Select Bibliography

General W orrks

The Cambridge Ancient History, Vols. VII, Chapters X-XXVI, VIII and IX, Cambridge, 1928, 1930, 1932 ALFOLD1, A. Early Rome and the Latins. Ann Arbor, 1965 FRANK, T. A History of Rome. New York, 1923 FRANK, T. Roman Imperialism. New York, 1914 GREENIDGE, A. H. J. A History of Rome, Vol. I, 133-104 B.c., London, I 904 HEITLAND, w. E. The , znd edition, Cambridge, I923 HOMO, L. Primitive Italy and the Beginnings of Roman Imperialism. NewYork, 1926 MCDONALD, A. H. The Rise of Roman Imperialism. Sydney, 1940 MCDONALD, A. H. Republican Rome. London, I966 MARSH, F. B. A History of the Roman World from 146 to 30 B.C., 3rd edition, London, I963 MARSH, F. B. The Founding of the , znd edition, London, I 92 7 ROSTOVTZEFF, M. and E. BICKERMAN, A History of the Ancient World. Rome, New York, I96I scuLLARD, H. H. A History of the Roman World from 753 to 146 B.C., 3rd edition, London, I96I scuLLARD, H. H. From the Gracchi to . A History of Rome from I 3 3 B.c. to A.D. 68, md edition, New York, I963 SMITH, R. E. The Failure of the Roman Republic. Cambridge, 1955 TOYNBEE, A. Hannibal's Legacy. Amsterdam, I965 332 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY

Political and Constitutional History

ADCOCK, F. E. Roman Political Ideas and Practice. Ann Arbor, I959 RADIAN, E. Foreign Clientelae (264-70 B.c.). Oxford, I958 BOTSFORD, G. w. The Roman Assemblies from their Origin to the End of the Republic. New York, 1909 cowELL, F. R. and the Roman Republic, 3fd edition, Har- mondsworth, 1962 EARL, D. c. The Political Thought of Sallust. Cambridge, 196I GREENIDGE, A. H. J. Roman Public Life. New York, I90I GREENIDGE, A. H. J. The Legal Procedure of Cicero's Time. Ox- ford, 1901 HILL, H. The Roman Middle Class in the Republican Period. Oxford, 1952 HOMO, L. Roman Political Institutions from City to State. New York, I929 JOLOWicz, H. F. Historical Introduction to the Study of , second edition, Cambridge, I961 scuLLARD, H. H. Roman Politics 220-150 B.C. Oxford, 1951 SHERWIN-WHITE, A. N. The . Oxford, 1939 SYME, R. The Roman Revolution. Oxford, 1939 SYME, R. Sallust. Cambridge, 1964 TAYLOR, L. R. Party Politics in the Age of . Berkeley, 1949 WIRSZUBSKI, c. Libertas as a Political Idea at Rome during the Late Republic and Early . Cambridge, I95o

Economic History

BARROW, R. H. Slavery in the Roman Empire. London, 1928 FRANK, T. An Economic History of Rome, 2nd edition, Baltimore, I927 FRANK, T. and others. An Economic Survey of Ancient Rome. Baltimore, 1933-40 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 333 HEITLAND, w. E. Agricola: a study of Agriculture and Rustic Life in the Greco-Roman World from the Point of View of Labour. Cambridge, I92 I LOUis, P. Ancient Rome at Work: an Economic History of Rome from the Origins to Empire. New York, I927

The Army and the Provinces

ADCOCK, F. E. The Roman Art of War under the Republic. Cam­ bridge, Mass. I 940 ARNOLD, w. T. The Roman System of Provincial Administration, 3fd edition, Oxford, I9I4 COBBAN, J. M. Senate and Provinces, 78-49 B.C. Cambridge, I935 MAGIE, D. Roman Rule in Asia Minor. Princeton, I95o MOMMSEN, T. The Provinces of the Roman Empire. New York, I887 SANDS, P. c. The Client Princes of the Roman Empire under the Republic. Cambridge, I 908 SMITH, R. E. Service in the Post-Marian Army. Manchester, I958 STEVENSON, G. H. Roman Provincial Administration, 2nd edition, Oxford, I 949 WILSON, A. J. N. Emigration from Italy in the Republican Age of Rome. Manchester, I966 Index

