Programmable impedance also allows AYACHE: Clock ICs are now available due to the combined amount of switch- board designers to better match load with programmable edge rates, program- ing current. By programming each clock impedance without having to modify dis- mable impedance, programmable skew, output skew to be delayed relative to crete termination networks or PCB trace spread-spectrum technology, and other other outputs, the spur energy is spread design. Mismatched trace impedance built-in features that combat EMI. These out, consequently reducing peak EMI and causes reflections that generate clock features are also used to reduce Radio power supply switching noise. overshoot and undershoot, resulting in Frequency Interference (RFI) in appli- increased EMI and glitches in the clock cations where interference with 3G/4G Most of today’s embedded systems imple- circuitry of the receiving device. radios must be optimized to improve ment differential clocking approaches for device operation. higher bandwidth; many board designers Spread-spectrum technology provides neglect the effects these signal formats an effective way to reduce EMI across Slowing the edge rate is the quickest can have on EMI and system perfor- the system. Radiated emissions are method to reduce EMI (see Figure 2). For mance. Mismatch in the edge slew rate minimized by spreading energy around many clock vendors, edge rate control and skew between true and complement the center of the source frequency. This typically applies to the entire bank, which signals will create common-mode energy technique spreads EMI over a wider limits the ability to tune each signal for that radiates EMI, as well as an unstable frequency range, thereby reducing peak its particular load. If one receiver requires cross-point that causes data loss. Since emissions at every harmonic. a fast edge rate, all other receivers in the clock trees in these systems commonly same output bank will have that same drive multiple buses with differential ECD: Long lead times for some fast edge rate, resulting in higher EMI. outputs, any differential clock misalign- timing devices can severely prolong Timing devices with programmable edge ments can generate a large amount of time to market for embedded products.
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Microcontrollers Silicon Silicon |
[Figure 3 | 250 | center | ECD in 2D: Developers can custom-configure their clocks and develop application-specific clock generators that support any combination of user-specified I/O frequencies using Silicon Labs’ ClockBuilder service. Use your smartphone, scan this code, watch a video: http://opsy.st/j21Q2W. ART]
How can developers get the timing Elie Ayache manages Silicon Labs’ high-volume clock IC business. With more chips they need in a timely manner? than 20 years of experience in the timing industry, Elie joined Silicon Labs in 2011 following the company’s acquisition of SpectraLinear, where he served as a VP AYACHE: Embedded designs have ex- of marketing. Previously, he was the marketing director of the Computation Clock panded beyond classic industrial systems Business Unit at Cypress Semiconductor. Prior to Cypress, he was the director and migrated into faster-paced consumer of marketing and applications engineering at International Microcircuits Inc. and enterprise markets. Coupled with the He also patented the linear frequency shift doze mode for green applications and diversification of processing architectures power-up bidirectional I/O. Elie holds a BSEE from Santa Clara University. and chipsets, this embedded market evo- 3ILICON ,ABS s [email protected]