Abuses in provinces, 11-12, 9I-93, 279- , Civil Wars, 8, 9; Civil Wars I, 29I I04-109, II7-II9, 152, 155-158, I58- Achaean league, 75, IOO-IOI 159; , 99 Achaean War, 76 Appian Way, 52 1\cilius, Manius, law on extortion, Appius Claudius, sz, 53, 55 I I9-IJ2 Appollonia, 287 Advocates, I2I Appuleius, see Saturninus Appuleius , 34, 36, 48; Asian contributions Apronius, Gains, 35 to, 298; duties of, 45, 47, 19I, 202-zo6 Apulia, I6I Aelius, Sextus, 189; law of, I89 Aquilius, Manlius, I I 8 Aenobarbus, Gnaeus Domitius, 98 Ardeates, war with, 40 Aequi, war with, 28, 40 Aricia, 50 Aerarius, defined, 65 Ariminum 207, 208 Aetolian league, 75 Arms for centurions, 19-20 Aetolian treaty, 79-80 Army, facing Hannibal, 63 Afranius, Lucius, I65 Armies, Roman, enrollment of, I97-I99; Africa, province of, 99-100; See also regulations of, I99-zo2; in Spain, 85- Carthage 87, 92; used by proconsuls, I45, ISJ, Agrarian laws, 2I7; of Gracchi, I03- 158-I59, I]0-171 IIO, II4; of III B.C., q6-I42; and op­ Arpinum, I43. 243, 248, 25I; and Cicero, timates, 21 5-ZI6 22 I, 256 Agriculture, land grabs by rich, 103-1 IO Arrest, right of, 30 Agrigentum, 264, 266 As, defined, I8 Agrippa, Menenius, 28-29 Asconius, 8, I 59, 245 Alba, 33 Asculum, I 51 Albinius, Lucius, 29 Asia, province of, 7. II, I52, 276-278; Albinus, Aulus Postumius, 85 taxes of, Il3 Alliance, of Latin cities and Romans, Assembly, principal popular, r8-19, 94 IO, F-33 Atelani, 71 Allies, 84; abused by magistrates, 87-89; Atilius, Lucius, 40, 53, 71 citizenship for, 7-8, II2, 114, 115, II7, Atilius, Marcus, 68 118-I I9; defecting to Hannibal, 70-7 2; A tina, 219, 2 20, 22 1 enrolling in army, 6, 87, 199, 201; and Attalus, King, 7, 73, 75, IIO-II2 extortion, 120, 13 1-I 32; first alliance Atratinus, Aulus Sempronius, 40 with Rome, p-33; land seized by Atticus, I85, I86 Romans, I04-105; revolt of colonies, Augurs and auspices, I93, 194, I95-196; 238, 239-24I; serving in Spain, 87 choosing, 146, 147; and Marins, 143, I44 Allies of Latin Name, 84, 87, I40, 141 , I6o, 263-264 Amphiaraus, the god, 274-275 Auletes, Ptolemy, 289-290 Ampius, Titus, 175 Au! us Gellius, see Gellius, Aulus Annales Maximi, 1 Antiochus, King, 78-79, 90, 259, 305 Aurelius, Gaius, 89 Antium, 50, 59, 6I Aurelius, Lucius, 97 Antonius, Gaius, 268 Aurelius, Marcus, 274 Antonius, Marcus, 150 Auspices, and augurs, I93, I94, 195-I96; Appeal, right of, 35, 36, 37, 87, IJ5, 190; and patricians, I4-15, 38, 39; and plebs, and extortion law, J3I-IJ2; Valerian 39; and , 33; and temples, I93- law on, 24-25 I94 INDEX 335 Bacchanalians, persecution of, 8o-85 Capitolinus, Gnaeus Quinctius, 48 Baebius, Marcus, 87 Capitolinus, Titus Quintius, 41 Ballot, and Cicero's law, 185-186; estab- Capua, 161, 162, 251, and Bacchanals, lishing, 215; of jurors, 127-128 83; Colony at, us; See Campania and Banishment, see Exile Campanians Bantia, law of, 246-247 Carbo, Gnaeus, I 55' I 56, 207, 208, law Barbatus, Cornelius, 54 of, 186 Barbula, Quintus Aemilius, 52 Caria, 111 Bibulus, Marcus, as consul, 168, 169, 170, Carteia, 91, 92-93 311; as proconsul, 300, 301, 304, 305, Carthage, 5, capture of, 99-100; colony 306 at, 113, u6-117, 135, 172; Hannibal's Bithynia, 172; and Mithridatic War, 152, army, 62-63; Roman treaties with, 58- 159; tax company of, 279 62, 74-75 Bithynia-Pontus, 7, 165, 263 Carvilius, Lucius, 68, 69 Boii, 245 Carvilius, Spurius, 68, 69 Bribery, and equites, 132-135; and sena- Casca, Gaius Servilius, 68 tors, 118 Cassian Treaty, p, 237 Brutus, Decimus Junius, 243 Cassius, Gaius, 274, 276 Brutus, Junius, 154 Cassius, Lucius, 186, 224 Brutus, Lucius Junius, 23-24, 59, 190 Catiline, I6o-165 Brutus, Marcus Junius, 307, 308, 309, 310 Cato, Gaius, 212 Bubulcus, Gaius Junius, 52 Cato, Marcus Porcius, 91, 92, 221, 255- 256, 258 Caepio, Servilius, 119 Cato, Marcus Porcius, the Younger, and Caesar, Augustus, 16o, 263-264 bribery by jurors, 132, 168; and corn Caesar, Gaius Julius, 98, 317; Civil law, 113 War I, 17D-171; colonization, 171-172; Cattle, 139, 141 consulship, 159-16o, 168-171; as dicta­ Cavalry, 18, zo, 21, against Hannibal, tor, 8, 171-175; faults of, 174-175; laws, 63; organizing, 199, 201, zoz; pay for, on aediles, zoz, on extortion, 289, 290, 44· 197. 202 for municipia, 251-255, on treason, Celer, Metellus, 165, 166 186; Lex Julia Municipales, 251-255; , 85-87 new magistrates of, 192 Celts in Italy, 57, 58 Caesar, Lucius, 151 Censors, abolished, 15 5; and contracts Calatini, 7 1 for public works, 65-66; early need Calendar, corrected by Caesar, 172; for, 190; Fabius, 55; increased powers Greek, 157; of courts, 54 of, 65-67; and new senators, 51, 52-53; Cales, 89 plebeian, 48; regulating morals, 65-66, Lucius, 137, law of, 124, 131 Calpurnius, 263; restored, 158, 159; and rhetori­ Camillus, Marcus Furius, 69 cians, 98--99; and tax contractors, 93- Camillus, Spurius Furius, 47 Campania and Campanians, citizenship, 94, IJ3 Censorship, of Appius Claudius, 53, 49, 5 I, 248, 250; land distributed, 137, sz, 168, 169, I]o, 243; land excluded from 55 19-20, 4o-41, 190; of Caesar, distribution, 70, 88, 136; and Lucius Census, zo, 44 Postumius, 88; penalty for joining 173; and public horses, Centuries, defined, 18 Hannibal, 70-72; as soldiers, 63; See arms of, 19-20; defined, zoo; also Capua Centurions, of professional, 89-90 Campus Martius, 55, 56 rise Candidate for office, job of, 222-236 Cereales, 192 Cannae, 64, 66 Ceres, temple of, 36, 37 Canuleius, Gaius, 38, 39 Charter of the Colonia Genetiva, Julia, Canuleius, Lucius, 91, 92 314-330 Capito, Ateius, 194 Cicero, Marcus, 186 INDEX Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 8, 9; banished, Claudius, Gains, censor, 242; , I6o, I6I, I66; as consul, I6o--I64, I65, 264, 265; tax contractor, 39, 93--1)4 I66-I7o; honors refused, 298; ideal Claudius, Marcus, 84 constitution, I82-I87; and interest Claudius, Quintus, 63-64 rates, 309-3I2; and Attains's land, III; Clodian law, I6o as proconsul in Cilicia, 258, 3oo-3 I4; Clodius, rr3, I65, I66, I67 on provincial government, I I-12, 279- Cloelius, 27 29I; ad Atticum, I, I66-167; ad At­ Cluentius, I34• 135 ticum, II, I67-I68, I69-I7o; ad Atti­ Collatinus, 24 cum, V, 302, 303, 307-3 Io; ad Atticum, College of pontifices, I89 VI, 3II-314; ad Familiares, Ill, 30I; Colonia Genetiva Julia, charter of, 3 I4- ad Familiares, XV, 304-306; ad Famili­ 330 ares, XIII, 279; ad Quintum Fratrem, Colonies, ro, of Caesar, I7I-I72, I73; I, 292-300; de Domo Sua, I4-I5; de charter for, 314-330; establishment of, Lege Agraria, II, 15-I7, 146-I47; de 4, ro, 237, 243-245; and Gains Grac­ Legibus, II, 255-256; de Legibus, Ill, chus, II4, II5, rr6-rr7, I I8, I 19; land I82-I87; de Officiis, II, 2I7-2I9; de allotments in, I36; maritime, 243-244; Provinciis Consularibus, 28o-28I; de and migration to Rome, 24I-242; re­ Republica, 2; de Republica, II, 19, 21- volt of, 238, 239-241; in Spain, 92-93; 22, 24-25; in Catilinam, I, q6; in Catili­ of Sulla, ISS. I61, I63 nam, II, I62-I64; in Pisonem, 287-289, Colonists in Latin cities, so 289-290; pro Balbo, 210-212; pro Comitia centuriata, IS, I8-I9, s6 Caecina, 208-2Io; pro Cluentio, IJZ­ Comitia tributa, IS, s6; and , I35; pro Lege Manilia, 276-278; pro 42; voting of, 37 Fonteio, 282-285; pro Sestio, 213-2I6; Commentariolum Petitionis, 222-236 II Verrines, I, 207-208, 261-263; II Commercium, defined, 49 Verrines, II, 26o-26I, 265-266; II Ver­ Commutation of corn, 285-287 rines, Ill, 267-268, 271-273, 285-287; II C oncilium, 55 Verrines, V, 281 Concilium plebs, IS, 37 Cicero, Quintus, 9, I85, I87; advice on Concord, temple of, 54 canvassing, 222-2 36; brother's advice Conquests, 4-5; before , to, 29I-3oo; in Cilicia, 307-308, 313-314 57-58 Cilicia, 7, I59· I65; Cicero as proconsul Conscription and conquered cities, 49- in, 30o-314 so Cimbri, I43, I49 Conspiracy, of Caclline, I6o-I6S; Sem­ Cincius, 33 pronian law on judicial, I32-I35 Citizenship, and alliance, ro; and Allies Constitution, Cicero's ideal, 182-I87; in­ of Latin Name, 2Io, 2rr, 24I-243; of terpretations of Roman, I76-212; for Attains's people, rr I-I I2; and Bithynia, Roman colony, 3I4-320 264; and Caesar, 172, I73. I75; chang­ Consuls, abuse of allies by, 88-89; and ing, 2II-2I2; in colonies, 208-210,243; dictator, 26-27; and edict on Baccha­ defeated enemies and, Io; double, 255- nalians, 82-85; election of first, 24; 256; and extortion law, IJI; of Latin Marins as, I44, I45-I46; military tri­ cities, 49. so, SI, ISO, 1p-Ip; for bunes with powers of, 38-40; plebeian, Italian allies, see Allies; loss of, 3I, 2o8- 38-39, 46, 47, 48; powers of, I76, I77, 2ro, 2Io-212; of magistrates, 245; and 179-I8o, I93, I96; and right of appeal, Marins, Ip-I5J; and municipia, 247- 35, 36; and ultimum, 250; and right of appeal, 87 135, 160, I6I City, privileges of free, 268-270 Contractors, and censors, I 13; fraudu­ Civil Law of Papirius, I88 lent, 67-70; see also Tax contractors Claelius, Titus, 40 Contracts, and senate, I8o-I8I; and war Claudius, Appius, ro8, I89 debts, 66-67 INDEX 337 Conubium, defined, 49 Digest, I, I8S-I92 Corn, public, I I 7, I 7 3 Dio, Cassius, Roman History, 9 Corn law(s), of Gracchus, 112, II3, 114, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, IV, 23-24; 216, 217; Lex Hieronica, 135,260, 261 V, 26-27; VI, p Cornelian law of treason, 290 Dittenberger, W., Orientis Graeci, In­ Cornelius, Gaius, 226, 235 scriptiones Selectae, I I I-I 12; Sylloge, Cornelius, Gnaeus, 2 10, 26S IOI Cornelius, Lucius, 210-21 1 Dolabella, Cornelius, 157 Cornelius, Publius, S6, S7, 100 Dolabella, Gnaeus, 261-263 Corsica, 5 Dolabella, Publius, 206, 207 Cotta, Gaius, 233 Domitius, Gnaeus, So, I47 Cotta, Lucius Aurelius, 159 Draft, military, 18, I9-20 Courtesy, magistrate's, 296--297 Drusus, Livius, 7, I I6-I I7, 150-I5I Courts, calendar of, 54; and Caesar, 172; Drusus, Marcus, I32, 134 by constitution, 1So, 1S1; controlled Duilius, Marcus, 35, 37 by equites, II7-IIS, 15S; and Sulia, Dyme, 101 155 Crassus, Lucius Licinus, 9S Early Republic, 3-56 Crassus, Marcus, as consul, 15S, 159, 160, Egypt, 2S9-29o Electioneering, art of, 222-236 192; death of, 30o--30I; and Egypt, 2S9; and First , 168 Elections, law on, 1S6; new man ac- Cremona, 23S, 239 cused in, 21<)--222, see also Comitia cen­ Creticius, Quintus Metellus, 161 turiata and Comitia tributa Crime, and Caesar, 173; and provincial "Enemies of the republic," I 54 governors, 297-29S Equites, 55, 143; and bribery, I IS; and Criminal, sanctity of, 29-30 Cicero, I67-16S, 229, 235; constitu­ Cults, Asiatic, 72; Bacchanalian, So-Ss tional powers of, 178-I79, ISo-ISI; de­ Cumae, 51 prived of public horse, 65, 66; and Curiae, 15 judicial conspiracy, 132-I35; and jury Curiata comitia, 56 courts, II7-IIS, II9-120, 122-125, I5I, Curtius, Gaius, 3S I 55; made senators, I 14; origin of term, Curule, aediles, 48, S2, 191, 203; Flavius 44; in Sicily, 273; and state contracts, as, 54-55; office, defined, 65 67-70; and Sulla, I57; and tax con­ Cyprus, 307-3 10 tractors, 94, 279, 2So Etruria, I 6o-- I 6 I Debt, Asian, and Lucullus, 29 I; and Etruscans, 63, 245 Caesar, 173; law of, 31-32; problems of, Eumenes, King, 79 I62-165, 2 1S-2 19; and provincial gov­ Eutropius, S ernor, 292, 297-29S; and of Exile, voluntary, 173, 179, 209-210 plebs, 45-46 Extortion, Acilian law on, II<)--Ip; and Decemviri stlitibus iudicandis, 192 Caesar, I73; of provinces by governors, Decemvirs, 34-36, 39 91-93· 2S7-290 Decius, Marcus, 53 Decius, Publius, 55 Fabius, Quintius, 55 Dedication of temple, 54 Fabius, Quintus, 239, 257, 259 Delphi, 72-73 Fabius, propraetor, I I 4, I I 9 Democracy, and , I 14; Faesulae, 161 Greek, 101 Fair Promontory, 59, 6o Deiotarus, King, 306 Falto, Marcus Valerius, 73, 74 Dictatorship, 47; of Caesar, 171-I75; Fannius, Gaius, II5 first, 25, 19o; of Hortensius, 55-56; of Fathers, see Patricians and Senate Quintus Publilius Philo, 48; of Sulla, F erentinum, S9 I54-I5S Festus, 3, I I 338 INDEX

Festus, Municeps, 248 Gauls, 51; capture of Rome, 57; of Po Festus, Municipium, 248-249 Valley, s; threat of, 48 Festus, Praefecturae, 2so-z 51 Gellius, Aulus, 3, II; (book) X, 88-89; Festus, Praeteriti Senatores, 51 XI, 33- 34 ; XIII, 3o, 195-196; XIV, 19z- Festus, Praetor ad Portam, 33 194; XV, 55, 98-99 Festus, Sacer Mons, 29-30 Gellius, Lucius, 159, 2 10, 269 Finances, civic, and governor, 312 Genucius, Marcus, 38 Fines, maximum, 33-34 Glaucia, Servilius, 119, 150 First Triumvirate, 168-170 Goddess brought from Greece, 72-74 Flaccus, Fulvius, 68, 110, 117 Governors, provincial, 1 1; Cicero's ad- Flaccus, Gaius Tremellius, 73 vice on conduct of, 291-300; extortion Flaccus, Lucius Valerius, 258 by, 91--93, 279-291; limits of powers, Flaccus, Quintus Fulvius, 85, 86, 87 289-290; purchasing supplies, 285-287; Flaccus, Valerius, I s6 rights, z8z-z85 Flamininus, Titus Quinctius, 75-77, 78; Gracchus, Gaius, 7, 8, 87, 213, 216, 217; in Macedonia, 89, 257, 259 death, q6; execution of supporters, Flaminius, Gaius 63-65, 245 135; and judicial conspiracy, u4, II7- Flavian Civil Law, 189 I 18, 133; legislation of, 112-119 Flavius, Gnaeus, 53, 54-55, 189 Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius, 7, 8, 90, Fonteius, 11, 282-285 150, 213, 215; land for poor, 45, 85, 103- Formiae, 51 llo, 215; and tax contractors, 93, 94 Fraud by contractors, 67-70 Gratidius, Marcus, 186 Fregellae, II3, 239, 242 Grazing, 173 Friendship and electioneering, 227-228, Greece, annexation of, s; democracy in, 229 101; goddess brought from, 72-74; un­ Fulvius, Marcus, 136 der Roman rule, 75-80 Fulvius, proconsul, 71 Fulvius, Quintus, 93, 239 Hadrian, 249 Fundi, 51 Halesa, z65, 267 Furius, Gaius, 2 1 1 Hannibal, 62-63, 64, 66; alliance with Furius, Quintus, 34 Macedon, 75; joined by Roman allied cities, 70 Gabinius, Aulus, 159, 160, 287, 289 Hasdrubal, 6z Gabinian law, on election of magis- Hercules, altar of, 52 trates, 186; on moneylending, 307, 309; Hermodorus of Ephesus, 188 powers to Pompey, 159-16o, 279-280 Hiero, law of, see Lex Hieronica Gades, 172, 212 Highways, see Roads Gaius, Institutes, I, 37 Hitinius, Marcus, 35 Gaius Plautius, sz, 53 Horatian law, 36-37 Galba, Publius, 224 Horatius Barbatus, Marcus, 25, 35-36, Galba, Servius Sulpicius, 73 37, 59 Gallia Comata, 7 Horatius, Publius, 17-18 Gallia Narbonensis, 171, 192; province Horses, public, zo, 44, 65, 66 formed, 7, 258 Hortensian law, 3, 4 Gallus, Aelius, 248 Hortensius, Quintus, ss-s6, 207 Gallus, Gaius Sulpicius, 91 Hostages, Aetolian, 8o; Carthaginian, 75 Gallius, Quintus, 226 Hostilius, Aulus, 86 Games, and aediles, 47; Great, 47; Isth­ mian, 75; see also Olympiads Icilius, Lucius, 3 5 Gaul, 159; Caesar's conquest of, 7, 159, , 15, 30 16o; distribution of land in, 149; gov­ Incorporation of defeated peoples, 10 ernors' rights in, 282-285; see also Gal­ Infantry, Roman, 198, 201, 202 lia Comata and Gallia Narbonensis Inscriptiones Graecae, IX, 77-78 INDEX 339 Intercessio, power of, 27-28 Latin League, 32-33, 49-5I Intermarriage, between citizens of dif­ Latin Name, see Allies of Latin Name ferent states, 49, 5 I; of plebs and pa­ Latium, IOI, and Carthage, 59-60, 6I tricians, 38-39; and Spanish women, Laws, Aelian, I 89; Agrarian, of 11 I B.c., 92-95 I36-I37; Appuleian, I47-I48; of Bantia, Interest rate, legal, 309, 3 10; and Lucul­ 246; civil, I89; of Claudius, 63-64, 67; lus, 29I Clodian, I6o; Cornelian, 135, 29o; de­ Interregnum, defined, 13-I4; and quaes­ fined, 37; development of, I88-I92; torship, 42 Flavian, I89; Julian, 210, 21I; citizen­ Interrex, 35; Spurius Lucretius as, 24; ship, 2 IO, 21I; extortion, 289, 290, 303; and Sulla, I 56 Gabinian, 279-280, 307, 309; Horatian, Isthmian Games, 75-76 36-37; Hortensian, 3, 4, I89; lex Clau­ Ita! y, attack on Romans, I 5I- I 52; land dia, 63-64, 67; lex curiata, I6-I7, 207; seized by Romans, 104-105; Roman lex Hieronica, 260, 26I, 268; lex Hor­ conquest of, 4, 10, 237-256 tensia, 3, 4, I 89; lex Julia Municipalis, honorarium, I90 25I-255; lex Pompeia, 263-264; lex Ru­ bria, I 13, 116; Licinio-Sextian, 3-4, 45, Judges in Sicily, 26o-26I 46-47; magistrates', I9o; Manilian, I59• Julian law, 210, 2 II, 289, 290, 303 276; Ovinian, 5 I; Papirian Civil, I89; Jugurtha, war against, I43, I45-I46 Philippus, 2I7; plebiscites, 37-38, I89; Julius, Sextus, 97, 98 Pompeian, 263-264; resolutions of the Junius, Marcus, 9I; law of, I24, I3I senate, I9o; Rupilian, 259, 260, 26I, Juno Sospita, so 264; Trebonian, I6o; Vatinian, I59 Jupiter, and criminals, 36; and Sacer Legis actiones, I89 Mons, 29 Lentulus, Gnaeus, I59• 269 Jupiter Capitolinus, temple of, 59 Lentulus, Publius, 290 Jurors, and Acilian Law, 122-125, 126- Lepidus, Marcus Aemilius, 245 128; and Caesar, I72; shared by senate, Lex Claudia, 63-64, 67 equites and tribuni aerarii, I 59; and Lex curiata, I5-I7, 207 Sulla, I55, I92 Lex Hieronica, 26o, 26I, 268 Justinian, Institutes, I, 37-38 Lex Hortensia, 3, 4, I89 Labeo, Gaius Atinius, 259 Lex Julia Municipalis, 25 I-255 Laevinus, Marcus Valerius, 73 Lex Pompeia, 263-264 Land, and army volunteers, I45• I46; in Lex Rubria, II3, 116 Africa, 99, 100; public and private de­ Liberty and early Republic, 23-25 fined, q6, I37-IJ9; public, and the Licinio-Sextian Laws, 3-4, 45, 46-47 poor, 45, 46; settling disputes about, Licinius, Gaius, 29, 45, 46, 47 I42; in trientabulis, 137, I4I-I42 Licinius, Lucius, 265, 274 Land bill, of Tiberius Gracchus, 103- Licinius, Publius, 90 IIO and curiae, IS Land commissioners, 106, I I7, q8, I 39, Liguria, 5, 86, 87 I40 Ligustinus, Spurius, 89-90 Land distribution, 63-64, Agrarian law Livestock, grazing, 137, I 39, I40-I4I of I I I B.c., q6-137; by Caesar, I68- Livius, Gaius, 244 I69, I7o, I7I-I72, I73; by Gaius Grac­ Livius, Marcus, 242 chus, I 16, I I7; by Marius, I49-I5o; and , 2, 6; and municipia, 247-248 Pompey, I65, I66, I69 Livy (book) I, q-I4, I7-I8; II, 28-29; Land ownership in other cities, 49, 5 I III, 34-37; IV, 38, 4I, 42, 43-44; VI, 45- Lanuvium, so 48; VIII, 48, so; IX, sz, 54, 237; XXI, 64; Larcius, 27 XXIII, 65; XXIV, 65; XXV, 67- 7o; Late Republic, 6-9, I03-I75 XXVI, 70-72; XXVII, 238, 243-244; Laterensis, Marcus Juventius, 2 I9-22 I XXIX, 72-74, 239; XXXIII, 75-76, 258- 34° INDEX 259; XXXIV, 76-77, 243; XXXVI, Messala, Marcus Valerius, 98 244; XXXVII, 79; XXXVlll, 79-8o; Metellus, consul, I43• I44, ISO, I59 XXXIX, 8I-83, 245; XL, 85-87; XLI, Metellus, Lucius Caecilius, 66 242; XLII, 8g--9o; XLlll, 9I-93, 93-94; Metellus, Marcus Caecillus, 73 XLV, 95-97; Epitome, 8, I59 Middle Republic, 4-6, 57-102 Longus, Tiberius Sempronius, 243 Migration of Latins, 24I-243 Lucinus, Marcus, 83 Military pay, 42-44, 67; clothing allow­ Lucretius, Spurius, 24, 2 5 ance, II4 Lucullus, 29I Military service and extortion law, 13 I, IF Macer, Licinius, 54 Military tribunes, Marius as, I43-I44; Macerinus, Marcus Geganius, 4I organizing army, I97-2oi; origins of, Macedon, defeat of Philip, 75, 76, 8g-go 38-40, I9I Macedonia, province of, 5, roo-roi, I6o, Minucius, Lucius, 85 I72, 287-289; war settlement with, 95- Minucius, Quintus, 257, 259 97 Minucius, Titus, 86 Maecenas, Gaius, I 34 Mithridates, King, 7, 278; war against, Maenius, Gaius, 86 Ip, I53, I54· I59· 276 Maenius, Titus, 83 Money, bronze, 43; value of, 97; see also Magistrates, abuses in provinces, 92, 9I- Debt, Interest, Pay, Taxation and Tax 93· 279-29I; of Latin colonies, 245; Contractors oath of office for, I48; and Pompeian Moneylending, Gabinian law on, 307, law, 263-264; powers fpr summoning 309; in privinces, I I, 277-278, 290-291 comitia and contio, I95. I96; taking the Morality, and Bacchanalians, 8o-83, 84- auspices, I95; maximum fines, B:-34; 85; and Caesar, 173; and censors, 65 patrician, and imperium, I 5; and nght Mother, Idaean, 72-74 of appeal, 35, 36, 37; and veto of tri­ Mucius, Publius, 137 bunes, 27-28 Mucius, Quintus, 92, 265 Mamercus, Aemilius, 207 Mummius, consul, ror Mancinus, 209 Mummius, 150 Mancinus, Gaius Hostilius, 77, 78 Mummius, Quintus, ro8, 109, r ro Manilian law, I59. 276 Municipia, ro; defined, 247-250; and Lex Manilius, and Cicero, 235 Julia Municipalis, 251-255; and public Manlius, Aulus, 9I, I46 land, 103, q6-r37, 141-r42 Manlius, Gaius, I6o-I6I, I63, I64-I65 Mus, Publius Decius, 33 Manlius (Acidinus), Lucius, 245 Manlius, Publius, 259 Narbo Martius, 282, 283 Manlius, Titus, 264-265, 266 Narbonensis, 192; see also Gallia Nar- Marcellus, Marcus Claudius, 264 bonensis Marcius, Gaius, 53 Nasica, Publius, rog--IIo Marcius, Lucius, 98 Nasica, Publius Scipio, 245 Marcius, Quintus, 84, 87 "New man," r65; difficulties of, 222- Marius, Gaius, 7, I56, 22I; career of, 224; Marius as, 142-146 I42-I46; land distribution, I49-I5o; Nero, Appius Claudius, 259 and Sulla, I52-I53, I54 Nero, Gaius, 26r, 262 Massilia, 282, 283 Nomentum, 50 Massinissa, King, 74, 75, roo Norbanus, 155 Matienus, Marcus, 92 Numantia, 209 Maximum, Quintus, 2 I 2 Numidia, 143, 145 Maximus, Quintus Fabius, IOI Numitorius, Publius, 35 Menander, Gnaeus Publicius, 2Io, 2I2 Mercenary VVar, 6I-62 Oath, Roman, 197; for office in colony, Messala, Marcus, I95-I96 320 INDEX

Octavius, Gaius, 296 Pliny, Letters, X, 263-264, Natural His­ Octavius, Marcus, 107-108, 109, 113, 217 tory XXXIII, 97-98 Olympiads, 157 Plutarch, 6, 8, 9; Gaius Gracchus, II3- Opimius, Lucius, 135, q6 II7; Pompey, r6o; Lucullus, 291; Ti­ Oppianus, 193 berius Gracchus, 109, r 10 Oppius, Gaius, 35 , 6, 9, and Aetolian Treaty, 79; Optimates, 213, 214, 216, 223 (book) I, 57-58; II, 62-63; lll, 59--62; Oropus, 274-276 VI, x77-x8z, 196-2o2; XV, 74 Orosius, 8 Politics, 213-2 36; advice on canvassing, Ostia, 243, 244 22-2 36; parties, 213-215 Oxen, 33-34 Poll tax, 303 Pompeian law for Bithynia, 263-264 Paeonia, 97 Pompeius, Gnaeus (Pompey), 156, 3o8; Papirian Civil Law, 189 and Caesar, 8, r68, 170; and Cicero, 165, Papirius, 41 r67, 223, 224, 235; as con;ul, rs8-r6o, Papirius, r88 258; and Gaul, 283, 284; and land for Parthians, 304, 305, 313; and Crassus, 301 veterans, 165, r66, r68; law on consuls Pasture, common, 136, 137, 14D--I4I; Pa- and praetors, 258; and Mithridatic war, terculus, Velleius, 8 276, 289; sea powers of, 159, r6o, 279; Patricians and definition of "people," Varro's instructions for, 193-194 37; see also Senators Pompeius, Quintus, 153 Paullus, Lucius Aemilius, 91, 92 Pompey, see Pompeius, Gnaeus Paulus, Aemilius, 96, 98, 259 Pomponius, Marcus, 3, 9, 35, 98; sum- Pausanias, VII, 101 mary of laws, 187-192 Pay, military, 44, 114, 197, 202 Pomponius V eientanus, Titus, 67 Pedum, so , 146, 147 Perseus, 95, 96, 97, 98; son of, 100 Popilius, Marcus, 92 Pergamum, 73, 75, I 10-rr2 Popillius, I I 3 Pic tor, Fabius, r, 6, 62 Popillius, Gaius, I 86 Piracy, 159 Populares, 213, 2I5-2I6, 2I7 Philip of Macedon, 75, 76 Popularity and politicians, I 14-I I9, 2 I5- Philippus, 217 2I7 Philus, Publius Furius, 92 Population in 70 B.c., 159 Piso, law of, 119 Porcius, Marcus, 25, 90 Piso, Gaius Calpurnius, 85, 91 Postliminium, 210, 2 I 2 Piso, Lucius Calpurnius, r6o, 287-289 Postumius, Aulus, 93 Piso, Marcus, 208 Postumius, Lucius, 86, 88, 92 Pius, Quintus Metellus, 275 Postumius Pyrgensis, Marcus, 67-70 Placentia, founded, 238 Postumius Spurius, 8 I, 84, 87, 92 Plancius, Gnaeus, 219-222 Potitian family, sz Plebeian aediles, 82 Potitus, Valerius, 207 Plebeians, and dedication of temple, 54 Praeneste, so, 88, 92, 249 Plebiscites, 189; defined, 37-38; binding Praetors, duties of, 45; foreign, I9I; law made by, 187, 190; and provinces, I92; on all citizens, 34, 36, 48, 5s-s6; charter urban, 84, I 91 of Termessus, 268-270; for military tri­ Prefectures, 250-2 51 bunes, 53 Priesthoods and patricians, I4 Plebs, admitted to senate, 55; first seces­ Priests, Bacchanalian, 8 I, 83, 84; elec- sion of, 27, 191; laws favoring, 46, 47, tion of, 146-147; and Hercules, 52 48; and military pay, 43-44; and naval Proconsul, 258 commissioners, 53; and right of appeal, Proletarii, 22 36; second secession of, 34-35; see also Property, and census, I<)--20; and power Tribunes of plebs in government, 20, 2 I -22; qualification 342 INDEX for office, 77, 10 I; and selfish interest, Rubrian law, 124 2J7-2I8 Rullus, I5-I7 Property tax on, 42-44 Rupilius, Publius, 259-260 Propraetor, defined, 258 Rupilian law, 259, 26o, 26I, 264 Proscription by Sulla, I54 Rutilius, Publius, 93, I50-I5J, 2I2 Provinces, abuses in, I I-12, 9I-93, 279- Sabatini, 71 29I; government of, 10-II, 259-266; Sacer Mons (Sacred Mount), 28, 29, 35 magistrates allotted to, 257-2 59 Saenius, Lucius, I6I Public horse, deprived of, 65, 66; origin Salamis, 306, 308-3 10 of term, 44; and selection of jurors, I64-I65; I22-I23; see also Equities Sallust, 8, 9; Catiline, I6o-I6I, Public land, and Tiberius Gracchus, Jugurtha, I43-I45, I45-146 58; as allies, 63; and 103-I 10; see also Land distribution Samnites, 49, 57, 242; Public works, and Caesar, I74; and cen­ Luceria, 237; migration of, 24I, and Social War, I5I sors, 65-66; and Gaius Gracchus, IIS, Sanctity of tribunes of plebs, 36 118; maintenance of roads, 203-205 of, 5; and Carthage, Publicola (Publius Valerius), 25, 26 Sardinia, annexation for, 86, I92, Publilius Philo, Quinto, 48 58, 59, 60, 6I, 62; praetor Publius, 35 2 59 2I3; Pulcher, Appius Claudius, 30I, 302, 303, Saturninus, Appuleius, II3, 149-I50, 147-I48 304, 308 law of, Punishment in Roman armies, 2oi-2o2 Saturninus, Gnaeus, 22 I Saufeius, Gaius, I 50 Pusio, Gaius Fluvius, I 34 Publius Mucius, I Pyrrhus, King, 4; war with, 6, 57-58, 6I, Scaevola, 206 Scaevola, Quintus Mucius, ISO, 26o-26I, 3I0-3II Quaestors, and Acilian law, qo; duties Scaptius, Marcus, 308-310 of, 206-208; origin of, I9 I; plebeians Schools, new kind of, 98-99 as, 42; and provinces, 11; and Sulla, I 55 Scipio Aemilianus, 6 Quintii, 39 Scipio, Lucius, 208 Quintus, Lucius, 8o Scipio, Publius Cornelius, 48, 73, 74, 297 Scipio, Publius Cornelius Aemilianus, Rabirius, I7 9I, 92, 99, I86, 187 Religions, Bacchanalian, 8o-85; and con­ Secession of plebs, first, 27-30; second, 49· importation of quered cities, so; 34-35 Great Mother, 72-74; and senate, I94; , 74-75 usefulness of, I96-I97 Sempronian law on judicial conspiracy, Early, 3-56; Late, 6-9, 102- Republic, IF-I35 I76; Middle, 4-6, 57-102 Sempronius, Tiberius, 86, 87, 93, I37 Resolutions of senate, I93 Sempronius, 4I Rex, Quintus Marcius, I6I Sempronius, Titus, 66 Rhetoricians, Latin, 98-99 Senate, and aediles, 47-48; and auspices, Rhodes, 75, 79, III, I59 38, 39; and bribery, I I8; constitutional Riccobono, S., Fontes Juris Romani powers of, I78, I79-I8o, I93-I94; equi­ Ante Justiniani, 1, 84-85, 99-Ioo, I20- tes made, I I4; excluded from trade, 63, Ip, I47-I48, 246-247, 25I-255, 268- 64, 67; and interregnum, I3-I4; and ju­ 270, 315-330 dicial corruption, 132-135; jurors from, Roads, free use of, I4I; and Gaius II9-12o, I55, I59; limiting powers of, Gracchus, n5, n8; maintenance of, 45, 46-47; and Livius Drusus, II6, II9; 203-205; use of, 205-206 and Marius, I45-I46, I49; and military Romulus, 20 pay, 43-44; and philosophers, 98; Rubrius, 109; colony at Carthage, I I6- plebeians in, ss; and plebiscites, 34· 36, 1 I?, 135 48, 55-s6; privileges of, 14-15, I33-134; INDEX 343 recruitment of, 5 I-53, 64-65; regulated and, II9-I2o, I33-I34• I55, I92; and by censors, 65, 66; resolutions of, I90, praetors, 258; proscription by, I54; and I93, I94; and Sulla, I52, I54, I55, I56, quaestors, zo6, 207, zo8; and tribunes, I 57 I71 Senatus consultum ultimum, and Cicero, Sulpicius, Gaius, 94, 2 I 3 I6o, I6I; first, I35 Sulpicius, Publius, I52-I54 Septitius, Quintus, 273 Summons, right of, 30 Sertorius, 8 Sumptuary law, I73 Servilius, I 51 Syria, annexation of, 7, I65; Bibulus and, Servius Tullius, King, 18-I9, 20, 2I-22 300-30I, 305; Gabinius, I6o, 289 Sextius, Lucius, 45, 46, 47 Sheep, 33-34, 139 Tacitus, Annals, XI, 206-208 Sibylline books, 72 Tarentum, I I5 Sicily, 63, 66, 105; annexation of, 5; and T arquinii, 23 Carthage, 58, 59, 6o, 6I; city councils Tarsus, 304, 307, 309 in, 264-266; levy of tithe in, 27o--273; Tax, property, 42-44; and public land Lex Rupilia, 259, 260, 26I, 264; pro­ use, 104, I40-I4I; for war, 65 vincial fleet in, 28I; praetor for, 86, Tax contractors, I I, 139, I4o, I4I, I42; I92; and purchase of corn, 285-287; in Asia, 276-278, 278-279; in Bithynia, and stigmatized soldiers, 66; taxes in, 278-279; censure of, 93-94; and Cicero, 26?-268 I67, I68, I70, 308-po, 3II-313; and the Sicinius, 28, 29 god Amphiaraus, 274-276; and gover­ Sicinius, Gaius, 35 nor, 299-3oo; in Syria, 279-280; and Sidicinum, 88-89 Verres, 271-273 Slave revolt, 105, I58, I6I Taxation, provincial, u, 266-273; Ro­ Slaves, 243; Campanians sold as, ?I, 72; man, end of, 97-98; see also Tax con­ Cicero's advice on, 295; citizens sold as, tractors 3I, 209; made citizens, 66-67, 208, 210; Temples, defined, I93 used on estates, 104-105, 106 Terentius, Marcus, 274 Social War, 7, ISI-Ip, 25I, 255 Termessus, 266; Charter of, 268-270 Soldiers, from Cilicia, 306; development Teutones, I43, I49 of professional, 89-90; serving in Spain, Thessaly, 76-78 85-87; to Sicily, 66 Tiberius, Emperor, 8, 249 Sosus, 101-102 Tibur, so, 92 Spain, annexed by Romans, 5, 74-75; Tithe, levied in Sicily, 270-273 campaigns in, 85-87, 90; and Carthage, Titinius, Gnaeus, I 34 62; charter for colony at Urso, 3I4- Titinius, Marcus, 9I 330; and colony of freedmen, 92-93; Treason, Appuleian law, I47-I48; Car­ and Fabius, I I4; Further, 86; Hither, nelian law, 290; trial for, I7-I8 Treasury, Roman, after conquest of 85-87; Marius as propraetor, I43; op­ Macedon, 98; see also Quaestors pressed by governors, 9I-93; Pompey Treaty, Aetolian, 79; with Antiochus in, I58, 16o; praetor for, I92, 257 III, 78-79; with Carthage, 58-62, 74-75 Spartacus, I s8 Trebonian law, I6o Strabo, Gaius Fannius, 98 Trials, capital, I7-I8 Strabo, Gnaeus Pompeius, 245 Tribes, defined, I9, 2 I; see also Comitia State contracts, 66, 67-70 tributa Suessula, 5 I Tribunes, military, 38-40, 44, 53 Suetonius, 9; Divus Julius, I72-I75; Tribunes of plebs, 3, 42; and Campa­ Sulla, Lucius Cornelius, Asian indem­ nians, 70-7 I; first elections of, 27-30; nity, 29I, 299; consul, I52-I58, 274, 275; and fraudulent contractors, 67, 68-7o; and corn law, I 13; and dictatorship, 26; Gaius Gracchus as, II3-II9; restored, conquering Rome, 7, 8; jury courts 158; rights of, IS-I?, 30; Rutilius, and 344 INDEX censors, 93-94; sanctity of, 36; and sec­ Pompey, I93-I94; and library, I74 ond secession, 34-35, 36; and Sulla, I 54, Varro, Terrentius, 64 I55, I5], I7I; Tiberius Gracchus as, 7, Vatinian law, IS9 103-104, 105-IIo; veto of, 46, 48, 107- V eii, 7 2; war with, 40, 44 108 V elitrae, 49, so Tribuni aerarii, I 58, IS9, 22 I; abolished, Velleius Paterculus, I59; II, ISI-ISZ I72 Verres, Gaius, II, IS9, 206; and Apro- Tribute of Carthaginians, 6I, 62 nius, 27I-273; and bribery, 26s-266, Tributum and military pay, 42-43 28I; and commutation, 28s-287; and Triumvirs, 82; for land division, 108 judges, 26o, 26I; and Philodamus, 26I- Tullius, Marcus, IS7 263 Tullus Hostilius, King, I7 Veto, of Marcus Octavius, 107-108; of Tusculum, 49, so, 2I9, zzo, 22I, 249, 256 patricians, 46, 48 Twelve Tables, 67; compilation of, 34; Victor, Aurelius, 9 law of debt, 3I-p; and right of appeal, Virginius, Aulus, 3S 24; Pomponius' summary, I87, I88, IB9, V oconius, Quintus, 2 I I I9I Volsci, war with, 40 Volunteers and Marius, I4S• I46 Urban praetor, I9I Urban , I48, 204, 206 Voting, comitia centuriata, s6; comitia Usufruct of public land, 103, 104, 10s, tributa, s6; concilium plebis, 5, 34-37; q6, I4I power in men of property, 20, 2I-22; Utica, 99, 100, I43, I44 in Roman assembblies, IS; and Servius Tullius, 20 Valerius, Politus, Lucius, 2s, 3s-36, 39 Valerius, Lucius, son of Publius, 84 Wars, great Roman, 4-s Varro, Marcus Terentius, 2, 3, II, 34; Wealth, and power in government, 20, Human Affairs, 30; instructions for 2I-22 DOCUMENTARY HISTORY OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION edited by Eugene C. Black and Leonard W. Levy

ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL HISTORY OF THE WEST

Morton Smith: ANCIENT GREECE A. H. M. Jones: A HISTORY OF ROME THROUGH THE FIFTH CENTURY Vol. I: The Republic Vol. II: The Empire Dena Geanakopolos: BYZANTINE EMPIRE Marshall W. Baldwin: CHRISTIANITY THROUGH THE CRUSADES Bernard Lewis: ISLAM THROUGH SULEIMAN THE MAGNIFICENT David Herlihy: HISTORY OF FEUDALISM William M. Bowsky: RISE OF COMMERCE AND TOWNS David Herlihy: MEDIEVAL CULTURE AND SOCIETY

EARLY MODERN HISTORY

Hannah Gray: CULTURAL HISTORY OF THE RENAISSANCE

Florence Edler De Roover: MONEY, BANKING & COMMERCE, 13TH-16TH CENTURIES V. J. Parry: THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE Ralph E. Giesey: EVOLUTION OF THE DYNASTIC STATE J. H. Parry: THE EUROPEAN RECONNAISSANCE Hans J. Hi!lerbrand: THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION John C. Olin: THE CATHOLIC COUNTER-REFORMATION Orest Ranum: THE CENTURY OF LOUIS XIV Thomas Hegarty: RUSSIAN HISTORY THROUGH PETER THE GREAT Marie Boas-Hal!: THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION Barry E. Supple: HISTORY OF MERCANTILISM

----'IMPERIALISM, WAR & DIPLOMACY,1550-1763 Herbert H. Rowen: THE LOW COUNTRIES C. A. Macartney: THE EVOLUTION OF THE HABSBURG & HOHENZOLLERN DYNASTIES Lester G. Crocker: THE ENLIGHTENMENT Robert Forster: EIGHTEENTH CENTURY EUROPEAN SOCIETY REVOLUTIONARY EUROPE, 1789-1848

Paul H. Beik: THE FRENCH REVOLUTION David L. Dowd: NAPOLEONIC ERA, 1799-1815 Rene Albrecht-Carrie: THE CONCERT OF EUROPE John B. Halsted: ROMANTICISM R. Max Hartwell: THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Mack Walker: METTERNICH'S EUROPE Douglas Johnson: THE ASCENDANT BOURGEOISIE John A. Hawgood: THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1848

NATIONALISM, LIBERALISM, AND SOCIALISM, 1850-1914

Eugene C. Black: VICTORIAN CULTURE AND SOCIETY Eugene C. Black: BRITISH POLITICS IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY Denis Mack Smith: THE MAKING OF ITALY, 1796-1866 David Thomson: FRANCE: Empire and Republic Theodore S. Hamerow: BISMARCK'S MITTELEUROPA Eugene 0. Golob: THE AGE OF LAISSEZ FAIRE Roland N. Stromberg: REALISM, NATURALISM, AND SYMBOLISM: Modes of Thought and Expression in Europe, 1848-1914 Melvin Kranz berg: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Jesse D. Clarkson: TSARIST RUSSIA: Catherine the Great to Nicholas II Philip D. Curtin & John R. W. Smail: IMPERIALISM M. Salvadori: SOCIALISM, MARXISM AND SOCIAL THEORY

THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

Jere C. King: THE FIRST WORLD WAR S. Clough & T. & C. Moodie: TWENTIETH CENTURY EUROPEAN ECONOMIC HISTORY W. Warren Wagar: SCIENCE, FAITH AND MAN Paul A. Gagnon: INTERNATIONALISM AND DIPLOMACY BETWEEN THE WARS, 1919-1939 Henry Cord Meyer: WEIMAR & NAZI GERMANY Michal Vyvyan: RUSSIA FROM LENIN TO KHRUSHCHEV Charles f. Delzell: MEDITERRANEAN TOTALITARIANISM, 1919-1945 ____ ;THE SECOND WORLD WAR